Resource Efficiency
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The Ecological Footprint Emerged As a Response to the Challenge of Sustainable Development, Which Aims at Securing Everybody's Well-Being Within Planetary Constraints
16 Ecological Footprint accounts The Ecological Footprint emerged as a response to the challenge of sustainable development, which aims at securing everybody's well-being within planetary constraints. It sharpens sustainable development efforts by offering a metric for this challenge’s core condition: keeping the human metabolism within the means of what the planet can renew. Therefore, Ecological Footprint accounting seeks to answer one particular question: How much of the biosphere’s (or any region’s) regenerative capacity does any human activity demand? The condition of keeping humanity’s material demands within the amount the planet can renew is a minimum requirement for sustainability. While human demands can exceed what the planet renew s for some time, exceeding it leads inevitably to (unsustainable) depletion of nature’s stocks. Such depletion can only be maintained temporarily. In this chapter we outline the underlying principles that are the foundation of Ecological Footprint accounting. 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Runninghead Right-hand pages: 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Runninghead Left-hand pages: Mathis Wackernagel et al. 16 Ecological Footprint accounts Principles 1 Mathis Wackernagel, Alessandro Galli, Laurel Hanscom, David Lin, Laetitia Mailhes, and Tony Drummond 1. Introduction – addressing all demands on nature, from carbon emissions to food and fibres Through the Paris Climate Agreement, nearly 200 countries agreed to keep global temperature rise to less than 2°C above the pre-industrial level. This goal implies ending fossil fuel use globally well before 2050 ( Anderson, 2015 ; Figueres et al., 2017 ; Rockström et al., 2017 ). The term “net carbon” in the agreement further suggests humanity needs far more than just a transition to clean energy; managing land to support many competing needs also will be crucial. -
Towards a More Resource-Efficient and Circular Economy the Role of The
Towards a more resource-efficient and circular economy The role of the G20 | 1 A background report prepared for the 2021 G20 Presidency of Italy Towards a more resource-efficient and circular economy The role of the G20 PUBE TOWARDS A MORE RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY © OECD 2021 2 | Table of contents Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 9 2. Past trends in material consumption and waste generation 10 3. Projections of future materials use 18 4. The environmental impacts of materials use 21 5. A transition to a circular economy can lower resource demands and environmental impacts and contribute to the economic and social recovery 24 6. Recent developments on resource efficiency and circular economy policies 27 7. The role of cities towards the circular economy transition 32 8. Towards a G20 policy vision on resource efficiency 38 References 47 TOWARDS A MORE RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY © OECD 2021 | 3 Tables Table 1. Selected environmental impacts of materials use 21 Table 2. Selected examples of national, regional and local strategies for resource efficiency, waste management and the circular economy of G20 countries 27 Figures Figure 1. Domestic Material Consumption in G20, OECD and BRIICS 10 Figure 2. Domestic material consumption per capita [tonnes] 11 Figure 3. Resource productivity levels differ substantially among G20 countries, but some improvements could be achieved 12 Figure 4. Despite improvements in resource productivity, domestic material consumption increased in G20 countries 13 Figure 5. Material footprint per capita remains high also for countries with low Domestic Material Consumption per capita 14 Figure 6. As income levels rise, waste generation increases [left], but waste treatment processes improve [right] 15 Figure 7. -
LIFE and Resource Efficiency: Decoupling Growth from Resource Use
LIFE and resource efficiency Decoupling growth from resource use LIFE Focus I LIFE and resource efficiency: Decoupling growth from resource use EUROPEAN COMMISSION ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE-GENERAL LIFE (“The Financial Instrument for the Environment”) is a programme launched �y the European Commission and co-ordinated �y the Environment Directorate-General �L�FE Units - E.3. and E.4.). The contents of the pu�lication “L�FE and Resource Efficiency: Decoupling growth from resource use” do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the institutions of the European Union. Authors: Ga�riella Camarsa �Environment expert), Justin Toland, Eamon O’Hara, Tim Hudson, Wendy Jones, Ed Thorpe, Christophe Thévignot �AE�DL, Communications Team Coordinator). Managing Editor: Hervé Martin, European Commission, Environment DG, L�FE E.4 – BU-9, 02/1, 200 rue de la Loi, B-1049 Brussels. LIFE Focus series coordination: Simon Goss �L�FE Communications Coordinator), Evelyne Jussiant �DG Environment Communications Coordinator). Technical assistance: Audrey Thénard, Nicolas Tavitian, Agnese Roccato �Astrale GE�E). The following people also worked on this issue: Al�an De Villepin, Federico Nogara, Simona Bacchereti, Santiago Urquijo-Zamora, Sylvie Ludain �Environment DG, L�FE Environment and Eco-innovation Unit), Carina Vopel, Jonathan Murphy �Environment DG, Communication Unit), Ro�in Miege �Environment DG, Green Week Task Force). Production: Monique Braem �AE�DL). Graphic design: Daniel Renders, Anita Cortés �AE�DL). Photos database: Sophie Brynart. Acknowledgements: Thanks to all L�FE project �eneficiaries who contri�uted comments, photos and other useful material for this report. Photos: Unless otherwise specified; photos are from the respective projects. HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free publications: • via EU Bookshop �http://�ookshop.europa.eu); • at the European Commission’s representations or delegations. -
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (The 3Rs) and Resource Efficiency As the Basis for Sustainable Waste Management
CSD-19 Learning Centre “Synergizing Resource Efficiency with Informal Sector towards Sustainable Waste Management” 9 May 2011, New York Co-organized by: UNCRD and UN HABITAT Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (the 3Rs) and Resource Efficiency as the basis for Sustainable Waste Management C. R. C. Mohanty UNCRD 3Rs offer an environmentally friendly alternatives to deal with growing generation of wastes and its related impact on human health, eco nomy and natural ecosystem Natural Resources First : Reduction Input Reduce waste, by-products, etc. Production (Manufacturing, Distribution, etc.) Second : Reuse Third : Material Recycling Use items repeatedly. Recycle items which cannot be reused as raw materials. Consumption Fourth : Thermal Recycling Recover heat from items which have no alternatives but incineration and which cannot Discarding be recycled materially. Treatment (Recycling, Incineration, etc.) Fifth : Proper Disposal Dispose of items which cannot be used by any means. (Source: Adapted from MoE-Japan) Landfill disposal Stages in Product Life Cycle • Extraction of natural resources • Processing of resources • Design of products and selection of inputs • Production of goods and services • Distribution • Consumption • Reuse of wastes from production or consumption • Recycling of wastes from consumption or production • Disposal of residual wastes Source: ADB, IGES, 2008 Resource efficiency refers to amount of resource (materials, energy, and water) consumed in producing a unit of product or services. It involves using smaller amount of physical -
The Case Study Report Aims to Analyse More in Depth the Strategies
Rebound effects and the ecological rucksack in the light of resource policies ESDN Case Study No. 7 Nisida Gjoksi ESDN Office Team www.sd-network.eu June 2011 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................3 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND THE REBOUND EFFECTS .........................................................................3 DEFINITION OF THE REBOUND EFFECT ......................................................................................................4 TYPES OF REBOUND EFFECT ...................................................................................................................4 POLICY RESPONSES ..............................................................................................................................4 MAGNITUDE OF REBOUND EFFECTS .........................................................................................................5 RECOMMENDATIONS ...........................................................................................................................5 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY AND THE ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK .................................................................6 DEFINITION OF THE ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK ..............................................................................................6 WEAKNESSES OF THE ECOLOGICAL RUCKSACK FACTOR .................................................................................7 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................9 -
Assessing Resource Depletion in LCA: a Review of Methods and Methodological Issues
Assessing resource depletion in LCA: a review of methods and methodological issues Serenella Sala www.jrc.ec.europa.eu Serving society Stimulating innovation Supporting legislation Outline Sustainability and resources Key concepts and perspectives Review on current impact assessment methodologies for Resources 27 November 2012 2 Resources and sustainability -1 One of the father of the definition of “sustainability” was Hans Carl von Carlowitz. The concept was founded in forestry and was strictly resource-based and stayed so for centuries (Carlowitz 1713, Cotta 1828). The concept was developed by foresters because timber had been excessively overused and become a very scarce resource in the process of the industrial revolution and urbanisation. Carlowitz HC (1713)Sylvicultura oeconomica, oder haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht 27 November 2012 3 Resources and sustainability _2 Around 1700, the mining industry and livelihood of thousands was threatened in Saxony. It was not that the mines had been exhausted of their ores, the problem was an acute scarcity of timber. The mining industry and smelting of ores had consumed whole forests. In the vicinity of places of mining activity the old growth forests had disappeared completely. Trees had been cut at unsustainable rates for decades without efforts to restore the forests. First, the river systems in the Erzgebirge was engineered, so logs could be transported from ever more distant forest areas, but these measures only postponed the crisis. The prices for timber rose ever more, which led to bankruptcy and closure of parts of the mining industry. 27 November 2012 4 Resources and sustainability _3 • Environmental as well as economic and social dimension • Interplay between socio-economic drivers, environmental and socio economic impacts Should resources be included in LCIA? Scientific debate For sure they should be part of the impact assessment in LCSA…. -
How Do the Extinctions of Other Creatures Affect Humans Directly?
4/30/2020 How Do the Extinctions of Other Creatures Affect Humans Directly? How Do the Extinctions of Other Creatures Affect Humans Directly? ••• Updated March 10, 2018 By Milton Kazmeyer While extinction of animal species is part of the natural process of evolution, the expansion of the human species has led to significant increases in the extinction rate. Because humans share ecosystems with endangered species, our quality of life and our survival is linked to them. Habitat destruction, climate change, resource depletion and other factors have increased the extinction rate by a factor of 1,000, putting substantial pressure on thousands of the most vulnerable creatures on the planet. American Bison One example of how the depletion of a species affected humans is what occurred after the American bison nearly vanished in the 19th century. Originally, the bison was a common animal on the central plains, with an estimated population of 15 million, and the Native Americans of the region depended on the animal for food, leather, fur and many https://sciencing.com/extinctions-other-creatures-affect-humans-directly-20692.html 1/11 4/30/2020 How Do the Extinctions of Other Creatures Affect Humans Directly? other goods vital to a nomadic lifestyle. By 1890, however, there were only a few thousand bison left in America. Tribal hunters were able to kill more of the animals with the aid of firearms, and in some cases the United States government encouraged the widespread slaughter of bison herds. The vanishing species forced tribes dependent on the animal to move to new lands in search of food, and eventually those tribes could no longer support themselves and had to deal with the United States government for survival. -
Plight, Plunder, and Political Ecology
1 Plight, Plunder, and Political Ecology CIVIL STRIFE in the developing world represents perhaps the greatest international security challenge of the early twenty-first century.1 Three-quarters of all wars since 1945 have been within countries rather than between them, and the vast majority of these conflicts have oc curred in the world’s poorest nations.2 Wars and other violent conflicts have killed some 40 million people since 1945, and as many people may have died as a result of civil strife since 1980 as were killed in the First World War.3 Although the number of internal wars peaked in the early 1990s and has been declining slowly ever since, they remain a scourge on humanity. Armed conflicts have crippled the prospect for a better life in many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, by destroying essential infrastructure, deci mating social trust, encouraging human and capital flight, exacerbat ing food shortages, spreading disease, and diverting precious financial resources toward military spending.4 Compounding matters further, the damaging effects of civil strife rarely remain confined within the afflicted countries. In the past de cade alone tens of millions of refugees have spilled across borders, pro ducing significant socioeconomic and health problems in neighboring areas. Instability has also rippled outward as a consequence of cross- border incursions by rebel groups, trafficking in arms and persons, dis ruptions in trade, and damage done to the reputation of entire regions in the eyes of investors. Globally, war-torn countries have become ha vens and recruiting grounds for international terrorist networks, orga nized crime, and drug traffickers.5 Indeed, the events of September 11, 2001, illustrate how small the world has become and how vulnerable even superpowers are to rising grievances and instabilities in the de veloping world. -
Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part 1
CK-12 FOUNDATION Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part 1 Akre CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning. Copyright © 2010 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share Alike 3.0 Un- ported (CC-by-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Specific details can be found at http://about.ck12.org/terms. Printed: October 11, 2010 Author Barbara Akre Contributor Jean Battinieri i www.ck12.org Contents 1 Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part 1 1 1.1 Lesson 18.1: The Biodiversity Crisis ............................... 1 1.2 Lesson 18.2: Natural Resources .................................. 32 2 Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part I 49 2.1 Chapter 18: Ecology and Human Actions ............................ 49 2.2 Lesson 18.1: The Biodiversity Crisis ............................... 49 2.3 Lesson 18.2: Natural Resources .................................. 53 www.ck12.org ii Chapter 1 Ecology: Biodiversity and Natural Resources Part 1 1.1 Lesson 18.1: The Biodiversity Crisis Lesson Objectives • Compare humans to other species in terms of resource needs and use, and ecosystem service benefits and effects. -
Using Game Theory to Develop Sustainability Strategies in an Era
ering & ine M g a n n E a Seifi and Crowther, Ind Eng Manage 2018, 7:1 l g a i e r m t Industrial Engineering & DOI: 10.4172/2169-0316.1000240 s e u n d t n I Management ISSN: 2169-0316 Research Article Open Access Using Game Theory to Develop Sustainability Strategies in an Era of Resource Depletion Shahla Seifi and David Crowther* Faculty of Business and Law, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK *Corresponding author: David Crowther, Faculty of Business and Law, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK, Tel: +44(0)7971629198; Fax: +44(0)1332720660; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: 02 November 2017; Accepted date: 07 March 2018; Published date: 14 March 2018 Copyright: © 2018 Seifi S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Objective: Sustainability is recognized as an important objective in business planning and is of equal relevance to policy makers. It is equally accepted, almost universally, that the resources of the planet are finite and are being over consumed on an annual basis. The prognosis therefore is that resources are being depleted and competition for access to remaining resources must ensue, as countries seek to grow and develop. This will have the effect of increasing the transaction costs of business activity as they find greater difficulty in seeking restricted supply of resources. -
France May 2016 Country Profile FRANCE 2015 Review of Material Resource Efficiency Policies in Europe
Country profile More from less — material resource efficiency in Europe 2015 overview of policies, instruments and targets in 32 countries France May 2016 Country profile FRANCE 2015 review of material resource efficiency policies in Europe This country profile is based on information provided by several contributors, and was compiled by Doris Nicklaus (EIONET/NRC Resource-efficient economy and the environment) and Thomas Kochert (EIONET/NFP), both from the General Commission on Sustainable Development, French Ministry of Environment, Energy and the Sea. This document should not be seen as an official list of government priorities and is not necessarily an exhaustive list of all national material resource efficiency policies, objectives, targets or activities in place. The information is current as of December 2015. This country profile was prepared as part of the 2015 EEA review of material resource efficiency policies, that aimed to collect, analyse and disseminate information about the development and implementation of material resource efficiency policies in EEA member and cooperating countries. The work resulted in the following outcomes. 32 short country profiles (this document) – self assessments prepared by countries, describing the current status of material resource efficiency policies including key strategies and action plans, policy objectives, instruments, targets and indicators, and the institutional setup. Countries were also invited to share reflections on the future direction of resource efficiency policies. EEA report More From Less – material resource efficiency in Europe – prepared by the EEA and ETC/WMGE, the report analyses trends, similarities and differences in policy responses, showcases selected policy initiatives from the countries, and offers some considerations for the development of future policies. -
Getting to Green: Understanding Resource Consumption in the Home Marshini Chetty, David Tran and Rebecca E
Getting to Green: Understanding Resource Consumption in the Home Marshini Chetty, David Tran and Rebecca E. Grinter* GVU Center and School of Interactive Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA {marshini, beki*}@cc.gatech.edu, [email protected] ABSTRACT Rising global energy demands, increasing costs and Rising global energy demands, increasing costs and limited limitations on natural resources have elevated concerns natural resources mean that householders are more about resource conservation [13]. Ubicomp researchers conscious about managing their domestic resource have sought to address this issue through investigations of consumption. Yet, the question of what tools Ubicomp context aware power management techniques to help researchers can create for residential resource management buildings conserve energy [19], increasing awareness of remains open. To begin to address this omission, we present resource consumption in the workplace [20] and building a qualitative study of 15 households and their current homes that adaptively control a home’s energy systems for management practices around the water, electricity and householders [27]. Still, it is not well understood how natural gas systems in the home. We find that in-the- householders currently manage their consumption of natural moment resource consumption is mostly invisible to gas, electricity and water, what their frustrations or desires householders and that they desire more real-time are, or how they currently conceive of resource usage. More information to help them save money, keep their homes importantly, the question of what tools Ubicomp comfortable and be environmentally friendly. Designing for researchers can create to aid domestic resource domestic sustainability therefore turns on improving the consumption management remains open.