Deák Tamás a V-1 És V-2 Megtorlófegyverek És Ezek Hatásai

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Deák Tamás a V-1 És V-2 Megtorlófegyverek És Ezek Hatásai NEMZETI KÖZSZOLGÁLATI EGYETEM HADTUDOMÁNYI ÉS HONVÉDTISZTKÉPZŐ KAR A V-1 és V-2 megtorlófegyverek és ezek hatásai a későbbi hadiipari fejlesztésekre Deák Tamás honvéd tisztjelölt Konzulens: Dr. Szilvássy László alezredes – Szolnok 2016 – TARTALOM BEVEZETÉS ............................................................................................................................ 3 1. VERGELTUNGSWAFFE-1 ............................................................................................ 5 1.1 A „szárnyas bomba” rövid története ................................................................................. 5 1.2 V-1 elleni védekezés ......................................................................................................... 7 1.3 A Fieseler Fi-103 felépítése .............................................................................................. 9 1.3.1 Irányítási rendszere .................................................................................................. 10 1.3.2 Megsemmisülése ...................................................................................................... 11 1.3.3 Lüktető sugárhajtómű (Argus As 109-114) ............................................................. 12 1.4 Reichenberg, a „német kamikaze” .................................................................................. 15 1.5 Későbbi fejlesztések ....................................................................................................... 16 1.5.1 Egyesült Államok ..................................................................................................... 16 1.5.1.1 Az amerikai V-1, a JB-2 .................................................................................... 16 1.5.1.2 A háborútól napjainkig ...................................................................................... 18 1.5.2 Szovjetunió ............................................................................................................... 22 1.5.2.1 A „H” program .................................................................................................. 22 1.5.2.2 Földi indítású cirkáló rakéták ............................................................................ 25 1.5.3 Franciaország ........................................................................................................... 27 2. VERGELTUNGSWAFFE-2 .......................................................................................... 29 2.1 A kettesszámú megtorlófegyver története ...................................................................... 29 2.1.1 Az „A” projekt ......................................................................................................... 30 2.1.2 A ’40-es évek ........................................................................................................... 31 2.2 A V-2 felépítése .............................................................................................................. 33 2.2.1 Robbanó fej működése ............................................................................................. 35 2.2.2 A hajtómű rendszer .................................................................................................. 36 2.2.3 Rakéta irányítási rendszer ........................................................................................ 37 1 2.2.4 A V-2 indítási műveletei .......................................................................................... 38 2.2.5 A V-2 statisztikai adatai ........................................................................................... 41 2.3 Későbbi fejlesztések ....................................................................................................... 41 2.3.1 Egyesült Királyság ................................................................................................... 41 2.3.2 Egyesült Államok ..................................................................................................... 42 2.3.2.1 A Hermes projekt és a többlépcsős rakéták megjelenése .................................. 43 2.3.2.2 Aerobee fejlesztések .......................................................................................... 50 2.3.2.3 Nike projekt és a hozzá kapcsolódó fejlesztések ............................................... 53 2.3.2.4 Modern rakétatechnika ...................................................................................... 57 2.3.3 Szovjetunió ............................................................................................................... 59 ÖSSZEGZÉS........................................................................................................................... 65 IRODALOMJEGYZÉK, HIVATKOZÁSOK ..................................................................... 67 FÜGGELÉKEK .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2 BEVEZETÉS A második világháború mindenidők egyik legkegyetlenebb konfliktusa volt, ahol em- berek milliói vesztették életüket. Az előretörő náci Németország világmeghódításra való törek- vései, eszmerendszere rettegésben tartotta a világot. A kezdetekben a Wermacht1 valóban meg- állíthatatlannak tűnt. Korszerű fegyverek, mind földön mind levegőben, jó harcászati érzék, minden mellettük szólt. Azonban ezek a technikai eszközök semmit sem érnek megfelelő kép- zettségű és létszámú csapatok nélkül. 1941. június 22-én kezdődött a Barbarossa-terv, ami a Szovjetunió eltörlését tűzte ki célul. A több fronton való küzdelem, valamint a Kelet-Európai- síkság hatalmas, mocsaras területén való lassú haladás meggyengítette a németeket, valamint időt adott a szovjetek felkészülésére az ellencsapáshoz. A háború menetében az 1942-es év volt a fordulópont. Ettől az évtől kezdve a németek folyamatos vereségeket szenvedtek és csak a hátrálás maradt nekik, vissza egészen Berlinig. A mentális erő, elszántság azonban megmaradt, a megadás kevés esetben következett be, egészen 1945-ig reménykedtek egy esetleges feltáma- dásban. Bíztak tudósaikban, hogy sikerül olyan fegyvert kifejleszteniük, ami segít elkerülni a bukást. A német tudósok mindig is nagy tiszteletnek örvendtek, gondoljunk csak Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheitre2, Carl Friedrich Gaussra3, Heinrich Hertzre4, Max Planckra5, Heinrich Lenzre6 vagy Albert Einsteinre7. Ez esetben is próbáltak maradandót alkotni, megelőzve a többi nagy- hatalmat, és sikerrel jártak. Mindenkinek ismerősen hangzik, ha látja, olvassa vagy hallja vala- hol, hogy V-18 („Fau-1”) vagy V-2 („Fau-2”) német titkos fegyver. A népnyelv tudja, hogy kegyetlen és embertelen eszközökről van szó, de pontosan azt, hogy mit takar ez a két jelzés, csak nagyon kevesen. Mindkettő egy pilóta nélküli repülő szerkezet volt, a V-1 egy légitorpedó, a V-2 pedig a világ első ballisztikus rakétája. Ezért is választottam ezt a témát, hogy betekintést nyerjek és engedjek ezeknek a fegyvereknek a világába, amelyek egy nagyon nagy előrelépést jelentettek a haditechnikában. A rakétafejlesztések (cirkáló és ballisztikus rakéták), valamint az 1 A Harmadik Birodalom fegyveres erejének megnevezése (1935–1945) 2 Német fizikus, az első összehasonlítható hőmérők, a Fahrenheit skála megalkotója. 3 Német matematikus, természettudós, csillagász. A „matematika fejedelme” elnevezéssel illették, ugyanis nagy- ban hozzájárult annak fejlődéséhez (számelmélet, analízis, differenciálgeometria). 4 Német fizikus, az elektromágneses hullámok felfedezője. Ma a frekvencia mértékegysége az ő nevét viseli (Hz). 5 Nobel-díjas német fizikus, a kvantummechanika megalapítója. Einstein mellett ő rakta le a modern fizika alapjait. A Planck-állandó viseli a nevét. 6 Elektromágneses jelenségekkel foglalkozó német fizikus, aki először mondta ki, hogy az indukált áram iránya mindig olyan, hogy mágneses hatásával akadályozza az indukáló folyamatot (Lenz törvénye). 7 Nobel-díjas német fizikus, ő tette le a modern fizikai alapjait, a relativitáselmélet megalkotója. 8 A német Vergeltungswaffe (magyarul: megtorlófegyver) szó kezdőbetűje. 3 UAV9-k rohamos fejlődése is ezekhez a német technikákhoz vezethetőek vissza. A hideghábo- rúban kialakult fegyverkezési és űrmeghódítási versenyfutás az Egyesült Államok és a Szov- jetunió között is a V-2-vel kezdődött, a rakétával, ami először jutott ki az űrbe. Aktualitása a témának, hogy a működőképes, aktív státuszban lévő interkontinentális ballisztikus rakéták, nukleáris fejjel rendelkező cirkáló rakéták, pilóta nélküli repülő eszközök, illetve a Földet el- hagyó űreszközök világát éljük. Éppen ezért fontosnak tartottam a visszatekintést az úttörő technikákra, melyek nélkül ez az egész elérhetetlen lenne. 9 UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (pilóta nélküli repülőeszköz) 4 VERGELTUNGSWAFFE10-1 1.1 A „szárnyas bomba” rövid története A sugárhajtómű fejlesztések a háború alatt felgyorsultak, egyfajta versenyt létrehozva az országok között. A lüktető sugárhajtóművet is ebben az időben hozták létre, és bár maga a hajtómű nem számított fegyvernek, egy német tudós, névlegeses Schmidt professzor felvetette az ötletet, hogy akár robbanótöltetek célba juttatására is alkalmazhatnák. 1938-ban a Reichs- luftministerium (Légügyi Minisztérium) átgondolta a felvetést, majd hosszabb megfigyelések, fontolgatások valamint a háború során egyre növekvő német veszteségek hatására végül 1942-ben megadták az engedélyt egy 250–300 km-es hatótávolságú viszonylag olcsó „repülő bombának” – légi torpedónak – a fejlesztésére. Hogy a terveket elrejtsék az esetleges szövetséges erők kémeitől, az eszközt Flak
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