DOCSLIB.ORG

SAS1 11.Purism and Liberalism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SAS1 11.Purism and Liberalism Ideologies and issues in Nordic and especially West Nordic language planning; purism vs. liberalism. SAS1. April 28th 2016 Linguistic climate The ideological climate with regard to - language use - language correctness - language planning Linguistic consciousness (Jørn Lund) Danish ― Swedish ― Finns ― Finland-Swedes ― Norwegians ― Faroese ― Icelanders degrees of organized societal preoccupation with the language or with the sociolinguistic situation a) The language is not as it should be → it needs to be changed or improved b) The language is threatened → efforts are needed to combat this threat ”… Trouble there is now with our Faroese mother tongue / every other word / that now flows from the mouth of man and women / is foreign / Listen let us therefore strike out against this foreignness / slap it in the face / a northwester shall take it [i.e. the Danish words] away form our country [i.e. back to Denmark] / like a soap bubble…” From Jóannes Patursson’s poem ”Nú er tann stundin…”, recited at the Faroese Boxing Day meeting in 1888. Translation by Jógvan í Lon Jakobsen Purism on linguistic levels Examples from Faroese Lexicon Revolution → kollvelting Biologi → lívfrøði Morphology Tórshavnar froskmannafelag (Revival of the genitive) Syntax Næsta morgun var kvirt við borðið → Morgunin eftir var kvirt við borðið Eitt ár gamalt barn → ársgamalt barn Sjóvinnubankin segði, at hann ikki fer at gjalda skatt í ár → Sjóvinnubankin segði, at hann fer ikki at gjalda skatt í ár Orthography Zimbabwe → Simbabve Some common arguments in Nordic language planning • The cultural-political argument • The democratic argument • The international argument • The Nordic argument • The pedagogic argument • The structural argument • The argument of cultural continuity • The historical argument Linguistic variation vs. standardization Denmark Sweden Norway Faroes Iceland High tolerance of Greenland linguistic variation Sámi Low tolerance of in speech and writing linguistic variation in speech and writing Spelling reformism vs. conservatism Denmark Greenland Finland Norway Sámi Sweden Iceland Extensive spelling reforms Major spelling reforms, Faroes but with orthographic stability as obective Orthographic conservatism Minor reforms (lexical) liberalism vs. purism Swedish Danish Norwegian Sámi Icelandic Norwegian Faroese (Nynorsk) Greenland Liberalism (Bokmål) Purism Assimilation of foreign words Danish Swedish Norwegian Finnish Faroese Icelandic English budget budget budsjett budjetti fíggjar- fjárhags- budget ætlan áætlun bureau byrå byrå byroo skrivstova skrifstofa bureau wire wire/vajer wire/vaier vaijeri veirur vír wire Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish Danish Finnish North Green- (Bokmål) Sámi landic bíll bilur bil bil bil auto biila biili djús djús jus, juice jos, juice juice mehu, máihli juice, tuoremehu paarn[gap] issera tékki kekkur sjekk check check sekki šeahkka checki blöffa bluffa bløffe bluffa bluffe bluffa, jorbbodahttit, nakutitsivoq bluffata mohkastit hjól súkkla sykkel cykel cykel polkupyörä sihkkel sikkili, cykeli bæklingur bóklingur brosjyre broschyr brochure brosyyri brošyra atuagaaraq laug hylur basseng bassäng bassin allas basea ŋŋ a tatsiaq?, naluttarfiq afstaða hugburður holdning attityd attitude asenne guoddu 0, ≈ timip tölva telda datamaskin dator computer tietokone datamašiidna computeri, , dihtor qarasaasiaq http://www.norden.org/en/fakta-om-norden-1/nordic-dictionaries Sylistic norms • The democratization of and battle against bureaucratese An international problem: Recent survey showing that unclear official language costs the Norwegian government 130 mill kroner each year! • What is the recipe for a democratic language? Critics in the Faroe Islands arguing that also purism can have an anti- democratic effect. Denmark • national language fought through in opposition to German, French and Latin in the 16 th century • Purist attitude towards different languages at different times: – 18th C. purists against Greco-Romance loanwords – 1930’s and -40’s Sven Clausen and The Danish Association for Nordic Language Cultivation (1941) opposing ”Germanization” • A stand against German after WW2 • Danish the most influential language on both Norwegian, Faroese and Icelandic Denmark • little tradition and belief in a policy with an aim of protecting the language from foreign influence • great scepticism towards neologisms • users most positive towards English in the Nordic area • many loanwords (number 2 in the Nordic region), but they adjust them less than in the other countries Reform of 1948 • These changes implied a systematic simplification of the Danish orthography • Huge controversy in Denmark • Danish is still the least orthophonic of the Scandinavian languages Arguments in favour of orthographic conservatism • Facilitates inter-Nordic communication (Danish, Faroese, Icelandic) • Facilitates international communication • Linguistic continuity and unity between generations (Danish, Icelandic) • Access to literary heritage (Danish, Icelandic, Faroese (?) ) Only minor spelling changes in Danish loanwords • c replaced by k when this is evident i speech: vacuum to vakuum • c not replaced when it is pronounced s: centrum , cykel . • qu replaced with k or kv: consequent to konsekvent • x replaced by ks : luxus to luksus • many French loanwords were kept unaltered: Da: camouflage , No: kamuflasje ) The majonæse war - 1985 • small reform in Danish (0.5 % of the words) • The Language Council introduced limited variation in the spelling of some loanwords: – ”mayonnaise” (tr.) or ”majonæse” (”new”) – ”yoghurt ” or ”jogurt ” – ”ressource” or ”resurse” Spelling dictionary from 2012: – ”mayonnaise” or ”majonæse” – ”yoghurt ” or ”jogurt” – ”ressource” or ”resurse” «Men danskerne har ikke ønsket at bruge den ny stavemåde, fordi de synes, at den er grim. Så vi har taget konsekvensen og fjernet majonæse fra Retskrivningsordbogen,» siger Sabine Kirchmeier-Andersen, direktør i Dansk Sprognævn. http://www.b.dk/nationalt/det-er-slut-med-majonaese-og-jogurt 10000 “new” words in Den Danske Ordbog (April 19 th 2016): Loan words : cortado, crepe, douchebag, shitstorm, tracke, twerke Compounds : aldersfascisme, fallossymbol, gedebukkeskæg Derivations : ateistisk, newyorksk, nominering, vedhæftning Foreign word/terms : allergologi, cyanotypi, erytrocyt, misantropisk Set phrases : brunt værtshus, hænge i gardinerne, knibe sig i armen New rules in Retskrivningsordbogen 2012 • optional hypen in ”group compounds”: – væg til væg-tæppe or væg-til-væg-tæppe • change in the use of apostrofes: – succes’en → succesen • optional to use -ie or -ium i words like akvarium, gymnasium and territorium: – gymnasie or gymnasium • optional to use lower-case or upper-case in certain abbreviations: – IT or it, BNP or bnp, DVD or dvd Danish language policy: laissez-faire liberalism and strict normative conservatism • receptive to new loanwords – often without altering spelling • few and minor orthographic spelling reforms • stylistic reforms: the battle against bureaucratese BUT: «The comma war» • nyt komma ‘new comma’: grammatically based in 1997 • new system amalgamated with old in 2014 • April 23th 2015: leader of Danish language council: introduces a «new, Nordic comma». Should function as a pause comma that people can put where they want to • http://politiken.dk/kultur/ECE2638841/sprogf ormand-foreslaar-et-frit-komma/ Sweden • 19th century issues: – spelling (phonetic vs. traditional) – vocabulary (purism vs. laissez-faire) • purism towards Danish in early 20th century turned out to be purism towards dialectal features in Swedish • no major language conflicts in the 20th c., and social conflicts not linguistically marked Sweden Today: • most positive to the claim: It would be best if everybody in the whole world had English as their mother tongue • interest in institutionalized language and qualitative aspects of it Reform of 1906 – phonems /v/ and /t/ to be spelt v and t • rödt to rött (red) • godt to gott (good) • haf to hav (ocean) • hafva to hava (to have) • hvit to vit (white) Carl Gustav af Leopold 1756-1829 Leopold’s principles still used today: When introducing new words a careful and moderate phoneticiziation is preferred – even when inconsistent. runeberg.org Swedish dialects • Dahlstedt (1979) 1. traditional dialects 2. levelled dialects 3. regional standard language 4. ”neutral” standard language Thelander omits number 3. Spelling pronunciation Spelling → pronunciation • ”ultra correct pronunciation”: Old phenomenon in Swedish • ex. älskat, drottning. Casual forms pronunciation → spelling • have – ha • take – ta • blive – bli • mej for mig (correct) • dom for de / dem (correct) Finland • independent republic in 1919 • different language family: less contact and loan-words from the other Nordic countries • import from Germanic languages, but also Slavic, Russian and Baltic languages Finland • foreign policy pressure → important to make Finnish the preferred language in all domains from mid 19th century • policy against Swedish loan-words → own words to replace them • Lexical purism to fill gaps in Finnish terminology Finland Until 1870s: great effort into the construction of neologisms – often as loan translations – the creation of new and to some extent modern words • ”tasavalta” – ”republic” – (i.e. equal power). • ”ylioppilas” – ”student” – (i.e. over pupil) This line of purism has not been continued. Finnish language planning today is less based on a puristic ideology. Neologisms created for structural reasons. • Swedish influence on vocabulary • Anglo-American
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
    <DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche.
    [Show full text]
  • Norn Elements in the Shetland Dialect
    Hugvísindadeild Norn elements in the Shetland dialect A Historical and Linguistic Review B.A. Essay Auður Dagný Jónsdóttir September, 2013 University of Iceland Faculty of Humanities Department of English Norn elements in the Shetland dialect A Historical and Linguistic Review B.A. Essay Auður Dagný Jónsdóttir Kt.: 270172-5129 Supervisors: Þórhallur Eyþórsson and Pétur Knútsson September, 2013 2 Abstract The languages spoken in Shetland for the last twelve hundred years have ranged from Pictish, Norn to Shetland Scots. The Norn language started to form after the settlements of the Norwegian Vikings in Shetland. When the islands came under the British Crown, Norn was no longer the official language and slowly declined. One of the main reasons the Norn vernacular lived as long as it did, must have been the distance from the mainland of Scotland. Norn was last heard as a mother tongue in the 19th century even though it generally ceased to be spoken in people’s daily life in the 18th century. Some of the elements of Norn, mainly lexis, have been preserved in the Shetland dialect today. Phonetic feature have also been preserved, for example is the consonant’s duration in the Shetland dialect closer to the Norwegian language compared to Scottish Standard English. Recent researches indicate that there is dialectal loss among young adults in Lerwick, where fifty percent of them use only part of the Shetland dialect while the rest speaks Scottish Standard English. 3 Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 2. The origin of Norn ................................................................................................................. 6 3. The heyday of Norn ............................................................................................................... 7 4. King James III and the Reformation ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • From Semantics to Dialectometry
    Contents Preface ix Subjunctions as discourse markers? Stancetaking on the topic ‘insubordi- nate subordination’ Werner Abraham Two-layer networks, non-linear separation, and human learning R. Harald Baayen & Peter Hendrix John’s car repaired. Variation in the position of past participles in the ver- bal cluster in Duth Sjef Barbiers, Hans Bennis & Lote Dros-Hendriks Perception of word stress Leonor van der Bij, Dicky Gilbers & Wolfgang Kehrein Empirical evidence for discourse markers at the lexical level Jelke Bloem Verb phrase ellipsis and sloppy identity: a corpus-based investigation Johan Bos 7 7 Om-omission Gosse Bouma 8 Neural semantics Harm Brouwer, Mathew W. Crocker & Noortje J. Venhuizen 7 9 Liberating Dialectology J. K. Chambers 8 0 A new library for construction of automata Jan Daciuk 9 Generating English paraphrases from logic Dan Flickinger 99 Contents Use and possible improvement of UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Lan- guages in Danger Tjeerd de Graaf 09 Assessing smoothing parameters in dialectometry Jack Grieve 9 Finding dialect areas by means of bootstrap clustering Wilbert Heeringa 7 An acoustic analysis of English vowels produced by speakers of seven dif- ferent native-language bakgrounds Vincent J. van Heuven & Charlote S. Gooskens 7 Impersonal passives in German: some corpus evidence Erhard Hinrichs 9 7 In Hülle und Fülle – quantiication at a distance in German, Duth and English Jack Hoeksema 9 8 he interpretation of Duth direct speeh reports by Frisian-Duth bilin- guals Franziska Köder, J. W. van der Meer & Jennifer Spenader 7 9 Mining for parsing failures Daniël de Kok & Gertjan van Noord 8 0 Looking for meaning in names Stasinos Konstantopoulos 9 Second thoughts about the Chomskyan revolution Jan Koster 99 Good maps William A.
    [Show full text]
  • ML 4080 the Seal Woman in Its Irish and International Context
    Mar Gur Dream Sí Iad Atá Ag Mairiúint Fén Bhfarraige: ML 4080 the Seal Woman in Its Irish and International Context The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Darwin, Gregory R. 2019. Mar Gur Dream Sí Iad Atá Ag Mairiúint Fén Bhfarraige: ML 4080 the Seal Woman in Its Irish and International Context. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42029623 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Mar gur dream Sí iad atá ag mairiúint fén bhfarraige: ML 4080 The Seal Woman in its Irish and International Context A dissertation presented by Gregory Dar!in to The Department of Celti# Literatures and Languages in partial fulfillment of the re%$irements for the degree of octor of Philosophy in the subje#t of Celti# Languages and Literatures (arvard University Cambridge+ Massa#husetts April 2019 / 2019 Gregory Darwin All rights reserved iii issertation Advisor: Professor Joseph Falaky Nagy Gregory Dar!in Mar gur dream Sí iad atá ag mairiúint fén bhfarraige: ML 4080 The Seal Woman in its Irish and International Context4 Abstract This dissertation is a study of the migratory supernatural legend ML 4080 “The Mermaid Legend” The story is first attested at the end of the eighteenth century+ and hundreds of versions of the legend have been colle#ted throughout the nineteenth and t!entieth centuries in Ireland, S#otland, the Isle of Man, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Norway, S!eden, and Denmark.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Activation of L1 Danish Orthography Enhances Spoken Word Recognition of Swedish
    Nordic Journal of Linguistics (2021), page 1 of 19 doi:10.1017/S0332586521000056 ARTICLE Online activation of L1 Danish orthography enhances spoken word recognition of Swedish Anja Schüppert1 , Johannes C. Ziegler2, Holger Juul3 and Charlotte Gooskens1 1Center for Language and Cognition Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 716, 9700 AS Groningen, The Netherlands; Email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive/CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, 3, place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France; Email: [email protected] 3Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Emil Holms Kanal 2, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark; Email: [email protected] (Received 6 June 2020; revised 9 March 2021; accepted 9 March 2021) Abstract It has been reported that speakers of Danish understand more Swedish than vice versa. One reason for this asymmetry might be that spoken Swedish is closer to written Danish than vice versa. We hypothesise that literate speakers of Danish use their ortho- graphic knowledge of Danish to decode spoken Swedish. To test this hypothesis, first- language (L1) Danish speakers were confronted with spoken Swedish in a translation task. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were elicited to study the online brain responses dur- ing decoding operations. Results showed that ERPs to words whose Swedish pronunciation was inconsistent with the Danish spelling were significantly more negative-going than ERPs to words whose Swedish pronunciation was consistent with the Danish spelling between 750 ms and 900 ms after stimulus onset. Together with higher word-recognition scores for consistent items, our data provide strong evidence that online activation of L1 orthography enhances word recognition of spoken Swedish in literate speakers of Danish.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Language in Shetland
    Language in Shetland We don’t know much about Pre-300AD the people of Shetland or Before the Picts The history of their language. Pictish people carve symbols 300AD-800AD language in into stone and speak a ‘Celtic’ Picts language. Shetland Vikings occupy the isles and introduce ‘Norn’. They carve S1-3 800AD-1500AD symbols called ‘runes’ into Vikings stone. The Picts and their language are then wiped out by Vikings. Scotland rule gradually influences life on the islands. The Scottish language 1500AD onwards eventually becomes the Scots prominent language. The dialect Shetlanders Today speak with today contains Us! Scottish and Norn words. 2 THE PICTS Ogham alphabet Some carvings are part of an The Picts spoke a Celtic The Picts lived in mainland alphabet called ‘ogham’. Ogham language, originating from Scotland from around the 6th represents the spoken language of Ireland. Picts may have to the 9th Century, possibly the Picts, by using a ‘stem’ with travelled from Ireland, earlier. Indications of a shorter lines across it or on either Scotland or further afield burial at Sumburgh suggest side of it. to settle on Shetland. that Picts had probably settled in Shetland by There are seven ogham ogham.celt.dias.ie 300AD. inscriptions from Shetland Picts in Shetland spoke one of (including St Ninian’s Isle, The side, number and angle of the the ‘strands’ of the Celtic Cunningsburgh and Bressay) short lines to the stem indicates the language. Picts also carved symbols onto and one from a peat bog in intended sound. Lunnasting. stone. These symbols have been found throughout These symbol stones may Scotland—common symbols have been grave markers, or This inscribed sandstone was dug they may have indicated up from the area of the ancient must have been understood by gathering points.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the New Edition of Niels Ege's 1993 Translation Of
    Introduction to the New Edition of Niels Ege’s 1993 Translation of Rasmus Rask’s Prize Essay of 1818 Frans Gregersen To cite this version: Frans Gregersen. Introduction to the New Edition of Niels Ege’s 1993 Translation of Rasmus Rask’s Prize Essay of 1818. 2013. hprints-00786171 HAL Id: hprints-00786171 https://hal-hprints.archives-ouvertes.fr/hprints-00786171 Preprint submitted on 7 Feb 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Introduction to the New Edition of Niels Ege’s 1993 Translation of Rasmus Rask’s Prize Essay of 1818* 1. Introduction This edition constitutes a photographic reprint of the English edition of Rasmus Rask‘s prize essay of 1818 which appeared as volume XXVI in the Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague in 1993. The only difference, besides the new front matter, is the present introduction, which serves to introduce the author Rasmus Rask, the man and his career, and to contextualize his famous work. It also serves to introduce the translation and the translator, Niels Ege (1927–2003). The prize essay was published in Danish in 1818. In contrast to other works by Rask, notably his introduction to the study of Icelandic (on which, see further below), it was never reissued until Louis Hjelmslev (1899–1965) published a corrected version in Danish as part of his edition of Rask‘s selected works (Rask 1932).
    [Show full text]
  • The Danish Spelling Dictionary Revis(It)Ed Henrik Lorentzen Dept
    Orthographical Dictionaries: How Much Can You Expect? The Danish Spelling Dictionary Revis(it)ed Henrik Lorentzen Dept. for Digital Dictionaries and Text Corpora, DSL Society for Danish Language and Literature Orthographical dictionaries constitute a particular and rather specialised subclass of dictionaries. This contribution offers a presentation of the ongoing revision of a spelling dictionary (for Danish) and a discussion of some of the general and specific issues that have arisen during the project. Firstly, the background is sketched, a brief overview of the many editorial changes is provided, and lemma selection, variant forms and definitions are discussed in some detail. Secondly, the field of orthographical dictionaries in Denmark is compared to some other countries of northern Europe. Finally, the conclusion engages in a discussion of the necessity of this particular type of dictionary. 1. Introduction The tradition of official orthographical dictionaries for Danish goes back about 140 years. The first official spelling dictionary was published in 1872 and authorised by the Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs and Public Instruction (Kultusministeriet). For the following 80 years, a whole series of spelling dictionaries succeeded each other, edited by different scholars and teachers, but all of them officially recommended by the government. In 1955, the Danish Language Council was established as a governmental institution under the Ministry of Culture, and among its primary tasks it was to codify and publish the official orthographical standard of Danish in a spelling dictionary. The first dictionary edited by the Language Council was published in 1986 under the title of Retskrivningsordbogen (The Orthographical Dictionary, henceforth RO), two revised editions came out in 1996 and 2001, and now a completely updated version is planned for 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY of SPELLING in ENGLISH AS a FOREIGN LANGUAGE: the ROLE of FIRST LANGUAGE ORTHOGRAPHY in EFL SPELLING a Di
    CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY OF SPELLING IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: THE ROLE OF FIRST LANGUAGE ORTHOGRAPHY IN EFL SPELLING A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Nadezda Lvovna Dich August 2011 © 2011 Nadezda Lvovna Dich CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY OF SPELLING IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: THE ROLE OF FIRST LANGUAGE ORTHOGRAPHY IN EFL SPELLING Nadezda Lvovna Dich, Ph. D. Cornell University 2011 The study investigated the effects of learning literacy in different first languages (L1s) on the acquisition of spelling in English as a foreign language (EFL). The hypothesis of the study was that given the same amount of practice, English learners from different first language backgrounds would differ on their English spelling proficiency because different orthographies “train” spelling skills differently and therefore the opportunities for positive cross-linguistic transfer that benefits English spelling would differ across L1s. The study also predicted that cross-linguistic differences in English spelling would not be the same across different components of spelling proficiency because cross-linguistic transfer would affect some skills involved in spelling competence, but not others. The study tested native speakers of Danish, Italian, and Russian with intermediate to advanced EFL proficiency. The three languages were chosen for this study based on the differences in native language spelling skills required to learn the three orthographies. One hundred Danish, 98 Italian, and 104 Russian university students, as well as a control group of 95 American students were recruited to participate in the web-based study, which was composed of four tasks testing four skills previously identified as components of English spelling proficiency: irregular word spelling, sensitivity to morphological spelling cues, sensitivity to context-driven probabilistic orthographic patterns, and phonological awareness.
    [Show full text]
  • Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe
    Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe Separatism and Regionalism in Modern Europe Edited by Chris Kostov Logos Verlag Berlin λογος Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de . Book cover art: c Adobe Stock: Silvio c Copyright Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH 2020 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-3-8325-5192-6 The electronic version of this book is freely available under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence, thanks to the support of Schiller University, Madrid. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH Georg-Knorr-Str. 4, Gebäude 10 D-12681 Berlin - Germany Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 90 Fax: +49 (0)30 / 42 85 10 92 https://www.logos-verlag.com Contents Editor's introduction7 Authors' Bios 11 1 The EU's MLG system as a catalyst for separatism: A case study on the Albanian and Hungarian minority groups 15 YILMAZ KAPLAN 2 A rolling stone gathers no moss: Evolution and current trends of Basque nationalism 39 ONINTZA ODRIOZOLA,IKER IRAOLA AND JULEN ZABALO 3 Separatism in Catalonia: Legal, political, and linguistic aspects 73 CHRIS KOSTOV,FERNANDO DE VICENTE DE LA CASA AND MARÍA DOLORES ROMERO LESMES 4 Faroese nationalism: To be and not to be a sovereign state, that is the question 105 HANS ANDRIAS SØLVARÁ 5 Divided Belgium: Flemish nationalism and the rise of pro-separatist politics 133 CATHERINE XHARDEZ 6 Nunatta Qitornai: A party analysis of the rhetoric and future of Greenlandic separatism 157 ELLEN A.
    [Show full text]
  • Roseanne Watt
    AA MY MINDIN: MOVING THROUGH LOSS IN THE POETIC LITERARY TRADITION OF SHETLAND Roseanne Watt Division of Literature and Languages University of Stirling Scotland UK Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 Abstract Shetland literature is often defined by loss – the loss of language, of a way of life, of a place within time itself. Shetland writers have historically responded to this landscape of loss through a stringent need for the preservation of tradition. This thesis is an attempt to understand that response, and to frame my own creative practice in dialogue with this tradition, whilst trying to create something new within it. In particular I will discuss the influence of Norn on this narrative of loss, and how the language came to be framed in death has contributed to this atmosphere of loss and desire for preservation. The Shetland poet Robert Alan Jamieson has written eloquently and insightfully on these matters; as such, the bulk of this thesis is given over to a critical reading of his collections, with a view to understanding his response, and through this coming to an understanding my own. Part of this thesis is creative practice, and the films produced in that regard can be viewed online following instructions contained within; the final part of the thesis is a critical framing of this practice using the framework built by the thesis prior to that point. 1 Acknowledgements Firstly, to my supervisors, Professor Kathleen Jamie and Dr Sarah Neely; your encouragement, knowledge, enthusiasm and kindness over the years has helped me gain confidence in my own abilities as a writer and filmmaker, allowing me to produce work which I am very proud of.
    [Show full text]
  • Languageplanningnewsletter 1983 V9 N3[Pdfa]
    MAR .ICATTIiI I cTi'1 UTF S HALL4-263 FL1:fJP Center ef1 - .asa*U(t fltk /L&" will follow at a later date. The Academy of Ethiopian 2. The Department of Linguistics prepares descriptive, contrastive, and Languages comparative-historical studies of Ethiopia's several and language families. At Jack Fellman* languages present, the department is most actively the most Ethiopia is, after Egypt and Nigeria, involved in alphabetizing languages for in Africa, with some 32 million populous country Ethiopia's massive and intensive literacy some 60-70 A inhabitants speaking languages. programs begun in 1974 and continued most tribes and veritable mosaic of peoples, tongues, successfully in the years following. Indeed, in offers and Ethiopia many challenging problems 1980, Ethiopia received the award of the who must come to ' prospects to the language planner International Reading Association for her grips with such pluralism. success in mass literacy. of The Academy Ethiopian Languages 3. The Department of Literature collects, records, (yäityoppaya qwanqwawoff akadami) was established and studies the folklore of the various in 1976 'under the of the of Culture and aegis Ministry linguistic-ethnic groups of Ethiopia. It also Sports of Socialist Ethiopia to deal with the country's collects, records and transcribes traditional It was set to linguistic pluralism. up expressly replace religious poetry in Classical Ethiopic (Ge'cz), the Amharic previously existing Language Academy and orally transmitted Ge'ez and Amharic organized during the reign of the late deposed Bible commentaries. Haile Selassie.5 As its name the Emperor implies, 4. The Department of Terminology seeks to previous Academy completely disregarded Ethiopia's develop and modernize the vocabularies of as of the linguistic diversity, part single-language Ethiopia's languages to meet the needs of the Amharization of the Such policy previous regime.2 twentieth century.
    [Show full text]