RESOURCE EFFICIENCY and CLIMATE CHANGE Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Summary for Policymakers Acknowledgements

Home , Resource efficiency

- RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Summary for Policymakers Acknowledgements

Lead authors: Edgar Hertwich, Reid Lifset, Stefan Pauliuk, and Niko Heeren.

Contributing authors: Saleem Ali, Qingshi Tu, Fulvio Ardente, Peter Berrill, Tomer Fishman, Koichi Kanaoka, Joanna Kulczycka, Tamar Makov, Eric Masanet, Paul Wolfram.

Research assistance, feedback, data: Elvis Acheampong, Elisabeth Beardsley, Tzruya Calvão Chebach, Kimberly Cochran, Luca Ciacci, Martin Clifford, Matthew Eckelman, Seiji Hashimoto, Stephanie Hsiung, Beijia Huang, Aishwarya Iyer, Finnegan Kallmyer, Joanna Kul, Nauman Khursid, Stefanie Klose, Douglas Mainhart, Kamila Michalowska, Rupert Myers, Farnaz Nojavan Asghari, Elsa Olivetti, Sarah Pamenter, Jason Pearson Adam Stocker, Laurent Vandepaer, Shubhra Verma , Paula Vollmer, Eric Williams, Jeff Zabel, Sola Zheng and Bing Zhu. This report was written under the auspices of the International Resource Panel (IRP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). We thank Janez Potocnik and Izabella Teixeira, the co-chairs of the IRP, and the members of the IRP and its Steering Committee.

The authors are thankful to the Review Editor, IRP member Anders Wijkman and Panel member Ester van der Voet for their leadership and support in the external review process. They are also grateful for the External Expert Review provided by Andreas Frömelt, Shinichiro Nakamura, Wenji Zhou; and other anonymous expert reviewers.

They thank the Secretariat of the International Resource Panel hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme, in particular Maria Jose Baptista, for the coordination and technical support provided for the preparation of this report. They are also grateful to Julia Okatz, Systemiq, for the support provided to the IRP Secretariat.

Recommended citation: IRP (2020). Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future. Hertwich, E., Lifset, R., Pauliuk, S., Heeren, N. A report of the International Resource Panel. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.

Design and layout: Marie Moncet and Yi-Ann Chen Icons made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Printed by: UNESCO Photo cover: Colors of Humanity Series - Marthadavies, iStock / Getty Images

This publication may be produced in whole or in part and in any form for education or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme.

Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Job No: DTI/2269/PA ISBN: 978-92-807-3771-4 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3542680 Summary for Policymakers Resource Efficiency and Credit: Kyryl Gorlov/iStock/Getty Images Plus Climate Changee Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Credit: Pixabay photo/Alexandra Koch

Prepared by the International Resource Panel This Document highlights key findings from the full report of the same title and should be read in conjunction with it. References to research and reviews on which this report is based are listed in the full report. The full report can be downloaded at:

https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/resource-efficiency-and-climate-change

Credit: Marcel Wojcik/iStock/Getty Images Plus 2 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future with less materials, and improved recycling of construction materials are among the most promising strategies. promising most the materials are among of construction recycling improved and materials, less with at least 80 per cent in 2050 through a series of material strategies. efficiency Amore intensive use ofhomes, design to IRP modelling, emissions from the material cycle of residential buildings in the G7 and China could be reduced by to While renewables. this is still key, canshows also this deliverthat big report material gains. According efficiency Climate mitigation haveefforts traditionally focused on enhancing and energy efficiency acceleratingthe transition cars. and homes in efficiencies material through impacts these reduce to opportunities new exciting to points 7,of Group the a Low-Carbon by commissioned for Future, Strategies Efficiency Material Change: Climate and Efficiency Resource report, IRP new This 90 per cent of global loss biodiversity and water stress and approximately half of global greenhouse gas emissions. than more for account processing and extraction resource natural that shows 2007. research since Its resources its manage better can insights into providing (IRP) humanity how Panel has been Resource International The strategies. of efficiency material implementation the including options, to rise temperature global keep 1.5°C. To weto this ofwill goal, reduction achieve full range use the need emission to cuts gas emission faster and greenhouse deeper delivering begin immediately must world the that revealed which Gap Report, of Emissions its tenth edition the published (UNEP) year, Programme This Environment UN the Foreword making this future a reality. future this making in play part abig can report highlighted inthis strategies The societies. emission transport systems, industries energy-efficient and low-waste zero- buildings, and infrastructure emissions-neutral sources, energy affordable and to sustainable access universal with to afuture is central use efficient Their food. our and transportation our housing, our being, well- for our are vital natural resources that clear makes it report This cars. smaller trip-appropriate and use towards intensive more ashift and car-sharing) and (ride-sharing use of vehicle inpatterns achange from come would savings largest The India. and China in cent per 60 to 50 and countries G7 in cent per 70 to up by 2050 in cars the cyclematerial of passenger from emissions reduce could strategies material efficiency Specifically, cars. of disposal and use production, the in reductions emission significant deliver could efficiency material Likewise, United Nations Environment Programme Environment Nations United Director Executive Inger Andersen, 3 Summary for Policymakers 4 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future residential buildings and light-duty vehicles. vehicles. light-duty and buildings residential Low-Carbon a for Strategies Efficiency Future Material Change: Climate and Efficiency Resource report, new this Consequently, the G7 asked the IRP to zoom into of the to contributions gas resource greenhouse efficiency emission reductions. to work, this afollow-up As strategies. climate and change creation job growth, to economic also contributes but This provided report scientificevidence showing that increased resource is efficiency not onlypractically attainable Implications”. Economic and Potential Efficiency: “Resource entitled G7 the by commissioned report a published The IRP is a proud knowledge provider to the Group of 7 on sustainable resource management. Back in 2017 the IRP to adapting and climateof mitigating change. need to urgent the aligned better be must natural resources on research and Policies gas emissions. greenhouse of reduction than rather waste on focus related management to still largely use material policies by report, this shown as Yet, Society. Materials-Cycle Sound a and Management, Materials Sustainable Economy, Circular the as such frameworks under decade last inthe has increased to natural resources of policy-making attention The use. resource and degradation environmental the reports, 28 In from resources. wellbeing and development economic natural decouple can as to society how knowledge has advanced of Panel state future and trends status, the on policy assessments and scientific authoritative relevant independent, provide to 2007 in launched was (IRP) Panel Resource International The mobility services. and housing low-carbon providing by endeavor,example, this for in role essential an play will strategies efficiency Material- wellbeing. societal support and boundaries planetary systems inways respect that consumption and will exceed 9 billion people byAt mid-century. the same time, there is a to great reshape opportunity our production that population of global to agreat wellbeing the threat the poses which heating, ofWe inacrisis global are living Preface , examines the mitigation opportunities presented, examines mitigation the by opportunities inthe production and higher materialuse of efficiency needed to ensure a prosperous future for all. future to aprosperous ensure needed is action so urgently and impact-driven fast-paced ambitious, more when at amoment particularly climate inthe puzzle, piece is important an into the material-climate nexus. Material efficiency insights new to produce efforts dedicated for their his team and We are grateful to Hertwich Edgar but so do consumer preferences and behavior. play arole, regulation use land zoning and taxation, as such Instruments them. use they how and use, materials they which live, people how can influence Policies savings. these achieve to required is angles different from intervention policy that finds report The towardsmoving a1.5°C target. for options tangible provide therefore and today available technologies proven on based are strategies efficiency GHG of and 2016 less between are tonsas strategies appliedsignificant for Opportunities 2060. material tocars. efficiency countries, Evenbetternews, material- G7 million in less 350 tons million 170 have and India, would in less we tons million sector, 270 China; this in emissions within that us tells modeling the concretely, More buildings. residential of cycle material the with associated emissions GHG of amount significant a reduce could modeling integratedThe of unprecedented bottom-up shows, the report for example, that in these 2060, strategies Internation Co-Chair, Janez Potočnik al Resource Panel International Resource Panel Co-Chair, Izabella Teixeira 5 Summary for Policymakers 6 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Key Messages

Credit: Flickr/CC BY 2.0/Carbon Visuals, One day’s carbon dioxide emissions from above available today.available are efficiency material increase to technologies The countries. G7 in Gt 25 to up by 2016-2060 of period in the emissions life CO2e cumulative cycle cut can sectors, manufacturing and of construction the products important most the cars, and for homes required materials for emissions GHG the Reducing are not included. chemicals or food, Fuel, plastics. and minerals, construction wood, metals, materials as including solid materials are understood Here, goods. manufactured and inconstruction use materialproduction were associated with material from emissions of 80% estimated An attention. less much land have received they yet combined, change use and forestry, of agriculture, share from the emissions to GHG corresponds This 2015. in 1995 in 23% 15% to from increased GHGs global of share of materials as a production the from Emissions budget. carbon that within stay countries of help disposal materials can and consumption, use, population). Reducing emissions from the production, global the across evenly are distributed emissions (if C 1.5° to confined be (Gt) to increases gigatons temperature for 50 to limit emissions to CO2 need remaining would their G7 the IPCC, the by proposed budget to total the carbon According Agreement. of Paris the aspirations the achieving about serious are ifthey reductions to emission commitments make ambitious must more Policymakers 1. goal set by the Paris agreement by agreement set the Paris goal to move towards the 1.5°opportunity C is akey efficiency material Increasing and India. China in 50-70% to up be could savings G7. Analogous in and the dismantling operations, of byhomes 35-40% construction, the from in 2050 emissions reduce could strategies efficiency material life-cycle, building whole use of energy reductions to synergistic buildings residential of affect life-cycle the of stages also can strategies efficiency Material 5–7 CO2e. Gt 2016- G7 to the in wouldamount strategies these from 2050 period the in savings cumulative Overall, G7. 14-18%the by in GHGs 2050 reduce in could recycling Improved G7). sustainably the in 2050 of in (1–8% timber use harvested and G7), the material in less 2050 in using (8–10% buildings designing G7), the in more 2050 in reduction 70% to include (up homes of use intensive potential significant with Strategies in2050. India in 50-70% to and 80-100%; to amount could China in buildings strategies, efficiency GHG emissions in the material cycle of residential material reduce could materials, of use countries, recycled the including G7 In 2. with residential buildings buildings with residential associated GHG emissions to reduce opportunities significant are There by 80%–100% in 2050. Potential reductions reductions Potential 2050. 80%–100%in by Looking at the at the . Looking , leading leading , other other 7 Summary for Policymakers 8 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future 4. reduce also can strategies efficiency Material inIndia. 39-53% and China in 29-62% countries; G7 in 57%–70% by 2050 in cars GHG emissions from the material cycle of passenger reduce could strategies efficiency Material vehicles. gradual adoption of electric and hydrogen-fuelled reductions those and to towards energy clean ashift from expected addition in emissions GHG of reductions significant deliver could efficiency Material 3. much material they use, the energy used in their intheir used energy the use, they material much reduction. GHG how determines vehicles and of houses design The cycle life diversion than rather landfill mass on on and focus overly policies Current of vehicles. the operation the during use energy the also for materials but demand the not only reduce they because is mainly This vehicles. smaller appropriate towards trip- shifting and car-sharing) (ride-sharing, use of vehicle patterns by changing attained be could emissions of life-cycle reductions largest The 20-35%. would India be and inChina Savings 2050. in 30–40% by G7 the in cars of management end-of-life and operations, manufacturing, for the strategies couldefficiency reduce total GHG emissions emissions use from operational energy

to achieved be are benefits material efficiency ifPolicy is required intervention with passenger cars passenger with associated GHG emissions to reduce opportunities significant are There . Material Material .

GHG GHG resource subsidies, and content recycled mandates. public of removal virgin taxation, material virgin procurement, green by governments, systems certification quantitative of use building codes, and of standards revision building but efficiency, include policies unavailable. Such estimatesare largely material on significant have impacts to likely are policies Cross-cutting efficiency. material constrain or encourage to can policy. design building They connect standards and codes Building of recycling. ease and reuse their durability, and their operations, and manufacturing Paris agreement. agreement. Paris existing into (NDCs) of the Contributions Determined Nationally considerations efficiency material of integration the be could path potential policy Another effects. rebound reduce can systems, cap-and-trade or taxes e.g., consumption, or of production cost the raise indirectly or directly that instruments Policy emissions. GHG and travel more to lead can AirBnb) (e.g., lodging of use peer-to-peer from in consumption—savings effects to lead increase an can savings monetary because rebound to vulnerable is efficiency Material preferences and behavior. consumer do so but play arole, regulation use land zoningand as taxation, such instruments Policy live. of use and materials to people how choice from of focus policy the of shifts use intensity Increased 5. can be indirect be can are multiple and efficiency material in Policy paths to changes

mitigation ambition. mitigation ambition. also the by increasing but NDCs inthe of targets scope notcan be only advanced by the broadening efficiency Material NDCs. in role larger a have policy, efficiency connections, and perhaps, precedents, for material strong with policy resource of a form codes, efficiency energy building and inNDCs presence have amodest strategies), efficiency material with overlap partially Turkey.and (which commitments Waste management China, India, of Japan, (I)NDCs inthe only measures mitigation as explicit appearing therein, mentioned are scarcely instruments side consumption or economy circular efficiency, material resources management, efficiency, Resource efficiency. material to commitments limited include currently NDCs 6. drive successful policy development. could of analysis policies comprehensive rigorous, More recycling. and refurbishment, and reuse, product use, GHG material efficient on targeting policies of effect emissions the on exists research quantitative systematic Little is effective. a policy indicate whether will not systems alone indicator and Monitoring and industrial sectors. industrial and life cycle stages across synergies and cycle basis to shifting reveal burden evaluated alife be on should Policies

Credit: fotolupa/iStock/Getty Images Plus 9 Summary for Policymakers 10 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future penetration of low-carbon technologies in the two selected sectors (homes and cars) such as passive houses and electric vehicles. electric and houses aspassive such cars) and (homes sectors selected two the in technologies of low-carbon penetration resource-related several as of well GHG as mix and emissions, the associated increasing energy in the background changes considered the authors for this done report, implementation the to relevant technologies low-carbon modeling Materials InManagement). Sustainable the scenario Recycle; Reuse, Reduce, CircularEconomy; consider Efficiency; (Resource frameworks to IRP the asked also request G7 The model. bottom-up asolid to develop order in required were categories product two these of nature homogenous somewhat and specificity The materials. of use the from coming of GHGfor global 40% emissions account each and manufacturing as relevant construction and are cars particularly Homes those sectors. in strategies efficiency material mandating or encouraging at aimed policies reviewed also They India. and China for shown G7,the of also cars results and with homes in efficiency material increased from GHGofemissions reductions potential the quantify that scenarios emissions developed authors the request, this to response In potential. abatement GHG regard to in their measures efficient resource promising most the identifying by to co-benefits pursuing of requested aim the with was policies IRP efficiency resource of the reductions GHG Bologna, in Meeting Ministers’ Environment G7 the of Communique the In ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ report: the in used definitions main the are following The nuances. however, are, some There prosperity. enabling while materials primary for demand the to reduce by society used be should resources wayto in the which degrees, varying refer,in management materials sustainable and recycle), reuse, (reduce, perspective 3Rthe economy, circular the efficiency, Material Box 1 Box

of the life cycle of products. lifecycle of the in While originating waste policy, management the and “Rs” affect are by affected what at happens and use the production stages above. described concepts the in included strategies similar encompasses (reduce, recycle) reuse, concept 3R The of minimized. waste generation the and aspossible, aslong for Circular Economy the all and involved materials of amount 2015). EPA, (US impacts associated the minimizing generally cycles, life their throughout sustainably and productively most resources using/reusing by needs human serving to approach an (SMM) management materials Sustainable economy. to acircular approach asystems-wide in recycling) and remanufacturing The perspective. (reuse, resource re-materialization and use) natural a energy and material of reduction (savings, dematerialization of from strategies encompasses term consumption and production of systems optimized include will economy efficient GDP/resource consumption). (including productivity resource as such by indicators reflected be can and inputs outputs with lower higher asachieving it defines Panel Resource International the of 2019 Outlook Resources Global The land. Efficiency Resource others. among wood, plastics, minerals, non-metallic metals, fuels, fossil cement, of biomass, include Materials ofuse. material unit per amount obtained the service by measured is It well-being. of level same the provide to materials less using means Efficiency Material .

A Note on Terminology and of Scope this Report refers to an economy where the value of products, materials and resources is maintained in the economy economy in the is maintained resources and materials of value products, the where to an economy refers encompasses material efficiency, but is a broader term which includes materials, water, energy, and energy, water, materials, includes which term broader a is but efficiency, material encompasses further assess the assess further potential Therefore, a resource a resource Therefore, Credit: Iam Anupong/iStock/Getty Images Plus 11 Summary for Policymakers Credit: Nordroden/iStock/Getty Images Plus − − concretely: More for materials. demand the affect inturn, change, mitigation of GHG emissions and adaptation to climate The climate change. of cause anthropogenic are the which gas emissions, greenhouse materials causes of production ways. The inseveral interact change of use climateand materials and production The 1.5-2° below Celsius. warming global to keep expensive more substantially and impossible significant nearly be Without will it efficiency, resource in improvements emissions. GHG determines we make of much how use and them resources these climate. we How extract Earth’s the influences deeply natural resources manages economy global way the the IRP assessments, inprevious shown As 1.1 1. of seawalls and coastal protection structures; structures; of protection seawalls coastal and formaterials. Options such as the construction demand higher drive could options Adaptation conventional fossil power generation. to compared common, less or amounts in larger used materials are that either (CCS), employ storage and capture dioxide carbon with combustion fuel power, wind power,photovoltaics, nuclear fossil and generationmaterials. through electricity Low-carbon rarer and may more require efforts Mitigation Introduction Climate Change Nexus MaterialsThe

non-metallic minerals (13%) (Figure 2). Construction Construction 2). (Figure (13%) minerals non-metallic lime, (13%) other plastics and and (25%), rubber plaster and cement, (32%), steel and iron were GHG emissions of terms in materials for important processes most The economic 9%. other and 2%, for emissions, mining of 35% for accounted chain value entire for the supply Energy processes. production material from of emissions footprints materials are direct the in 1). 23% (Figure 1995-2015 to period 15% from increased emissions gas greenhouse inglobal of share production material The of use our materials. to transform frameworks policy effective may become economy circular the and efficiency Resource being. well- compromising intensive materials without virgin for energy- demand the reduce could strategies efficiency Material production. material virgin in rise the given 2015, in CO2e Gt 11 than more to CO2e 1995 Gt in 5 from doubled than more of have materials production the from emissions gas Greenhouse 1.2 use of materials and associated GHG emissions. GHG ofuse associated materials and and extraction increase could cooling, and insulation including environment built inthe resilience or infrastructure; road and transport of modification and GHG emissions Growing Material Demand Over half of the carbon half of carbon the Over

13 Summary for Policymakers 14 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, Lett. Res. 043004. Environ. review. electronics—a and vehicles, buildings, with associated emissions gas greenhouse reducing to strategies P., 2019. Material Tu, Wolfram, Q., S., efficiency Pauliuk, E., F.N., Olivetti, Asghari, E., Masanet, N., T., Heeren, Fishman, L., Ciacci, S., Ali, E.G., Hertwich, Source: processes. production downstream by materials of use (B) byfirst process, byemitting (A) 2015: in of materials footprint carbon Global 2. Figure Emissions caused by material production as a share of total global emissions 1995 2015 vrs. emissions of global total asashare production bymaterial caused Emissions 1. Figure https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0fe3 1 1 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 1 . 5 Gt

1 1 0 2 0 2 4 6 8 India, China, South Africa). South China, India, Russia, (Brazil, countries BRICS inthe has occurred The strongest growth of production and consumption countries. innon-OECD materials produced on rely that services and of products importers are net countries hence remained fairly stable around have2 Gt CO2e since 1995. G7 countries G7 in emissions GHG related material- The use. energy global than use material to more global contribute economies emerging result, a As economies. inemerging mostly happens which infrastructure, as and buildings such ofup capital, build- by the of are driven use material dynamics The goods. capital to materials are produce used Most manufacturing. of product important most the cars construction, of product important most werebuildings the the Residential materials. use of first from of emissions GHG each 40% for accounted manufacturing and Credit: Kerkez/iStock/Getty ImagesPlus and a shift towards electric and hybrid vehicles. vehicles. hybrid and towards electric ashift and use, energy home supply,of electrification an electricity of a decarbonization through attained reductions the beyond far emissions reduce would efficiency Material use. energy operational and material efficiency between synergies identifies also It strategies. efficiency material GHG of reduction materials from emissions demand-side through the for opportunities significant to points report inthis presented modelling The attained. be can adecarbonization such which with speed the increase and production industrial decarbonizing with associated costs environmental and financial overall the lower help can efficiency material materials through for primary demand the Reducing intensivemore of vehicles. use and buildings and recovery, and inmanufacturing both improvements the design, and light-weight materials, yield of low-carbon choice efficient material through instance, For ofBox 2). in Strategies Efficiency Material (see use strategies and production the materials also can mitigated demand-side be through from emissions GHG be implement. to to difficult and expensive tend strategies these using emissions GHG of storage (CCS).However, substantial reductions further CO efficiency,fuel and feedstock switching,process-related These production-oriented strategies include energy production. material in emissions GHG and use energy process-level reducing on primarily have focused related to materials efforts Historically, decarbonization 1.3 2 emission reductions, and carbon capture and and capture carbon and reductions, emission GHG emissions New Opportunities to Reduce Material Efficiency Strategies:

15 Summary for Policymakers 16 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future 17 Summary for Policymakers 18 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Material efficiency strategies in the product life cycle life product the in strategies efficiency Material 3. Figure ▼ Lif e-c End Use P rod y - c phase u o ▼ le ctio f - li ▼ f phases e ▲ n

Recov phase phase c r a p r er a t y e ▲ ▲ ▼ ▼ ▲ ▼ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▼ ▼ ▼ Material efficiency policies typically have emerged emerged have typically policies efficiency Material perspective. efficiency material a miss policies climate efficiency most and perspective, climate a miss mitigation policies material most landscape, policy today’s In life cycle. product the across trade-offs and to of use reveal life synergies assessment the cycle require will policy from gains efficiency material the Measuring to emissions. lead lowered inturn, must, of of use materials the reduction the and use, material reduce must strategies Those strategies. efficiency of material adoption stimulate must the policies above, described To opportunities mitigation seize the Four perspectives of GHG emissions addressed in this report. this in addressed of GHG emissions perspectives Four 4. Figure policy. climate in the decision-making integrated Overall, for essential are which 1.5°C. of GHG emissions the perspectives four at looks achieves model decarbonization that so efficiency, material and energy reduction, demand on extensively relies scenario third A 2°C. to warming global limiting of target the with compatible vehicles electric towards shift and mix energy the of decarbonization a include scenarios Two reference modelling. scenario climate in used widely are which 2, and 1 (SSP) Pathways space and These and are and population projections, car storylines. economic consistent with transport, the Shared Socioeconomic building for demand the on developed scenarios through authors the by quantified is strategies efficiency material of impact The Box 3 Box lif f on in o Em A or nnual ec 20 iss m n y . ANote on the Methodology e c ate 50 io le speciﬁc n ,

rial em s fr emission p Em Ma of a fr c alc v r om c odu oi iss om c iss arbon t u y d eria io la c r ed y ions c ec le h ear n t tion ed ousing o s y p e l

c , m rimar s in w

c c ling eit wi au of y iss c th h

sed m . le ions o er y p

a a r d emission t

only f c in erials, , r ocu ar or odu and

th s s e c c

tion b r ed ind s it ing f or

addressing addressing a of diversity strategies. material efficiency governments local and countries from efforts policy of examples show summary this of 3 and 2 1,Tables mitigation. climate and change efficiency to link material are crucial change intentional policy and of purpose Clarity in. designed be should reductions GHG of driver a as efficiency Material emissions. GHG reduce to strategy central a as efficiency materials than rather havepolicies on focused mostly efficiency energy tolinkages climate Climate mitigation. change change limited of with waste dimensions management resource and to environmental improve the of efforts as part Em Li p m em th r f anuf odu eir e iss iss - cy u io io c ac se t, cl n n

tu s c s fr inc e emiss (hea ring au lud om e b All Cu c tin sed alc m e ing or oper tw

mu em iss g u

c / during the io

een la c m ons ions iss o la t n a aterial c ed tional s io tiv ling tru 20

or n eit e 16 s fr c

lif of tion h emission

en er e and

y whol h c c ouses, er y only le of c h gy 20 le em

ousing o p e r e 60 u f lif odu or m iss se d ec s

iss added

riv m io in y c ions ts, n c aterial ing th le r s, c and e

as w of ar

of t og

s a c c in e ar ell y th c s) le as er , 19 Summary for Policymakers Credit: Mikhail Spaskov/iStock/Getty Images Plus materials can be reduced by 1-8% in the G7 through through G7 the the in 1-8% by reduced be can materials Emissionsfrom thematerial-cycle of construction over (e.g., beams). trusses structures light use and shapes build could architects, and beams; as load-bearing such components for building dimensions recommended calculate could engineers savings, these achieve To12–20%. reach could India G7 by 8-10% the nations and China in Savings 2050. in across emissions lowerassociated can and material less use specifications technical to closer designed are that lighter Buildings and glass. and cement, steel, as materials such of carbon-intensive overuse the to due necessary than footprints carbon higher in design and methods building dominant Current reduction of operational energy use emissions. corresponding with space, floor cooling, and heating for need the reducing use of intensity (3) increase and markets; materials for virgin these to produce need the reducing thereby materials available to markets, other of buildings; (2) new make secondary construction the for materials virgin for demand the reduce (1) could: energy a mix. Material low-carbon strategies efficiency would and be with attained improved efficiency energy towhat compared 35-40% further a by 2050 G7in the construction, in buildings of residential demolition and the operation, from emissions GHG reduce can The material efficiencystrategies identified inthe report 2.1 Understanding the Potential Material-Efficient2. Homes greater use of timber, considering timber, of both use reduced greater result result residential facilities (e.g., co-housing) and to and move to (e.g., facilities residential co-housing) related and to homes share encouraged be can individuals Further, homes. family single than rather residences inmultifamily to units live insmaller choose individuals when achieved intensive be More can use 6-59%. between range would savings India, and China In economy). inthe elsewhere materials used building in the G7 (this includes emission savings from recycled 2050 in 73% to up by buildings residential in materials GHG emissions from the material-cycle of construction lower G7. could the It in construction new for demand the space would reduce scenario to reference the compared floor for demand Reducing strategy. this to are enable required of forests management the improving and plantations towards Moving intensive more products. wood source sustainably to apply only benefits climate and limited, is supply shows timber that analyses mitigation change inmany climate competition of land-use modelling the more carbon-intensive construction materials. However, to replace oftimber ability the expanding buildings, tall in advances Recent in frames of use allow now timber the construction countries. G7 European the or buildings inmulti-family used commonly less but States, United the and countries, Nordic the Japan, in Canada, homes of single-family construction inthe used is widely Wood of concrete. reinforced carbon-intensive—use and larger given 5–31%, widespread— more and reach of construction new volumes could India and China in Reductions inwood. of storage carbon the and emissions

by up to 20% 20% to up by 21 Summary for Policymakers 22 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Life-cycle emissions from homes with and without Material Efficiency strategies in 2050 in G7 countries, China and India India and China countries, in G7 2050 in strategies Efficiency Material without and with homes from emissions Life-cycle 5. Figure space. floor to reduced the proportional be can Savings cooling. and for heating use energy from reductions emission intensive to leads More buildings of use residential improved assumptions, optimistic 14-18% save additional an could recycling G7. inthe Under G7. the in buildings of residential emissions cycle of material the 15-20% saved materials ofbuilding 2016, In recycling the amenities. public and to markets job access easier and lifestyles urban with is associated it when attractive be intensive More may use also move out. children when downsize, as families such when residences smaller X X G t savings ofsavings 120-130 G7 tons million inthe in2050. emissions inestimated resulting cooling, and for heating need the also reduces space floor reduced that indicates modelling The India. in tons million 110-270 and China in tons million 270-350 G7, the in tons million 130-170 of 2050 in savings GHG annual to translates This 2050. use of in of 50-70% be would India in Savings material). recycled benefits the (including efficiency material without scenario a to compared 2050, in 80-100% by China and countries G7 in material buildings residential of the cycle with associated emissions reduce GHG could annual together strategies efficiency material assessed the potential, technical full at their If applied

strategies for homes in G7 in (2016-2060) homes for strategies efficiency material from GHG savings Potential 6. Figure Decisions at the design stage affect material choice, choice, material affect stage design at the Decisions codes. building through indirectly—primarily policy is design strategies, by is shaped Design of point intervention. a crucial efficiency material many For management. end-of-life buildings; and of existing reuse and rehabilitation renovation, maintenance; and use building site activities; construction production; levels: component or material various in design; exist intervention at exist of Points building. and components materials, sector construction building the and in efficiency material for Opportunities 2.2

Policy Considerations Policy • • • • • i fab Us Mate M re E e Pro d mp nhan x e c o te s i o n r r d i ro g i e n g ve c u n ri i l s ati vme ct l ce i n ess ry a al o te o n d i s n f an e m n u n e n

s b yi ti ts nd-o d i ate s ve d me e ti re l d tu u ri f-l u s al ti e s i o fe e b n y chapter of the report. chapter of report. the policy relevant housing, policy inthe all included examples, and instruments for strategies efficiency of material summary a provides followingtable The lifestyle. and inbehavior changes also require will but taxation and inregulation changes through encouraged be can housing smaller and Shared demographic trends, and consumer preferences. urbanization, taxes, other and carbon property, regulation, use land also zoning and but codes building by is shaped housing smaller and shared through of buildings of use intensity residential Increased goals. reduction emission GHG include, change climate to to, lead at least, or to shift need targets policy mitigation, to is efficiency material If but widespread, are often focused on diversion. landfill waste, are demolition and of construction recycling and reuse i.e., management, for end-of-life Policies buildings. larger of primarily inconstruction for use are mandated they countries, In use. some material reduce that technologies and of practices adoption facilitate the can prefabrication and software (BIM) management of use information Increasing building practices. to innovative efficiency material barriers play a key in removing can role standards prescriptive adoption by public rather authorities. Performance than and diffusion to and their codes and standards of content to building the both attention for careful need the suggests This recycling. demolition and deconstruction,component reuse, and construction including strategies end-of-life and lifetimes, building for increased opportunities techniques, construction 23 Summary for Policymakers 24 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future 2- 1- Options Policy and Housing for Strategies Efficiency Material Table 1. design by material less Using Improvement Yield Fabrication substitution Material Efficiency Efficiency Strategy Material Material Laws, regulations andotherformofpolicyinthiscolumnare provided asexamples,butnotnecessarilyinstancesofeffective policy. Someare examplesofpoliciesthatconstitutebarriers. efficiency Policy instrumentsfororrelated to materialefficiency. Somepolicieswhichare notintended to encouragematerialefficiency are includedbecausethey impactsonmaterial have important modular construction and prefabrication Mandated identified lightweighting on focused directly instruments policy No Modeling (BIM) Modeling Mandating Building Information Mandating prefabrication materials of impact embodied address to codes building of Revision substitutes clinker with cement allowing Standards framing. wood timber mass to respect with codes fire and building of Revision (BIM) modeling information building of use Mandated Policy Instruments 1 • • • • • • • • • • construction canconstruction facilitate lightweighting modular and prefabrication Mandating mandates identified mandates of impacts efficiency material of evaluation No buildings. large for used mostly BIM techniques other and prefabrication through generation scrap minimize and process planning in early wastage potential identify to help Both automation. and digitalization of degree ahigher and planners building of collaboration better for allows BIM buildings subsidized and public in mandated sometimes is Prefabrication waste avoiding thus components of use and production of planning better and automation more for allows Prefabrication content) cement Portland lower with concrete (e.g,. materials alternative of use facilitate standards prescription-based than rather Performance researched. being currently are binders Alternative emissions. GHG significant causes cement Portland of Production codes fire and building some in updated being are structures timber mass of construction for Provisions reasons. safety fire historical for construction timber on limitations have codes building Many emissions. life-cycle fewer in results typically construction wood brick, and concrete to Compared allowing lightweighting loads structural low and medium of areas locate to help can design during BIM of Use Description • • • • • • • • • Modelling-BIM/ https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/Building-Information- Business for Department and Institute Standards British W020170504041246.pdf http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201705/ plan 13th5-year prefab, being builds new of 30% China microsite/ https://www.bca.gov.sg/emailsender/buildSmart-022018/ Regulation Control Building Singapore https://www.bruce-king.com/building-codes California Code, Building Concrete Carbon Low Proposed ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030391002 https://shop.bsigroup.com/ Standardization Cement European buildings/ code-development/cs/icc-ad-hoc-committee-on-tall-wood- https://www.iccsafe.org/products-and-services/i-codes/ Buildings Wood Tall on Committee Hoc Ad (ICC) Council Code International Modelling-BIM/ https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/Building-Information- Business for Department and Institute Standards British W020170504041246.pdf http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201705/ plan 13th5-year prefab, being builds new of 30% China microsite/ https://www.bca.gov.sg/emailsender/buildSmart-022018/ Regulation Control Building Singapore local level example level local Regional/Country / Regional/Country 2 Use Intensive More Extension Lifetime Product Components and Materials of Re-Use materials of recycling and recovery of-life Enhanced end- Efficiency Efficiency Strategy Material Material and taxes on home sales home on taxes and costs transaction of Reduction Heritage listings construction identified durable for policies No disassembly/deconstruction for design guiding Standards construction modular and prefabrication Mandated bans landfill Mandating (C&D) waste demolition and construction of processing and Sorting development infill and (ADUs) units dwelling accessory restricting laws of Revision zoning single-family of Relaxation Policy Instruments 1 • • • • • • • • • downsizing after changes in household. in changes after downsizing limit can property of appreciation the from income the of ataxation or sales home on Levies building energy efficiency. limit can alteration or demolition restrict that buildings historic preserve to Policies components valuable of reuse and separation increase can disassembly for Design reuse. component and disassembly for design facilitate construction modular and elements Prefabricated policies supporting with coupled often are bans Landfill recycling of likelihood increases and materials of value maintain helps sorting Mandated materials. primary for substitution the and recycling facilitating wastes of separation and processing better for allows sorting Increased dwellings smaller typically and density urban increased to leading areas up built existing within land of use for allow development infill and ADUs sizes. house increasing and homes family multi- of construction limit limits, structure and site minimum on restrictions use Land Description • • • • • • • • • • • HB2001 HB2001 https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2019R1/Measures/Overview/ 639 Chapter Oregon minneapolis-2040-the-most-wonderful-plan-of-the-year/ https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/12/12/ plan 2040 Minneapolis https://www.gov.uk/stamp-duty-land-tax Duty Land Stamp UK ll97of2019.pdf https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/buildings/local_laws/ 97 Law Local City York New https://www.nps.gov/history/local-law/nhpa1966.htm Act Preservation Historic National US W020170504041246.pdf http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201705/ plan 13th5-year prefab, being builds new of 30% China microsite/ https://www.bca.gov.sg/emailsender/buildSmart-022018/ Regulation Control Building Singapore waste/act-175/ https://cswd.net/recycling-old/construction-demolition- 175 and 148 Acts Resources Natural of Agency Vermont https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/recycle/09.pdf Law Recycling Material Construction Japan rules Act Building and Planning Norway https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195380620.013.0022 Areas Funding Priority US, Maryland, of State local level example level local Regional/Country / Regional/Country 2 25 Summary for Policymakers Credit: sturti/iStock/Getty Images Plus with copper, potentially limiting scrap use as use market scrap copper, potentially limiting with is contaminated technology current using recycling emissions by car obtained steel However,in cars. secondary GHG the of of materials used production the with associated half offset can materials recycled of use The countries. G7 in recycled widely are vehicles end-of-life from Materials recovered each. Mt are 240-270 they year in G7.per the MtCO2e In China and India 280-430 are use energy operational reduced with associated reductions emissions Synergistic India. and China in attained be can each Mt 25-30 of savings Similar Mt CO 25 to up save can strategies efficiency material modelled the implemented, are strategies efficiency material new no where to a scenario Compared is assumed. credit recycling corresponding a and to construction downcycled is mostly vehicles to new is that manufacture not used of-life vehicles end- from Material for recycling. vehicles end-of-life of of availability timing the the and fleet vehicle in the changes incorporates It materials. ofuse end-of-life and recovery the on and operations, invehicle use material on energy on manufacturing, invehicle use energy and measures efficiency material of effect the assesses vehicles of light duty modelling The 3.1 3. 2e 2e

per year from the G7’s materials cycle in 2050. 2050. in cycle materials G7’s the from year per Material-efficient cars Understanding the Potential ol b rdcd y 32% Rdcin would Reductions 13-20%. by reduced be would emissions cycle material rides, as shared conducted G7were the in trips ofthe to25% up If manufacturing. for vehicle toleading a lower demand material demand, travel the for meeting required stock vehicle total the have potential to the car-sharing reduce and ride Both towards vehicles. smaller ashift and sharing, car- ride-sharing, use: vehicle of patterns the in aimply change strategies efficiency material Several trade-offs. similar exhibit fibre, carbon and steel as high-strength such of materials, other use The life arereduced. cycle vehicle the throughout total the while emissions manufacturing, vehicle during emissions GHG ofshows increase an materials-related composition material to in vehicle steel aluminium from Ashift operations. vehicle during savings to leads fuel material substitution weight through vehicle Reducing inIndia. 9% and China in 14% G7, the in 5-13% of savings additional to lead can G7 the in parts of reuse increased and vehicles of extension Lifetime to India 26%. in and to 34% amount China in Savings 2050. in cars of cycle from material emissions the GHG the of 37% of savings to lead can recovery, end-of-life and use, scrap fabrication G7, the In future. inthe needed will be recovery evolve; Innovative scrap conditions improvements in yields, manufacturing

27 Summary for Policymakers 28 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Several material efficiency strategies reduce, reduce, Figure 7. strategies efficiency and manufacturing for the use energy simultaneously, material Several roles. vehicles) of use and play smaller important sharing (e.g. use ride increased inpattern changes and TechnicalIndia. (e.g. strategies of reuse components) in 39-53% and China in 29-62% G7; the in 57-70% by 2050 in cars of emissions material-cycle reduce can Taken together, the improvements in material efficiency G7,the inIndia. 4% 3% and inChina 11-14%by emissions reduce inwould vehicles smaller towards shift A partial India. and inChina similar be Life-cycle emissions from cars with and without Material Efficiency strategies in 2050 in G7 countries, China and India and China countries, in G7 2050 in strategies Efficiency Material without and with cars from emissions Life-cycle 45 X X 0 Mt G t car sharing, and a shift towards smaller vehicle sizes. sizes. towards vehicle smaller a shift and sharing, car sharing, are ride emissions inoverall life-cycle reduction for strategies the important most The would 20-35%. be in China and India Savings in 2050. equivalent, tons CO2 life management of cars by 30-40%, or 300-450 million end-of- and operations, manufacturing, for the emissions couldtotal reduce strategies G7 GHG material efficiency and fuel cell vehicles. investigated The battery-electric towards shift agradual reflect that inscenarios even cycle material the from those than larger times several would be reductions use energy operational from savings emission The of vehicles. operation for the X X G t additional vehicles. of use and purchase than rather capacity utilized toward of use under- the mobility shared steer should Policy are inplace. for ride-splitting incentives strong unless emissions and tends to use material increase Ride-hailing are not strong. incentives and common, of are less use material discussions discourse, of policy are travel part vehicle from emissions While congestion. and use, transit public on impacts behavior, driver and of issues company on focuses appropriately and ride-hailing ride-sharing car-sharing, of form the in toward mobility policy shared Current use. during of emissions lessening and inproduction emissions carbon increased between trade-offs present of can light-weighting forms towards Some trend larger, vehicles. heavier too weak to the have counter been policies countries in many although, GHG in emissions operation, vehicle and consumption fuel at reducing aimed of policies a side-effect has been design light-weight through management. Reduction in materials consumption largely cars to end-of-life and choice material revolve around related policies efficiency Material 3.2. Policy Considerations strategies for cars in G7 in (2016-2060) cars for strategies Figure 8. attention. warrants reduction for GHG opportunities attendant address and downcycling to reduce policy of end-of-life Adjustment targets. of-life management has been less focused on the GHG implications of end- Policy shredding. car from residues of non-metallic rates recovery and recycling increasing and pollution de- on has focused for cars management End-of-life Potential GHG savings from material efficiency efficiency material from GHG savings Potential • • • • • • ve e S Mate Car-s R yi re E Pr mal nhan x i e d c o te h l o e d d i c n ve -s u i l h l ri e s e mp c h c ari i r, tr ry a al s t l o e ari n d n i s r f an e u o n g e i n p vme b g ti nd-o d -ap s d me fa ti re tu p b n f-l u ro ri ts ti s c i o fe p e ati n ri ate o n 29 Summary for Policymakers 30 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future 7- 6- 5- 4- 3- Table 2. materials of recycling and recovery of-life Enhanced end- Ride Hailing sharing Car Sharing Ride Use: Intensive More design by material less Using substitution Material Efficiency Efficiency Research suggeststhatride-hailingdoesnotcurrently improve materialefficiencyandwasnotmodeled. a vehicle ownedby anotherpersonorentity. Car-sharing includesbothcompanieswithcentralized digitalplatforms whichownvehicles that are rented to members(e.g.,ZipCarandCar2Go)platforms fordirect peer-to-peer rental of (e.g., UberandLyft), whichisamodifiedtaxiservice. Calledcar-poolinginsomecountries,ride-sharing refers to thesharingoftripswhere peoplewithsameorsimilardrivingdestinationstravel inthesamevehicle. Itisdifferent from ride-hailing Laws,regulations andother formofpolicyinthiscolumnare provided asexamples,but notnecessarilyasinstancesofeffective policy. Someare examplesofpoliciesthatconstitutebarriers. material efficiency. Policy instrumentsfororrelated to materialefficiency. Somepolicieswhichare notintended to encouragematerialefficiencybut are includedbecausethey impacts haveon important Strategy Material Material

Material Efficiency Strategies for Cars and Policy Instruments Policy and Cars for Strategies Efficiency Material 6 7 5 recovery targets recovery & recycling with responsibility producer Extended economy measures fuel of product By Data reporting Data protections Passenger requirements vehicle and Driver fees and Permits efficiency material on focuses that identified policy No codes. building and zoning parking, in treatment Favorable lanes (HOV) vehicle occupancy High economy policy fuel of product By Tax CO on Policy Instruments 2 intensity 5 3 • • • • • • • use of recycled metals. recycled of use end the to attention greater with employed were approach cycle alife if enhanced be could efficiency Material hulk). car of shredding after remaining materials metallic (non- residue shredder auto on focuses (ELVs) vehicles end-of-life toward Policy composition identified. composition material on focused directly policies No materials. novel and plastics, aluminum, of use increased in resulting G7 the throughout regulated widely is economy Fuel lightweighting were identified. on focused directly policy of instances No targets. meet to weight material reduced in resulting G7 the throughout regulated widely is economy Fuel material efficiency-related impacts. impacts. efficiency-related material address explicitly not do and governments local for revenue and congestion, of reduction ride-hailing, of operation orderly and safe on focus regulations Most planning. urban and development estate real parking, to relating regulations of relaxation through car-sharing encourage generally Policies use. its enhanced have platforms digital mobility, shared of forms other with As pollution. and use energy congestion, reduce to governments by encouraged long apractice is Ride-sharing economy and lighter vehicles lighter and economy fuel higher of choice the encourages which intensity CO2 based calculated Norway in tax” registration “One-off Description • • • • • • • • • • • HTML/?uri=CELEX:32007R0715&from=en https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ vehicles duty light for standards performance emission on regulations EU fuel-economy-cafe-standards https://www.transportation.gov/mission/sustainability/corporate-average- Standards Economy Fuel Average Corporate U.S. PDF/?uri=CELEX:02000L0053-20130611&qid=1405610569066&from=EN https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ Directive Vehicle End-of-Life EU html october/Mayor_Lightfoot_Announces_New_Regulations_to_Ease_Traffic. https://www.chicago.gov/city/en/depts/bacp/provdrs/edu/news/2019/ tax ride-hailing Chicago page https://www1.nyc.gov/site/tlc/businesses/high-volume-for-hire-services. licenses Ride-hailing Rules, Commission Limousine Taxi and City York New ride-sharing.aspx https://vancouver.ca/streets-transportation/car-sharing-carpooling-and- Policy Parking Sharing Car On-Street Vancouver program https://www.sfmta.com/projects/street-shared-vehicle-parking-permit- Program Permit Vehicle Shared On-Street Francisco San https://www.ridemetro.org/Pages/HOVHOTLanes.aspx (Houston) lanes HOV (METRO) County Harris of Authority Transit Metropolitan HTML/?uri=CELEX:32007R0715&from=en https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ vehicles duty light for standards performance emission on regulations EU fuel-economy-cafe-standards https://www.transportation.gov/mission/sustainability/corporate-average- Standards Economy Fuel Average Corporate U.S. Norwegian vehicle registration tax registration vehicle Norwegian

Regional / Country / /Country Regional local level example level local 4

Extension Lifetime Product Components of Remanufacturing and Re-Use Efficiency Efficiency Strategy Material Material or quality of repair repair of quality or to access mandating Regulations targets and fee recycling and reuse Mandating auto recycling auto from arising pollution of Regulation and remanufacturing reuse for definitions and Standards Policy Instruments 3 • • • • • service. in vehicles fuel-efficient less keep can but efficiency material increasing life product extend may Repair repair. auto on policy of focus acommon is extension, lifetime product than rather protection, Consumer vehicles. heavy-duty to limited largely is but components and vehicles of life the extends tires and engines of Remanufacturing processes. recycling and dismantling from pollution of management and Prevention attention to material efficiency. material to attention explicit without practices management ELV from arising risk/pollution of reduction on focus Canada and US the in ELV policy industries and countries inhibits trade inhibits countries and industries across goods remanufactured and used of definitions and standards Differing Description • • • • • • https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/recycle/11.pdf Law Recycling Automotive Japanese monitoring https://www.epa.gov/compliance/clean-water-act-cwa-compliance- management stormwater for Act, Water Clean US refrigerants for Act, Air Clean US https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/565 2015 of Act Savings Cost Repair Vehicle Federal U.S. PDF/?uri=CELEX:02007R0715-20121231&from=EN https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ 715/2007 No (EC) regulation EU used rulemaking-regulatory-reform-proceedings/rebuilt-reconditioned-other- https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/rules/ Trade Commission Federal US EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32008L0098 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ Directive Framework Waste EU http://www.basel.int/?tabid=4499 Convention Basel Regional / Country / /Country Regional local level example level local , 4 ,

Credit: MarioGuti/iStock/Getty Images Plus 31 Summary for Policymakers Credit: Federico Rostagno/iStock/Getty Images Plus Source: International Resource Panel, 2019 Panel, Resource International Source: Figure 9. mostly Gt, 35 to Gt 43 from reduced be would homes from the construction, operations, and demolition of emissions cumulative The use. energy in operational reductions to due mostly Gt, 37 to Gt 49 from 2060 - and waste treatment of cars in G7 countries during 2016 cumulative emissions from the production, operation reduce would strategies efficiency material selected the for report, this developed scenario optimistic In the 4.1 4.

CumulativeResults Understanding the Potential Savings of Cumulative GHG life cycle emissions for homes and cars in the G7, the in cars and (2016-2060) India and China homes for emissions GHG life cycle of Cumulative Savings will essential. be technology production materials in emissions GHG of vehicleselectric and clean energy, and the reduction of faster even introduction the to transport, public private from shift a buildings, of retrofits deep-energy as such report, inthe not considered options Further °C. 1.5 below warming global keep to required be will measures additional into emissions, dent cumulative substantial a make can efficiency material while that shows analysis scenario The todue savings. material 33 Summary for Policymakers 34 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Table 3. Table of waste plastic context inthe discussed increasingly is but rare relatively is content recycled Mandated be to need but effectively. is to used be instrument policy if this assessed routinely not are GPP of benefits GHG and material The incremental. be would efficiency material of inclusion thus of and levels government many at G7 the throughout widely used is GPP management. end-of-life and design building to related strategies efficiency material many of uptake increase to leverage potential provides certification Building of removal and subsidies. material virgin mandates, content recycled taxes, material virgin (GPP),procurement public green certification, building or homes (i.e., include These cars) are unidimensional. that or sector one on specifically focusing by those nature than may have impact more cutting are that cross- or sectors across apply that Policies 4.2 Mandates Content Recycled removal subsidy (VMTs)/ taxation Virgin material (GPP) Procurement Public Green Instrument Policy Policy Cross-cutting Policy Considerations Cross-cutting Policy Instruments Cross-cutting plastics for proposed increasingly but used widely Not common. not VMTs are history, a long have royalties resource While carbon or recycled materials recycled or carbon embodied low containing or use intensive more efficiency, material for designed materials and products of entities public by purchasing Preferential Description • • • • • Relevant Material Efficiency Efficiency Material Relevant Increased Recycled content Recycled Increased strategies efficiency material all support can cost in Change Recycled content Recycled recycling life of end Increased use intensive More Strategies and government revenues. efficiency material benefits—increased dual provide is likely to of resources for virgin subsidies reduction challenging, politically While minerals. construction on levies for except modest used, are not widely extraction, resource with associated payments royalty from as distinct materials taxes, Virgin management. • • • • • https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/policy/green/index.html Purchasing Green of Law Japanese instrument-database/ http://www.oecd.org/environment/indicators-modelling-outlooks/policy- minerals on levies and taxes European https://www.env.go.jp/en/laws/policy/green/index.html Purchasing Green of Law Japanese http://www.oecd.org/gov/ethics/gpp-procurement-Netherlands.pdf buildings and roads for system Dutch studies/Clean_Fleets_case_study_-_Bremen_Car-Sharing_integration.pdf https://clean-fleets.eu/fileadmin/files/documents/Publications/case_ municipality Bremen by sharing car local of Use R ec y m uili c and led o . erm

c s onten t es y s cer e em . t ific

s use r R eso Cr em a po e oss i of ur m o ov ﬃcie licie ce a al

. - t Examples

cu sub e of ria s nc

ttin vir f sidies or y l gin g

p Gr r . ocu een V ir gin r t em public a x

. a m en tion ate t rial government by systems certification building of Use codes and standards building Revised Instrument Policy Policy more choices. material-efficient for points providing by material less or recycled, low-carbon, of choice the encourage can systems Certification strategies efficiency material facilitate or inhibit can codes Building Description • • • • • • • Relevant Material Efficiency Efficiency Material Relevant Components and Materials of Re-Use composition material in Change content Recycled recycling life of end Increased components and materials of Reuse Lightweighting composition material in Change Strategies • • • • https://olis.leg.state.or.us/liz/2019R1/Measures/Overview/HB2001 639 Chapter Oregon cementitious%20materials.pdf https://www.ocapa.net/assets/Documents/329.1T-18%20minimum%20 Materials Content Cementitious Minimum on standard Institute Concrete American development/cs/icc-ad-hoc-committee-on-tall-wood-buildings/ https://www.iccsafe.org/products-and-services/i-codes/code- Buildings Tall on Wood Committee Hoc Ad (ICC) Council Code International in the US the in governments local and state by LEED of promotion or support Adoption,

Examples 35 Summary for Policymakers 36 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future

Credit: dvoevnore/iStock/Getty Images Plus emission reduction opportunities. Changes in social insocial Changes opportunities. reduction emission additional providing systems, transportation public of integration private easier an enables software new and phones, are by facilitated smart rides and fleets Shared residences. byareas multifamily dominated populated densely inmore compelling and used easily are more vehicles of shared Fleets playgrounds. and more offer and rooms as guest such facilities for shared opportunities space-efficiently, more designed are smaller, homes Multifamily them. among synergies create and investigated report inthis strategies facilitate can developments technological and Social areas. inthese to policy guide needed will be research Further products. manufactured other and systems, transport buildings, also incommercial are likely savings to possible be emission Similar approaches. mitigation across synergies substantial for energy, yielding demand also inthe materials but for demand inthe not only to lead reductions can intensive lighter, more that and use products smaller also shows report The engineering. and design better through achieved be can savings Material-related efficiency. energy increase or sources energy towards low-carbon to climate move strategies conventional complement GHG reduce significantly emissions through existing These technologies. to opportunity an offers efficiency material that shows report this examples, as vehicles light-duty and buildings Using residential Conclusions 5. done on a life cycle basis to consider synergies across across synergies alife basis on to cycle consider done be must strategies reduction of emission assessment the Furthermore, participants. or of programs number the tracking than evaluation basis for policy better a emissions—provides GHG and use material ofAssessment outcomes—both in reductions of interest. ofpolicy result the is the outcome if indicates of countries not reveal ifthe does but achieved have been targets monitoring G7 The in policy. outcomes—common efficiency material of efficacy the evaluate policymakers help post can analysis Ex found. was counterfactual and studies, experimental evaluations, policy efficiency material of efficacy the on research comprehensive limited Very impact. mitigate the can consumption or of production cost the raise indirectly or directly that Economic emissions. systems cap-and-trade and as taxes such instruments GHG in reductions counter can consumption, additional on spent are efficiency increased from arise savings where effects, Rebound must are to effective. ifthey be keyaddress challenges policies efficiency Material transport. private and strategies, housing of efficiency specific material enhance can that addressing those and cutting cross- both changes, policy identified has report This areas. inurban young the among popular are increasingly residences compact and use shared intensive but amore use, implement to required may be preferences individual and norms 37 Summary for Policymakers 38 Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future constrain material efficiency. material constrain or encourage can They design. building addressing instruments are policy standards and codes building example, For of recycling. ease and reuse their durability, and their operations, and manufacturing intheir used energy the use, they material much how determines Design is akey of point leverage. cycle vehicles and life houses of than design The rather reductions. GHG mass and diversion landfill on mostly focus policies material-related Current inquestion. buildings the of retrofit deep-energy a by complemented when only reductions emission down brings many cases, in but, strategy is intriguing an for example, lifetimes, building Increasing guidance. inpolicy prominently feature should more trade-offs and of synergies Identification trade-offs. as well as sectors, different R ec y m uili c and led o . erm

c s onten t es y s cer e em . t ific

s use r R eso Cr em a po e oss i of ur m o ov ﬃcie licie ce a al

. - t

cu sub e of ria s nc

ttin vir sidies f or y l gin g

p Gr r . ocu een V ir gin r t em public a x

. a m en tion ate t rial contribute to such reductions. to reductions. such contribute can efficiency Material IPCC. the by proposed budget carbon to the within stay agigaton-scale on reduced 1.5°C by rise to be need Emissions levels. will above pre-industrial temperature average global the the atmosphere reaches a concentration at which only a finite amount of CO of amount finite a only help could is There budget. carbon their within stay countries efficiency material from Contributions 2 that can be emitted before emitted be can that

For more information, contact:

Secretariat of the International Resource Panel (IRP) Economy Division United Nations Environment Programme 1 rue Miollis Building VII 75015 Paris, France Tel: +33 1 44 37 14 50 Fax: +33 1 44 37 14 74 Email: [email protected] Website: www.internationalresourcepanel.org Resource Efficiency and Climate Change: Material Efficiency Strategies for a Low-Carbon Future Summary for Policymakers The International Resource Panel (IRP) was established to provide independent, coherent and authoritative scientific assessments on the use of natural resources and their environmental impacts over the full life cycle. The Panel aims to contribute to a better understanding of how to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation while enhancing wellbeing. The Secretariat is hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme. Since 2017, the IRP has published twenty-eight assessments. These assessments demonstrate the opportunities for governments, businesses and wider society to work together to create and implement policies that ultimately lead to sustainable resource management, including through better planning, technological innovation and strategic incentives and investments. This report was developed by the IRP in response to a request by leaders of the Group of 7 nations in the context of efforts to promote resource efficiency as a core element of sustainable development. It conducts a rigorous assessment of the contribution of material efficiency to GHG abatement strategies. More concretely, it assesses the reduction potential of GHG emissions from material efficiency strategies applied in residential buildings and light duty vehicles, and reviews policies that address these strategies. According to the Panel, GHG emissions from the material cycle of residential buildings in the G7 and China could be reduced by at least 80% in 2050 Job No: DTI/2269/PA through more intensive use of homes, design with less materials, improved ISBN: 978-92-807-3771-4 recycling of construction materials, and other strategies. - Significant reductions of GHG emissions could also be achieved in the production, use and disposal of cars. IRP modelling shows that GHG emissions from the material cycle of passenger cars in 2050 could be For more information, contact: reduced by up to 70% in G7 countries and 60% in China and India through Secretariat of the International Resource Panel (IRP) ride-sharing, car-sharing, and a shift towards trip-appropriate smaller cars, among others. Economy Division Increasing material efficiency is a key opportunity to achieve the aspirations United Nations Environment Programme of the Paris Agreement. Materials are vital to modern society, but their 1 rue Miollis - Building VII - 75015 Paris, France production is an important source of greenhouse gases. Emissions from material production are now comparable to those from agriculture, forestry, Tel: +33 1 44 37 14 50 - Fax: +33 1 44 37 14 74 and land use change combined, yet they have received much less attention Email: [email protected] from the climate policy community. As shown by IRP estimates, it is time to Website: www.internationalresourcepanel.org look beyond energy efficiency to reduce global carbon footprint.