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AUTHOR Smith, J DOCUMENT RESUME ED 068 286 SE 014 550 AUTHOR Smith, J. C. TITLE The Aerospace Age. Aerospace Education I. INSTITUTION Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. SPONS AGENCY Department of Defense, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 211p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87 DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Development; *Instructional Materials; Resource Materials; *Science History; Supplementary Textbooks; *Textbooks ABSTRACT This book is written for use only in the Air Force ROTC program and cannot be purchased on the open market. The book describes the historical development of aerospace industry. The first chapter contains a brief review of the aerospace environment and the nature of technological changes brought by the aerospace revolution. The following chapter discusses how ancient men learned about basic aerodynamic principles. The third chapter contains a description of how the first airplane was developed and subsequent modifications in design, speed and comfort. Finally, the evolution of spacecraft is described, as well as possible future developments in the aerospace industry.(Author/PS) >_D S AEROSPACE EDUCATION I rI co O O U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO. OUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EOU- CATION POSITION OR POLICY AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC AIR UNIVERSITY/MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA LV CC) (NJ CO Aerospace Education I CD CI The Aerospace Age J. C. Smith Academic Publications Division 3825th Support Group (Academic) AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC AIR UNIVERSITY MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA 2 1971 ofthe Thispublication has been reviewed and approved by competent personnel preparing command in accordance with current directives on doctrine,policy, essentiality, propriety, and quality: This book will not be offered for sale.It is for use only in the Air Force ROTC program. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Capt Fay A. Roe,AE-1 Course Director, AFJROTC, to the development of this text. Preface THE RAPID GROWTH of science and technology in the twentieth century is nowhere more obvious than in the fulfillment of man's ancient dream of flying through the air. Born within the lifetime of most people living today, the airplane and, more recently, space vehicles, have removed the barriers of time and space from man's ability to move from one place to the other. The modern airplane represents one of the earliest tech- nologies to require a close association of scientists, engineers, and industrialists. No single human mind could acquire the knowledge or develop the skills necessary to design, build, and operate a jetaircraft or a space vehicle like the Apollo. Modern manhas be- come accustomed to numerous technologicaldevelop- ments, such as nuclear energy, high-speed electronic computers, and automated machinery. But it was the airplane that first advanced from the creation of a pioneer inventor to the work of specialists who co- ordinate their efforts for a product far beyond the capacity of a single individual. The purpose of this unit is to describe the evolution of mechanical flight from the time that man could only dream of flying to the modern Aerospace Age when human flight has become almost as routine as travel by automobile. The first chapter contains a brief view of the aerospace environment and the nature of tech- nological changes brought by the aerospace revolution. The chapter describes how man, in a relatively short period, advanced the flying machine from the simple iii design of the Wright brothers' biplane to the com- plexities of the Apollo spacecraft. In the second chapter, the story shifts to ancient man and his early efforts to imitate the flight of birds. For centuries, he considered the problem of human flight only in terms of simple downward and backward arm motions similar to swimming in water. Not until he learned to adapt his machines to the flow of air about them did he achieve sustained and controlled flight.Although his experiences with balloons and dirigibles led him for a brief period away from his pri- mary objective of winged flight, they enabled him to learn more about basic aerodynamic principles that control the flight of winged aircraft. Sir George Cayley was the first man to set forth the basic aerodynamic principles that led to the develop- ment of the airplane. Beginning with Cayley's experi- ments, the text traces the process by which man learned to propel a winged aircraft through the air. The story is one of constant change as the airplane advanced through a series of complicated steps that ultimately brought modern aerospace flight. Not only did the shape and design of the airplane change as its speed increased from 30 to 4,000 miles per hour. Aviation technology also advanced from piston to jet engines, from wood and fabric construction to steel, aluminum, and titanium, and from bridgelike trusses to thin metal shells reinforced by metal beams. Then came the rocket and the fantastic flights of spacecraft to the moon and outer space. Finally, the text provides the reader with a glimpse into the future and further mo- mentous developments as aerospace technology con- tinues to advance. iv Contents PREFACE iii Chapter 1 AN INTRODUCTION 1 The Aerospace Environment 3 The Air Age 4 The Space Age 7 Summary 14 I Chapter 2 AN AGE-OLD DREAM 17 The Beginliings of Human Flight. 19 Myths and Legends of Flight. 19 Tower Pimpers and Wing Flappers. 22 Lighter-Than-Air Flight 25 The Monsgolfier Brothers 26 Gas-Filled Balloons and Practical Parachutes 29 Controlled Balloon Flight 33 Nonrigid and Rigid Dirigibles 36 Summary 39 Chapter 3 WINGED FLIGHT: A REALITY . 43 Heavier-Than-Air Flight 44 The Beginnings of Practical Aviation 45 The Fixed-Wing Glider 47 Powered Flight 52 The Wright Brothers 55 Powered Flight in Europe 64 Aviation Before World War I 70 Aviation and World War I 74 The Early Role of Military Aircraft 74 Effects of War on Aircraft Design. 77 Summary 82 6 - -:cr- .-- 7 Chapter 4 AVIATION COMES OF AGE 87 Postwar Aviation 88 Daredevils and Barnstormers 88 Some Famous Pioneer Flights 91 The Airplane and the Public 96 Mail Delivery on Wings 97 The Growth of Commercial Aviation 98 Major Changes in Airplane Design and Structure 101 The American Revolution in Aircraft Design 102 The Shape of the Airplane 105 Improved Propellers and Wings. 107 Engine Development 110 Improved Fuels 113 Other Refinements 113 The DC-3: A Biography 116 Summary 121 Chapter 5 THE AEROSPACE THRESHOLD . 125 Jet Propulsion and Rocketry 127 3et Propulsion and Its Implications. 128 :Rocket Development 131 The Airplane and World War II . 134 Improvements in Speed, Performance, and Endurance 135 Pilotless Missiles and Long-Range Rockets 142 The Jet Takes Over 145 The Practical Helicopter 147 Civil Transport Aircraft 152 Summary 155 Chapter 6 THE MODERN AGE 159 Developments Since 1945 160 Aerodynamic and Structural Improvements 161 Military Aviation 165 Commercial Aviation 171 The Space Age: A Beginning. 178 The Future of Aerospace 188 vi Winged Flight 189 Space Exploration 190 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING 199 INDEX 201 An Introduction THIS CHAPTER is an introduction to the Aerospace Age and its impact on modern transportation sys- tems. First, it describes the achievements of winged aircraft insetting new records for speed, dig. tones, and altitude and the effects of rapid, tech- nological change on world travel.Next, it pro vides a brief review of man's accomplishments in the space environment, with primary attention to the scope and impact of the Apollo program. When you have studied this chapter, you should be able to do the following: (1) discuss the impact of the Aerospace Age on man's ability to transport himself from place to place; (2) identify some of the molar aerospace developments since the intro duction of the Air Age in 1903 and the Space Age in the late fifties; and (3) describe the scope of the US manned space program. HUMAN PROGRESS is closely linked to the development and improvement of transportation systems. Even before the in- vention of the wheel, man used sleds and similar conveyances to move from place to place. As crude as early modes of transpor- tation were, they played a major role in the lives of individuals and groups of individuals. They provided the necessary mobility for the satisfaction of physical needs, but, more importantly, they encouraged the exchange of ideas and the development of human as- sociations. They were, in effect, controlling forces in the evolution of civilized society. The discovery of the wheel marks the first major advance in man's quest for better transportation (Fig.1). With the wheel, man entered a world of machinery and me- chanical change. Through the centuries, he 1 9 THE AEROSPACE AGE figureI.Discovery of the wheel led to modern transportation systems. developed the wheelbarrow, two- and four-wheeled carriages, the steam locomotive, the automobile, the oceanliner, and the airplane all designed to carry cargoes faster and farther. Each new develop- ment was a step forward in the search for bettertransportation; each brought a revolution in the lives of people. No other mode of transportation has had a greater impact onthe world than aviation. When man discovered the secret of powered flight, he shrank the wor;d and provided the means eventuallyof reaching any point on the earth's surface in a day's travel time. Before the airplane, he was confined to land and water transportation and re- stricted by tu rural barriers, such as mountains, oceans, and forests. Aerospace contains no such physical barriers.
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