Resource Efficiency and Solid Waste Management and Recycle

- From Preliminary Findings of “Toward Resource Efficient Economy in Asia and the Pacific” -

Taku OHMURA 3R Project Team Leader Asian Development Bank at Eco As ia, 8 , A ugust 2007 ContentsContents - From ‘3R Asia Report’ -

• Current Solid Waste Management Issues in Asia • Resource Efficiency and Waste Management • Opportunities • Current Practices and Emerging Issues • Way forward Consequences of Solid Waste and Poor Management • Looygecsaetyubaw hygienic safety in urban area • Pollution and health risk around poor landfill /dump sites & incinerators • PlltiPollution and dh health lthiki risk in recycling hazardous waste • Clogging drainage and flooding • Disastrous collapse of waste piles • Impacts on ecosystem • NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) Photos: Waste Concern, ADB Projected Solid Waste Generation 2000-2050 in Asia Million Metric Ton 2,000 ¾High Economic Growth to 2050 Growth 2000 ¾Rapid 1,500 Urbanization & Industrialization ¾Population Growth 1,000 ¾Higher Waste Generation iHihLiiin Higher Living 500 Standard

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Nature of Municipal Municipal Waste Waste Management High High per capita Legislation with high investment Income generation High Collection Rate (>95%) , Countries High calorie, Low Regulated incineration and landfill, moisture, Institutional recycle mechanism, EPR, Separa ted a t s ourc e Facility for hazardous waste Middle Middle per capita Middle Collection Rate (>75%), Income gg,eneration, Food Waste, Legg,gppislation, Shifting open dump to Countries Low calorie, High sanitary landfill, moisture, Mixed Formalizing recycling business Low Income Low per capita Low Collection Rate (<75%) , Countries generation, Food Waste, Open Dumping or Unauthorized Low calorie, High Deposit, Informal Recycling moisture, Mixed

Source: Modified from CYCLOPE & VEORIA Plus, Increasing Resource Constraint

Price Index of Metals and Energy (nominal, 1980 = 100) 500

450 • Increasing resources demand Aluminum Copper – Continuous growth to achieve 400 Iron ore MDGs 350 Lead • Rapid price escalation of non- Nickel 300 Zinc renewable resources (oil , Energy 250 metals, etc.) 200 • More degradation in 150 harvesting natural resources 100 • More difficultyyp to find space 50 for landfill 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Sources: International Monetary Fund, Primary Comm odity Prices, available: www.imf.org, downloaded 9 October 2006; World Bank Development Prospects Group, Commodity Price Indexes. Resource Efficiencyyy:

“The use of smaller amounts of physical resources to prodthduce the same pro dtduct or serv i“ice. “

Industrial Waste Reduce Reduce

Industrial PdProduct s Products Waste Consumption Consumption Production Production

Waste

Resource Waste Reuse Resource Resource Constraint Pollution Minimal Recycle Minimal Extraction Disposal Extraction Disposal Natural Environment / Ecosystem NtNatura lEl Env ironmen t/Et / Ecosys tem Resource Efficiencyyy:

“The use of smaller amounts of physical resources to prodthduce the same pro dtduct or serv i“ice. “

Industrial Waste Resources include: Reduce Reduce

Industrial PdProduct s Products • MaterialWaste Consumption Consumption •EnerProductiongy Production • Water Waste WasteResource include: Waste Reuse Resource Resource Constraint Pollution Solid, Waste Water, Air Minimal Recycle Minimal Extraction Disposal Extraction Disposal PollutantNatural , Environment GHG , / Ecosystem etc . NtNatura lEl Env ironmen t/Et / Ecosys tem Opportunities 1. Resource Recovery Business – Estimated Potential: $320 billion/yr – New Products (construction materials etc.) – Needs environmental consideration 2. Eco-industrial Park – Cascaded use of by-products/waste/energy Common facilities for environment protection PRC, Japan, ROK, Thailand, … Opportunities ()(contd.) 3. Biomass and Waste to Energy – CDM for Landfill, agricultural waste 4. Income Generation for Poor Groups • Organize informal sector/community

Waste Concern (Bangladesh) -Organize community in collaboration with local government, to collect 100% household waste, make compost (70-80%), sell farmers or fertilizer company as additive ($40/ton) - sell recyclables - replicated in 20 cities and towns - Initiated CDM project Photo: Waste Concern National Policies Republic of Korea: has been able to decouple municipal waste generation and private final consumption with new volume PRC: Product related laws are being based fee and recycling food waste. developed including take-back and recycling of e-appliances, under “Circular Economy” policy. Japan: “Soun d Material Cycle India: New law Society Law” and obliges Kyoto target munici pa lities to facilitated recycling segregate organic based business and from household consumer behavior waste to treat by to red uce 50% of composting etc. final disposal, 33% (2000) of industrial waste (1989-2003) . MlMalaysi a: National Environment Policy 2002 guides all programs Philippines: towards Integrated Waste Ecological Solid Management. National Solid Waste Management Waste Action Plan passed (2003). Act (2000) for “Zero Waste” requires local Singapore: Its Green Plan 2012 sets “Zero ggyovernment to recycle Landfill” obj ecti ve, with a nati onal recycli ng 25% of waste program (target: 60% recycling by 2012). collected. Private Sectors: • Leading companies are addressing: – Design for Environment • Improve resource efficiency in production (efficient process, recovery ofbf by-prod)dducts) and consumption (lhh(ex: light weight, durable goods) • Reduce hazardous chemical used in products and remains in products or wastes – R&D for waste treatment/material recovery – Initiate Product Take Back System • Utilize supply chain advantage – Alter packaging practices • Reduce package weight, Plastic form to card board – Set resource efficiency/recycle target in each firm or industry • Drivers: National targets, Cost reduction in resource and waste, Stricter chemical regulations (RoHS, REACH), Extended Producers Resppy,onsibility, Consumers selection – All of them need Governmental interventions. Transnational Movement of Recycled Materilials, Reusabl es, and Wastes • Trade in recyypclable materials is rapidly expanding among several countries – Fulfill high increasing demand along with economic growth – Development of collection system of recyclables in developed countries

International Trade of Iron Ore, Steel, and Scrap Iron in Asia (2003) Thousand Import of Recyclables by PRC tons (Scrap and Waste) 18000 16000 Paper 14000 12000 10000 Steel and Iron 8000 6000 Copper 4000 2000 Plastics 0

Source: Yuichi Moriguchi and Seiji Hashimoto(2006), “Material Flow Databook –Third Edition― World Resource Flows around Japan”, Center for Global Environmental Research of NIES EE--Waste Issue • E-Waste is transferred beyond boarder and inappropriately processed for material recovery, causing serious pollution and health risks. – Domestic E-Waste gggeneration is also increasing. Inappropriate Resource Recovery: • Manuallyyg dismantling w/o protection gear • Open burning (electric wires, circuit board, etc.) • Backyard smelter of heavy metals or even in house burning

Photo: M. Kojima • Residue goes to open dump Keyyg Messages: 1. Increasing waste generation/inefficient resource consumption threatens sustainability and prosperity in the region. 2. Rappyid reform to resource efficient society with 3R principles is essential. (material, energy & water) 3. Huge opportunities lie in ahead. 4. Several actions have been initiated, and need to be further accelerated/disseminated. 5. Governmental roles are important to realize opportunities. 6. Emerging trans-boundary movement suggests an opportunity in region widffde efficiency, but it nee ds care flful assessment, and enhanced responses to avoid environmental risks with regionally concerted efforts. For More Information See “Toward Resource Efficient Economy in Asia and the Pacific” - Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle - (to be released) http://www.adb.org/ For Comments & Inputs

Taku OHMURA [email protected]