O Messerschmitt Me 262 Um Novo Paradigma Na Guerra Aérea

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O Messerschmitt Me 262 Um Novo Paradigma Na Guerra Aérea UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS O MESSERSCHMITT ME 262 UM NOVO PARADIGMA NA GUERRA AÉREA (1944-1945) NORBERTO ANTÓNIO BIGARES DE MELO ALVES MARTINS Tese orientada pelo Professor Doutor António Ventura e co-orientada pelo Professor Doutor José Varandas, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em HISTÓRIA MILITAR. 2016 «Le vent se lève!...il faut tenter de vivre!» Paul Valéry, Le cimetière marin, 1920. ÍNDICE RESUMO/ABSTRACT 3 PALAVRAS-CHAVE/KEYWORDS 5 AGRADECIMENTOS 6 ABREVIATURAS 7 O SISTEMA DE DESIGNAÇÃO DO RLM 8 A ESTRUTURA OPERACIONAL DA LUFTWAFFE 11 INTRODUÇÃO 12 1. O estado da arte 22 CAPÍTULO I Conceito, forma e produção 27 1. Criação do Me 262 27 2. Interferência de Hitler no desenvolvimento do Me 262 38 3. Produção do Me 262 42 4. Variantes do Me 262 45 CAPÍTULO II A guerra aérea: novas possibilidades 61 1. O Me 262 como caça intercetor 61 2. O Me 262 como caça-bombardeiro 75 3. O Me 262 como caça noturno 83 4. O Me 262 como avião de reconhecimento 85 5. O Me 262 no РОА/ROA (Exército Russo de Libertação) 89 6. Novas táticas 91 1 7. Novo armamento 96 8. O fator humano 100 CAPÍTULO III O legado do Me 262 104 1. Influência na aerodinâmica 104 2. Inovações 107 3. Variantes estrangeiras do Me 262 109 4. Influência do Me 262 em aviões estrangeiros 119 CONCLUSÃO 130 O Me 262 no espaço aéreo: um novo paradigma 132 BIBLIOGRAFIA 136 ANEXOS 144 2 RESUMO A Segunda Guerra Mundial foi, para além de um evento decisivo na transformação do Mundo, palco de imensos desenvolvimentos técnologicos cuja influência se estende até hoje, fazendo parte, inclusive, do dia a dia de milhões de pessoas. Muito do que se tem escrito sobre o maior conflito da História foca-se no seu desenrolar, isto é, no conjunto de eventos que dele fazem parte, e no seu impacto civilizacional, olvidando-se, na maioria dos casos, de referenciar as inovações tecnológicas apresentadas durante este período, registando-se, assim, um certo desconhecimento acerca destas. Na categoria de tecnologias introduzidas durante a guerra, está incluída, para além de novos instrumentos bélicos, uma inovação que transformou a aviação militar, saltando, inclusivamente, para a vertente civil alguns anos mais tarde. O Messerschmitt Me 262 foi o primeiro caça com motor a jato a entrar ao serviço. Esta situação pioneira, com o avião a servir de plataforma para a introdução do motor a jato num cenário de guerra, permitiu-lhe uma posição de destaque na história da aviação. A influência causada por este avião, sendo o primeiro de muitos, reflete-se, portanto, desde a sua introdução ao serviço, 1944, até aos dias de hoje. Os objetivos desta tese são a exposição da jornada efetuada pelo Me 262, desde a sua conceção e produção até à sua utilização em combate, destacando, igualmente, a sua influência durante o conflito e no pós-guerra na aviação mundial. 3 ABSTRACT The Second World War was more than a decisive event in the transformation of the World. It was also the stage of countless technological developments whose influence extends until today while being part of the daily routine of millions of people. Much of what has been written about the biggest conflict in human History is centered on its events and its civilizational impact, ignoring, in the vast majority of cases, the technological advances made during this period of time, hence resulting in a certain unfamiliarity with this subject. In the class of technological innovations introduced during the war, there is one that transformed military aviation, being adopted, a few years later, to the civilian world. The Messerschmitt Me 262 was the first ever jet fighter to enter service. This pioneering situation, with the plane serving as a platform for the introduction of the jet engine in a war theatre, granted it a place in the annals of Aviation History. Therefore, the influence this plane had, being the first of many, reflects itself from its introduction to service in 1944 up to our days. The goals of this thesis are the detailing of the journey made by the Me 262, from its conception and production to its use in combat, while also highlighting its influence during the conflict and in the post-war scenario in global aviation. 4 PALAVRAS-CHAVE Segunda Guerra Mundial; Avião a Jato; Motor a Jato; Poder Aéreo; Alemanha KEYWORDS Second World War; Jet Aircraft; Jet Engine; Air Power; Germany 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, sinto que é, mais do que uma obrigação moral, meu dever agradecer aos Professores Doutores António Ventura e José Varandas pela preciosa orientação durante a criação deste projeto, bem como pelo interesse demonstrado e pelas discussões lucrativas. Agradeço, igualmente, aos restantes professores e aos colegas de curso, com os quais, apesar de alguma distância em relação aos temas dos nossos projetos, troquei impressões sobre diversos aspetos fundamentais da tese. Do meu abortado projeto de mestrado em Estudos Ingleses e Americanos, tenho de mencionar as palavras amigas do Professor Doutor Mário Vítor Bastos, instando-me a não desistir de ir mais além da licenciatura. Tenho, também, de agradecer a vários professores da licenciatura em Línguas, Literaturas e Culturas pelos incentivos à continuação dos meus estudos, nomeadamente às Professoras Doutoras Adelaide Meira Serras e Maria Luísa Fernandes Azuaga e ao Professor José Duarte. Uma menção especial à minha professora de Português dos 2º e 3º ciclos, Maria de Jesus Faria, que terá sido, muito provavelmente, a primeira pessoa que reconheceu as minhas capacidades para a elaboração de uma tarefa como esta. À minha Mãe, pelo incansável apoio e presença contínua ao longo de todo o meu percurso escolar, bem como ao meu Pai, pela ininterrupta preocupação com o meu desempenho académico, o meu muito obrigado. Finalmente, um agradecimento especial ao meu melhor amigo, Filipe Soares Pinto dos Santos, cuja influência nesta tese se estende desde a escolha do tema à preciosa ajuda na formatação de alguns anexos. 6 ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS BMW – Bayerische Motoren Werke DVL – Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt NACA – National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics NBS – National Bureau of Standards OKL – Oberkommando der Luftwaffe RAF – Royal Air Force RLM – Reichsluftfahrtministerium RM – Reichsmark SD – Sicherheitsdienst SS – Schutzstaffel USAAC – United States Army Air Corps USAAF – United States Army Air Forces ВВС/VVS - Военно-воздушные силы/Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily РОА/ROA – Русская освободительная армия/Russkaya osvoboditel'naya armiya 7 O SISTEMA DE DESIGNAÇÃO DO REICHSLUFTFAHRTMINISTERIUM (RLM) O sistema de designação do RLM foi criado, em 1933, com a intenção de catalogar todos os modelos da aviação civil e militar alemã já em produção, bem como projetos futuros. Ao longo da sua existência, o sistema sofreu algumas alterações, não existindo, por isso, uma lista completa e uniforme das designação, gerando, portanto, diversas dúvidas e possíveis omissões, nomeadamente no início e fim da lista. Internamente, o RLM designava os aviões com o prefixo "8-" seguido de um número de identificação (no caso do Me 262, 8-262), com o prefixo "9-" a ser usado para motores e, posteriormente, "109-" no caso de motores a jato, foguete, entre outros. Os números eram, geralmente, atribuídos em pequenas séries, como, por exemplo, os números entre 261 e 265, atribuídos à Messerschmitt. Apesar disto, vários projetos tiveram números coincidentes ou alterados caso a situação se justificasse. O mesmo número poderia ser, igualmente, reutilizado caso o projeto inicial designado com tal número fosse cancelado. Uma outra prática foi a utilização de números com um incremento de uma centena para desenvolvimentos de projetos já existentes. Por exemplo, o projeto pensado para substituir o Junkers Ju 88 recebeu o nome de Junkers Ju 188, com outros projetos seguintes a possuírem os nomes de Ju 288, Ju 388 e Ju 488. Como visto nestes exemplos, na designação de um avião, existiria, antes deste número atribuído pelo RLM, um prefixo de duas ou, raramente, três letras, referente à empresa projetista da aeronave. Durante a existência destes sistema, algumas empresas viram as suas designações alteradas por diversos motivos. Quando Willy Messerschmitt, em 1938, assumiu a presidência da Bayerische Flugzeugwerke, alterando o nome à companhia para Messerschmitt AG, vários modelos da empresa estavam já em produção. A sua designação não foi, todavia, alterada, mantendo as duas letras originais (Bf). Esta situação levou, no entanto, à existência de referências incorretas, mesmo por parte de pilotos alemães, aos aviões afetados. Por exemplo, o BFW Bf 109 passou a ser conhecido, oficialmente, como Messerschmitt Bf 109, tendo, porém, surgido, igualmente, a designação errada de Messerschmitt Me 109. Tal como com a 8 Messerschmitt, a Flugzeugwerke Halle viu o seu nome ser substituído pelo de Friedrich Siebel quando este se tornou acionista maioritário da empresa. Um outra situação surgiu com a Hamburguer Flugzeugbau, uma subsidiária da Blohm & Voss criada em 1933 que, devido à forte conexão desta segunda empresa com a cidade de Hamburgo, viu o seu nome ser, após uns anos, substituído pelo da "empresa-mãe". Perto do final da guerra, considerando a redistribuição da produção dos aviões pelas várias fábricas, com vários modelos a serem produzidos por empresas que nada tinham que ver com a sua criação ou o seu desenvolvimento, bem como as mudanças de projetistas de uma empresa para outra, o RLM decidiu alterar a atribuição do prefixo para o nome do projetista-chefe do projeto em substituição do nome da
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