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Geschichte Der Deutschen Raumfahrt

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Geschichte Der Deutschen Raumfahrt Das DLR im Überblick Das DLR ist das nationale Forschungszentrum der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für Luft- und Raumfahrt. Seine umfangreichen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten in Luft- fahrt, Raumfahrt, Verkehr und Energie sind in nationale und internationale Kooperatio- nen eingebunden. Über die eigene Forschung hinaus ist das DLR als Raumfahrt-Agentur im Auftrag der Bundesregierung für die Planung und Umsetzung der deutschen Raum- fahrtaktivitäten sowie für die internationale Interessenswahrnehmung zuständig. Das DLR fungiert als Dachorganisation für den national größten Projektträger. In den 13 Standorten Köln (Sitz des Vorstands), Berlin, Bonn, Braunschweig, Bremen, Göttingen, Hamburg, Lampoldshausen, Neustrelitz, Oberpfaffenhofen, Stuttgart, Trauen und Weilheim beschäftigt das DLR circa 6.500 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbei- ter. Das DLR unterhält Büros in Brüssel, Paris und Washington D.C. DLR at a glance DLR is Germany‘s national research center for aeronautics and space. Its extensive research and development work in Aeronautics, Space, Transportation and Energy is integrated into national and international cooperative ventures. As Germany‘s space agency, DLR has been given responsibility for the forward planning and the implemen- tation of the German space program by the German federal government as well as for the international representation of German interests. Furthermore, Germany’s largest project-management agency is also part of DLR. Approximately 6,500 people are employed at thirteen locations in Germany: Koeln (headquarters), Berlin, Bonn, Braunschweig, Bremen, Goettingen, Hamburg, Lampoldshausen, Neustrelitz, Oberpfaffenhofen, Stuttgart, Trauen and Weilheim. DLR also operates offices in Brussels, Paris, and Washington D.C. DLR Raumfahrt-Agentur DLR Space Agency Geschichte der Königswinterer Straße 522-524 53227 Bonn History of German Space Flight deutschen Raumfahrt www.DLR.de History of Funded by German Space Flight aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages. DLR_Broschüre D/E_Geschichte DLR_Broschüre der Raumfahrt_05-2010 based on a decision of the German Federal Parliament. DLR Geschichte der deutschen Raumfahrt Impressum/Imprint Geschichte der deutschen Raumfahrt History of German Space Flight Herausgeber/Publisher Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR) Deutsches Zentrum für DLR Raumfahrt-Agentur DLR Space Agency Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. Anschrift/Address Königswinterer Straße 522–524, 53227 Bonn Text Dr. Niklas Reinke Redaktion/Editorial Office Michael Müller Gestaltung/Layout CD Werbeagentur GmbH, Troisdorf Druck/Print Druckerei Thierbach GmbH, Mülheim/Ruhr Drucklegung/Press Date Köln, Mai 2010 Abdruck (auch von Teilen) oder sonstige Verwendung nur nach vorheriger Absprache mit dem DLR gestattet. Reprint (in whole or in part) or other use only permitted with prior consent of DLR. www.DLR.de/rd 2 3 Inhalt Content Vorwort ..................................................................................................... 6 Preface ........................................................................................................ 6 Geschichte der deutschen Raumfahrt History of German Space Flight Raketentheorie und -euphorie (1923–1933) ......................................................... 8 Rocket Theory and Rocket Euphoria (1923–1933) ................................................ 8 Aufbruch ins All im nationalsozialistischen Opening the Door to Space in National Deutschland (1933–1945) ..................................................................................... 12 Socialist Germany (1933–1945) ........................................................................... 12 Kriegsende, Demilitarisierung und Verbot der End of the War, Demilitarization and the Ban Raumfahrtforschung (1945–1955) ....................................................................... 18 on Aerospace Research (1945–1955) ................................................................... 18 Institutionalisierung der bundesdeutschen The Institutionalization of Space Research in Raumfahrtforschung (1955–1969) ...................................................................... 28 the Federal Republic (1955–1969) ....................................................................... 28 Einstieg in die astronautische Raumfahrt (1969–1983) ..................................... 36 The Gateway to Human Space Flight (1969–1983) ............................................ 36 Raumfahrtforschung in der DDR (1957–1990) .................................................... 44 Space Research in the German Democratic Republic (1957–1990) ................... 44 Weltraumprogramm der christlich-liberalen Koalition (1982–1990) ................ 54 The Space Program of the Early Kohl Government (1982–1990) ...................... 54 Das Projekt Sänger – Perspektive für ein künftiges The Sänger Project – a Perspective for a Future Transportsystem? (1984–1995) ............................................................................ 68 Transport System? (1984–1995) ........................................................................... 68 Der lange Weg zur ISS (1984–1998) .................................................................... 78 The Long Way to the ISS (1984–1998) ................................................................ 78 Deutschlands Raumfahrtprogramm zur Germany‘s Space Program at the Turn of the Millenniumswende (1995–2002) .......................................................................... 86 Millennium (1995–2002) ....................................................................................... 86 Nachwort ............................................................................................. 98 Epilog ......................................................................................................... 98 4 5 Vorwort Preface unveränderlich. Johannes Kepler (1571- (1571-1630) introduced mathematical Zukunft braucht No Future 1630) brachte mit seinen drei Gesetzen regularity in astronomy with his three der Planetenbewegung mathematische laws on the movements of the planets, Herkunft without a Past Gesetzmäßigkeiten in die Astronomie und thus helping the heliocentric system to verhalf dadurch dem heliozentrischen establish itself. Finally, Galileo Galilei Mit dem Begriff der Raumfahrt werden In our minds, we associate astronautics System zum Durchbruch. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) with his relatively advanced technologische Höchstleistungen assoziiert: with outstanding technological achieve- (1564-1642) schließlich entdeckte dank telescope discovered the mountainous Sputnik, der Mensch auf dem Mond, inter- ments: Sputnik, humans on the Moon, seines fortentwickelten Fernrohrs als Erster nature of the Moon, the spots on the planetare Missionen, die Internationale interplanetary missions, the International die bergige Natur des Mondes, die Son- Sun and the wealth of stars in the Milky Raumstation ISS. Sieben Jahrzehnte sind Space Station (ISS). Seven decades have nenflecken und den Sternenreichtum der Way. Furthermore, he detected the rings vergangen, seitdem die Menschheit begann, gone by since mankind began to extend Milchstraße. Weiterhin spürte er die Ringe around Saturn, the phases of Venus and ihren Aktionsrahmen in den nahen Welt- its sphere of action into the neighbor- des Saturn, die Phasen der Venus sowie Jupiter‘s four largest moons, which are raum unseres Sonnensystems auszudehnen. hood of space that surrounds our solar die vier größten Monde des Jupiter auf, called Galilean moons to this day. Der Mensch selbst, von Natur aus an die system. Man himself, bound to Earth die noch heute als die galileischen Monde Erde gebunden, ist bei dieser bemerkens- by ties of nature, has advanced on this bezeichnet werden. Early in the 20th century, astronomers werten Reise bis auf den Erdtrabanten, remarkable journey as far as the Earth‘s and men of letters like the French writer unseren Mond, vorgedrungen. satellite, our Moon. Astonomen und Literaten wie der Jules Verne (1828-1905) inspired space französische Schriftsteller Jules Verne enthusiasts to begin tackling the immense Sehnsucht des Menschen, unbekannte Sphären Deutschland hat sich eine reiche Tradi- Germany has labored to develop a rich (1828-1905) inspirierten Raumfahrt- challenge of realizing the vision of zu erforschen (Camille Flammarion, 1888) tion in der technologischen und wissen- tradition in the technological and scientific Enthusiasten, die sich seit Beginn des 20. leaving Earth. Thanks to technological Human desire for reseaching unknown spheres schaftlichen Erforschung und Nutzung investigation and utilization of space. Jahrhunderts an die immense Herausfor- developments that mainly originated (Camille Flamarion, 1888) des Weltraums erarbeitet. Ob bei der Whether we are looking at planetary derung machten, die Vision vom Verlas- in 1930‘s Germany, man himself is now Planetenforschung, der Erkundung unse- research, the exploration of our climate, sen der Erde in die Realität umzusetzen. in a position to advance into space. res Erdklimas oder astronautischen Mis- or astronautical missions: these days, it is Dank technologischer Entwicklungen, die Mankind‘s untiring endeavors to enlarge sionen: Raumfahrt ist ohne Deutschland difficult to imagine astronautics without ihren Ausgang maßgeblich im Deutsch- its knowledge about the world and the heute nur noch schwer vorstellbar. Doch Germany‘s involvement. However, we will land der 1930er-Jahre hatten, kann der universe have enabled
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