Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Biologii

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Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Biologii Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Biologii Anna Miścicka Nr albumu: 308952 Wykorzystanie niekanonicznych kodonów startu translacji do syntezy alternatywnych form białek kierowanych do mitochondriów Rozprawa doktorska w zakresie nauk biologicznych dyscyplinie biologii Praca wykonana pod kierunkiem Prof. dr hab. Joanny Kufel Instytut Genetyki i Biotechnologii Wydziału Biologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Warszawa, maj 2019 Oświadczenie kierującego pracą Oświadczam, że niniejsza praca została przygotowana pod moim kierunkiem i stwierdzam, że spełnia ona warunki do przedstawienia jej w postępowaniu o nadanie stopnia doktora nauk biologicznych w zakresie biologii. Data Podpis kierującego pracą Oświadczenie autora pracy Świadoma odpowiedzialności prawnej oświadczam, że niniejsza rozprawa doktorska została napisana przeze mnie samodzielnie i nie zawiera treści uzyskanych w sposób niezgodny z obowiązującymi przepisami. Oświadczam również, że przedstawiona praca nie była wcześniej przedmiotem procedur związanych z uzyskaniem stopnia doktora w innej jednostce. Oświadczam ponadto, że niniejsza wersja pracy jest identyczna z załączoną wersją elektroniczną. Data Podpis autora pracy - 2 - Słowa kluczowe Inicjacja translacji, non-AUG, mitochondrium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, podwójna lokalizacja, alternatywne formy białek Tytuł pracy w języku angielskim Utilization of non-canonical translation start codons for the synthesis of alternative proteins variants targeted to mitochondria. - 3 - Streszczenie w języku polskim Translacja jest jednym z najważniejszych procesów w każdej żywej komórce. U organizmów eukariotycznych zdecydowana większość transkryptów podlega kanonicznej translacji, która zachodzi według modelu skanującego. Po rozpoznaniu kodonu startu translacji przez małą podjednostkę rybosomu i przyłączeniu dużej podjednostki następuje synteza białka na matrycy mRNA, która ulega terminacji gdy rybosom dociera do kodonu STOP. Następuje wówczas dysocjacja rybosomu oraz odłączenie mRNA i nowopowstałego peptydu. Inicjacja translacji nie zawsze jednak zachodzi z kodonu AUG. W niektórych przypadkach miejsce startu translacji stanowią również kodony inne niż AUG (non-AUG). Możliwe jest również wykorzystanie do translacji jednego transkryptu dwóch miejsc: kanonicznego kodonu AUG i alternatywnego non-AUG położonego poniżej lub powyżej. W wyniku takiego procesu syntetyzowanych jest kilka izoform białek, podstawowa powstała z kanonicznego miejsca inicjacji translacji i dodatkowe syntetyzowane z kodonu non-AUG. Wykorzystanie alternatywnego miejsca inicjacji translacji (aTIS) wydaje się bardziej powszechne u wirusów i w komórkach ssaczych, natomiast u drożdży Saccharomyces cerevisiae opisano do tej pory tylko pięć takich przypadków, dla których kanoniczny wariant białka jest obecny w cytozolu, a wydłużona izoforma lokalizuje się w mitochondrium. W pracy wykazano, że u drożdży zjawisko syntezy dwóch form białkowych dzięki wykorzystaniu aTIS jest zdecydowanie bardziej powszechne niż sądzono i w wielu przypadkach prowadzi do podwójnej lokalizacji białek. Wykonane analizy bioinformatyczne wskazują, że około 2/3 białek w genomie drożdżowym może posiadać non-AUG aTIS, z czego ponad 500 zyskuje lokalizację mitochondrialną w formie wydłużonej. Eksperymentalnie potwierdzono lokalizację mitochondrialną 23 różnych białek, z których 19 nie było wcześniej obserwowane w mitochondriach. Ponadto, przeprowadzono systematyczne badania dotyczące podwójnej lokalizacji białka Trz1, które wykazały, że to właśnie wydłużona izoforma odpowiada za jego funkcje mitochondrialne. Dane przedstawione w pracy pozwalają na wyjaśnienie złożoności i różnorodności proteomu mitochondrialnego oraz wskazują na znaczący wpływ inicjacji translacji z kodonów non-AUG w tworzeniu alternatywnych form białek, które mogą pełnić różnorakie funkcje. - 4 - Streszcznie w języku angielskim Translation is one of the most important processes in every living cell. In eukaryotes the majority of transcripts are translated in a canonical manner usingthe scanning model of translation. After joining of the large ribosome subunit, the mature ribosome starts translation and synthesizes protein until the STOP codon is reached. The ribosome then splits into two subunits and the mRNA which encoded the nascent protein is released. However, translation initiation does not always occur at an AUG start codon. In some cases, non-AUG codons serve as translation initiation start sites. It is possible to utilise two different codons as start sites in one transcript: a canonical AUG and an alternative upstream or downstream non-AUG. Utilization of non-AUG alternative translation initiation sites (aTIS) is most common in viruses and mammalian cells. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, five described cases concern proteins that are translated from upstream near-cognate start codons as N-terminally extended variants that localize to mitochondria. In this work I show that in yeast the potential for producing alternative protein isoforms by non-AUG translation initiation is much more prevalent than previously anticipated and may generate an unidentified pool of mitochondrial proteins. A bioinformatics analysis performed in my research group shows that about 2/3 of proteins in the yeast genome have predicted one or more upstream aTIS, with more than 500 gains in mitochondrial localisation as the extended isoforms. I confirmed mitochondrial localisation of 23 different proteins previously not recognized as mitochondrial whose standard forms do not carry an MTS. I also analysed the dual localisation of the Trz1 protein, which has been shown to localise and function in both the nucleus and mitochondria. I verified that the extended non-AUG isoform is responsible for mitochondrial localisation and functions of Trz1. My data highlight the potential of non-canonical translation initiation in expanding the capacity of the mitochondrial proteome and possibly also other cellular features. - 5 - Dziękuję: mojej promotorce, prof. dr hab. Joannie Kufel za możliwość wykonywania pracy doktorskiej w jej grupie, opiekę merytoryczną oraz umożliwienie mi obrony w terminie. mgr Lounisowi Zenad i mgr Michałowi Świrskiemu za przeprowadzenie badań bioinformatycznych, bez których nie mogłabym wykonać mojego projektu. wszystkim członkom grupy badawczej prof. Joanny Kufel za wspólnie spędzony czas oraz wiedzę i umiejętności, których nauczyłam się od nich podczas doktoratu, a w szczególności dziękuję mgr Agnieszce Czarnockiej-Cieciurze za nieocenioną pomoc, wsparcie i wspólne rozmowy każdego dnia. moim studentkom, Natalii Wołkowskiej oraz Kasi Iwańskiej za uśmiech, zaangażowanie w projekt (i wykonywanie rzeczy, których mi się nie chciało, takich jak wylewanie pożywek) oraz to wszystko, czego wzajemnie się od siebie nauczyłyśmy. I would like to thank prof. Gretchen Edwalds-Gilbert for her priceless help and being one of the most positive person I ever met. pracownikom, doktorantom i studentom Instytutu Genetyki i Biotechnologii za to wszystko, co czyni nasz Instytut unikatowym. za nieocenioną pomoc merytoryczną: prof. dr hab. Pawłowi Golikowi, dr Karolinie Łabędzkiej-Dmoch (IGiB) prof.dr hab. Agnieszce Chacińskiej i dr Lidii Wróbel (IIMCB) mojej rodzinie i przyjaciołom – wiedzą za co. Niczego nie żałuję. - 6 - Spis treści Oświadczenie kierującego pracą ................................................................................................ 2 Oświadczenie autora pracy ........................................................................................................ 2 Słowa kluczowe .......................................................................................................................... 3 Tytuł pracy w języku angielskim ............................................................................................... 3 Streszczenie języku polskim ...................................................................................................... 4 Streszcznie w języku angielskim ................................................................................................ 5 Wykaz skrótów, najczęściej używanych w pracy: ..................................................................... 9 Wstęp ....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.Wprowadzenie ............................................................................................................... 10 2.Kanoniczna translacja .................................................................................................... 11 3.Niekanoniczna translacja ............................................................................................... 14 3.1.Niekanoniczna inicjacja translacji ........................................................................... 14 3.1.1.Mechanizmy translacji niezależne od struktury kapu 5’ ...................................... 14 3.1.2.Mechanizmy inicjacji zależne i niezależne od skanowania mRNA ..................... 17 3.1.3.Inicjacja translacji z kodonów niekanonicznych non-AUG ................................. 21 3.2.Niekanoniczna elongacja i terminacja translacji (rekodowanie) ............................. 24 4.Regulacja wyboru niekanonicznego kodonu startu ....................................................... 29 5.Mitochondrium i jego funkcje u drożdży Saccharomyces cerevisiae............................ 32 Cel pracy ................................................................................................................................
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