Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: an Evolutionary Perspective Michael H

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01286-8 - Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective Michael H. Crawford and Benjamin C. Campbell Index More information

Index

Abdalwadids kingdom, 179 population expansions and Abidi, Farah, 196 migrations, 135 Aburass, Mohamed, 193, 195 Pygmy populations, 149 acculturation, 116, 121 subsistence patterns, 145 achievement and power Y chromosome and mtDNA lineages, motivations, 47 154 acute mountain sickness Y chromosome and mtDNA (AMS), 344, 364 variation, 147 adaptive behaviors, 31 African migration to Kansas. adaptive introgression of archaic See Identity, Voice, and alleles, 531 Community project adaptive metabolic response, 32 African slave trade, 203, 476–8, adaptive substitutions, human, 23 499–500 adipose tissue, 29 African slaves, cultural and biological aerobic capacity, 345 diversity of, 206 affiliation motivation, 47 African–Mexican populations, 201 affinity, systems of, 87 Afro-Brazilian rural communities, 7, Africa 494, 514. See also Remanescentes de ancestral population clusters, 147 Quilombos Beijing genotype in, 325–9 Afro-limonese community, 502–3. census size, 135 See Indo-Costa Rican populations cultural change and migration, 139 aggressive invasions, 38 demic expansions, 66 Aghlabids, 177 demographic history of, 136 agreeableness, 49 dispersals from, 16–18 AGT intracellular distribution, 111 genetic diversity, 146, 156 AGXT allelic frequency, 112 human autosomal genetic Ajayi, Omofolabo, 188 variation, 147 Albumin Mexico, 68 human occupation of, 141 Aleut crania, 76 human parasites, 151 Aleutian Archipelago, 74 linguistic groups, 148 climatic opportunities and natural lithic traditions, 155 resources, 77 major language families, 142, 145 forced migration, 78, 80 matrilineal population genetic consequences of clusters, 150 migration, 78 Middle Stone Age (MSA), 139 genetic discontinuity, 80 paleoclimatic change and migration genetic microdifferentiation, 80 in, 136 multiple migrations scenario, 76 paleovegetation conditions in, natural disasters, 77 138 population movement, expansion, phonetic diversity in, 144 and new technologies, 75 537

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01286-8 - Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective Michael H. Crawford and Benjamin C. Campbell Index More information

538 Index

Aleutian Archipelago (cont.) Austronesian languages, 392–3, 395–6 Russian Y chromosomes and autosomal markers, 418, 517 surnames in, 82 Aztecs, 422 Alexanderwohl congregation, 301, 311, 312 Baliceaux Island, 514, 521 Algeria Bangga site, 355 daily migration, 184 Banjara of India, 253 economic deterioration of, 181 Banu Hilal, 177, 178 fan affair, 182 Banu Soleim, 177 Harkis in, 184 Barbarossa Hayreddin, 180 Turkish domination of, 180 Barbary coast Algerian France, 182 Arabic conquest of, 176 allocation, principle of energy, 28 Arabic–Muslim epic, 176 Almohad empire, 179 kingdoms and dynasties of, 177 Almoravids, 178 piracy, 180 Amazon basin, 438, 444 Roman control of, 174, 175 Amazon polychrome tradition, 444 second Arabic invasion, 177 Amazonia, 449–50. See also Peruvian seizure of power in, 179 selva baja lowlands Basque populations agro-extractive mercantilism, 453 HVS-I sequences, 232, 239 mtDNA diversity, 293 mtDNA analysis, 226, 227 Amazonian Dark Earths, 440, 444 mtDNA haplogroups, 231 Amazonian migration, 6 potential impact of the Neolithic Amazonian Polychromic Ceramic expansion on, 225 tradition (APC), 443 as relict population, 225 American history, migrants in, 187 behavioral modernity, 142 Americas Berber kingdoms, 174 African contribution to, 201 Berber population, 173 geographic diversity, 529 Bering Sea ecosystem, 77 immigration controversy, 456 Beylerbeys, 180 mtDNA diversity, 312, 455, 456–7 bifacial technology, 75 population composition, 418 “big five” personality factors, 49 population figures, 379 biological adaptations, 31 Amish congregations, 300 biological diversity, immune function amylase copy number variation, 22 and, 216 Anabaptist movement, 300 biological kinship, 87, 88 anatomically modern humans biological plasticity, 22, 23, 26, (AMH), 139 27, 36 ancestral bottlenecks, 23, 95 Bismarck Archipelago, 391, 392–3, 395 ancestral modern humans, 146 Black Caribs, 71, 513, 516, 517. Anchieta, Father, 439 See also Carib Indians; Caribbean Andean natives, 346, 351, 364 Islands animal protein intake, 112 Black Death, 277 anthropological genetics, population blackbirding, 406 structure and, 96 body shape variability, 32, 34, 35 APOE isoforms, 111 bozales, 500 Approximate Bayesian Computation Brazil. See also Remanscentes de Quilombos (ABC), 157 admixture estimates, 208 Arabic–Berber migration, 179 admixture process, 474, 475–6 Arabic–Muslim epic, 176 African slaves in, 202, 205 Arawak Indians, 69, 444, 513 continent-specific haplogroups, 504 archaic admixture, 18 cultural material similarities, 440 archaic humans, 13 European flow, 476 assimilation models, 12, 14, 18 gene flow and admixture, 486 Australian Aboriginals, 531 hetrogeneity, 474 Australian continent, 390 hostile admixture, 476 Australian indigenous languages, isolated groups, 476 392–3 linguistic homogeneity, 440

Index 539

parental groups, 474 human diaspora, 382 quilombos, contemporary, 478–9, illegal immigration patterns, 385 480–2, 486–7 interprovincial migration flows, 343 quilombos, migration and M. tuberculosis, 343 matrimony in, 482–6 non-migratory culture, 373 self-identified ancestry, 474, 475–6, twenty-first century migratory 492 dynamics, 373 social morphology variability, 440 Chinese–Peruvian immigration portal, Y-chromosome lineages, 505 381, 382–4 breeding populations, 95 chronic mountain sickness (CMS), 345, buffering effect, maternal, 32 364 Byzantines, 175 chronometric hygiene, 402 Chugong site, 354, 368 C. immitis genotypes, 533 Chusang, 350, 351 C4A gene, 215 circumpolar population diets, 113 Campbell, Benjamin, xiv clan system in Scotland, 270 candelabra model, 11, 13, 14 classical genetic polymorphisms, 304 cannibalism, 440–1 climate change capital, value of, 27–9 and ecological stress, 24 Carib Indians. See also Black Caribs increasing volatility in, 25 admixed with the Arawak, 69 migration and, 45 genetic affinity with West Africans, Pleistocene, 136 517 cognitive flexibility, 30 progoms of, 513 cold adaptation, 114 relocation of, 513 cold stress, 348, 361 Caribbean Islands. See also Garifuna colonization events, 529 populations; Indo-Costa Rican commensal approach model, 402 populations complex traits, developmental admixture studies, 517 control of, 24 African slaves in, 476–8, 499–500 COMT, 51, 57 Arawak settlement of, 512 consanguinity, systems of, 87 colonial impact, 512–13 Constantine (Cirta), 174 diseases and epidemics, 512–13 Cook Islands, 402 enslavement of native populations, Coon, Carleton, 11 512–13 cooperative breeding, 28 European invasion, 499–500 Costa Chica genetic pool, 214 genetic diversity, 318, 517 Costa Rica. See Indo-Costa Rican genetic studies, 517 populations malaria, 501 Crawford, Michael, xiv maternal ancestry, 517 cross-cultural contact, 39 Native American lineages, cultural daltonism, 207 517 cultural diffusion model (CDM), population extinction, 499 224, 244 Carthage, 173, 175 cultural/technological Central Amazon Project, 444 innovations, 142 centrality, work and family, 48 culture, human evolution and, 24 Chamorro language, 395–6 cumulative cultural evolution, 142 Chele´, 422 cytokines, 29 Chichen Itza´, 422–3 chimpanzee dietary profiles, 110 DAT1 (dopamine transporter1), 51, 52 China demic diffusion model, 244 aggressive expansion policies, 383, demic expansions, 66 384 Denisova Cave fossil, 16 back-door immigration to the Denisovan genetic material, 15, 18, Americas, 383 531 Beijing genotype in, 319 dental mutilation, 205 Fujian province immigrants, 383 Devil’s Lair, 391 Han surname population, 343 diasporas, 65

540 Index

dietary intake. See also meat intake population figures, 379 brain growth in humans, 109 Y-STR diversity in, 275 chimpanzees, 110 European populations and disease risks, 114 diversity and neutrality measures, and phenotypic development, 102 237 unidentified silent gene, 105 exploration and conquest, 376 dietary niche, 30 origins of, 224, 244 dietary stresses, 39, 115 tau values and time estimates, 240 dietary supplementation programs, evolutionary typology of migration, 36 112 exocannibalism, 440–1 disease expansion and evolution and famine effects, 277 nutrition and gene expression fetal origins of, 115 during, 109 nutrients and, 108 Express Train to Polynesia model, 396 disease prevention, dietary extraversion, 49, 57 manipulation for, 108 disease selection hypothesis, 33 familial-based fission groups, 91 disease susceptibility, 110, 111, 114 famine in Scotland, 271, 277 diseases and epidemics, 38, 277, 452, famine studies, 117–18, 120 512–13 fan affair, 182 dispersal, 87 Fatimid dynasty, 177 dispersal models, 17, 23 female genetic tree, 424 DNA defined, 418 fetal epigenetic patterns, 103 DNA methylation, 113, 119 fetal genetic imprinting, 105, 113, donor and recipient gene pools, 94 116 dopaminergic genes, 47 Filippi-Franz, Melissa, 188 functional implications of, 52 folate metabolism, 113 personality correlates, 50 folic acid, 108 Dosi Mohamed, Mohamed, 188, 192 food chain, 108 DRD2, 51, 57 forced marriages, 38 DRD4 dopamine receptor 7Rþ allele, forced migration 45, 56 Aleutian Islands, 78 Dutch famine studies, 117, 120 genetic consequences of, 71–2 rubber industry and, 453 early southern route dispersal forked fungus beetles, 91 hypothesis, 16, 17 Foundation Period, 402 early southern route hypothesis, 17 founder (lineal) effect, 92 early-life adversity, 32 France, Maghreb settlement, 182 Easter Island. See Rapa Nui/Easter fructose intolerance, 108 Island ecological change, 31 Gaetuli kingdom, 174 ecological variability, adaptation Gainj populations, 89 and, 24 Gambier Islands, 404 economic migration, 38 gamma globulin (GM) genetic Elhassan, Khalid, 186, 188 markers, 72 embodied capital, 28 Garifuna population. See also Black encomiendas, 208 Caribs; Caribbean Islands endogamy, population size and, 485 founder effect, 517, 521 endomigration, 177 genetic affinity with Yoruba, 517 environmental signals, 101 genetic composition, 514, 516, EPAS1 gene, 362, 365 517 epigenetic markers, dietary history genetic success story, 521 and, 122 maternal ancestry, 517 epigenetic mechanisms, 102, 103 migrations, 69–71, 72 epigenetic methylation, 119 Native American component, epigenetic reprogramming, 113, 114 517 Europe origins, 513 mtDNA diversity, 456–7 gender, migration and, 50

Index 541

gene expression Harkis, transfer of the, 184 adaptive combinations in, 106 harmonious assimilation, 38 disease susceptibility and, 110 Hatahara archaeological site, 444, 445 during expansion and evolution, 109 Hawaii, 402, 406 hormone function and, 108 health outcomes, transgenerational human–mouse orthologous effects and, 119 diet-related, 110 Heimahe 1, 350 macronutrients and, 102 Heimahe 3, 354 meat intake and, 110 HELP syndrome, 347 non-human primates and, 109, 110 hemoglobin E, 92 nutrition and, 106 Henderson congregation, 305, 308, gene flow, population evolution and, 312 491–2 heritability calculations, 26 gene pools, donor and recipient, 94 heterophily, 55 generalized biology, trend to, 25 heterosis, 24 genes, unidentified or silent, 105 high fructose corn syrup, 108 genetic adaptation high-altitude adaptation, genetics of, evidence of, 22 360–1 meat eating and, 111 high-altitude pulmonary hypertension genetic commitment, 27 (HAPH), 346, 364 genetic differentiation, 26, 97 high-elevation cerebral edema (HACE), genetic discontinuity, 81 344, 364 genetic disorders, 311 high-elevation environments, 344–8 genetic diversity high-elevation illness, 364 in contemporary populations, 24 high-elevation pulmonary edema factors shaping, 24 (HAPE), 344 language and, 144 Highland Clearances, 271 genetic drift, 92 Hilal, 177 genetic evidence, current state of, 14 HLA diversity, 215 genetic kinship, 87 Holdeman congregation, 302, 313 genetic microdifferentiation, 92 holiday travel, 38 genetic modification of foods, 105 holy places, Arabic and Islamic, 176 genetic specialization, 24 hormone function, alteration in, 108 genetic variability Huallaga River, 450 evidence for, 22–4 human autosomal genetic loss of, 66, 68 variation, 147 migration and, 47 human demographic history, 97, 142 tree diagrams, 97 human evolution genetics culture and, 24 global analysis of, 97 diet and genotypic variation, 113 of methyltransferase, 113 dietary intakes and, 102, 110 genomic stability, 26 dietary studies of, 108 genotypic variation, dietary effects endogamy and, 485 on, 113 and genetic commitment, 27 Genseric, 175 meat intake and, 112 geological disasters, 77 niche construction and, 29 Gitale, Abdulrahme, 188 nutrient density and, 109 global climate dynamics, 136 nutrition and adaptation in, 122 global populations, genetic variation nutrition and gene expression in, 146 during, 109 globalization, economic/technological, nutritional effects underlying, 102 376 range expansion and, 56 Goessel congregation, 305, 308, 312 traditional genetic markers gut morphology, 109 for, 320–1 Gypsies, 251. See also Roma uniparental inheritance, 147 human genetic adaptation, 21 Hadza population, 147 human genetic homogeneity, 23 Hafcid dynasty, 179, 181 human kin groups, 142

542 Index

human leukocyte antigen system human parasites, 151 (HLA), 215 human populations human metabolic plasticity, 109 demographic history of, 146 human migration disease and famine effects on, 277 African population movement, 4 substructure, language and, 142 Afro-Brazilian rural communities, 7 human stature, heritability of, 26 Amazonian populations, 6 human trafficking, 385 into the Americas, 6 human–microbial interaction and causes and consequences of, 2, 3, 66, co-evolution, 337 103, 172 human–mouse orthologous genes, 110 climate change and, 136 Hutterite congregations, 300 defined, 65 hyperbilirubinemia, 347 dietary consequences of, 114 hypoxia, 344, 345, 361, 362 diseases and population decline, 405 DRD4 dopamine receptor 7Rþ allele, Iberian peninsula, 244 46 Identity, Voice, and Community epigenetic effects of, 108, 116–20 project, 187 in Europe, 4 African or American identity, 195, evolutionary consequences of, 3, 68 198 evolutionary perspective, 1 circumstances of migration, 189, evolutionary success story, 72 198 gender differences, 48, 57 country of origin, 190 health consequences of, 2, 116–20 immigrant organizations, 191, 192 human pathogens, 337 initial findings, 189 introduced diseases and population introduction, 186 collapse, 405 Kansas settlement, 197 involuntary, 66, 67 migration, research, and public island model of, 96 programming, 187 kin groups and, 90, 91 occupations and labors, 191, 198 major types of, 66 participants, 199 measurement of, 67, 105 political alliances, 195 natural disasters, 77 project materials, 199 nutritional variation during, 105 research scope, 199 personality dimensions and, 47–9 Idrisids, 177 perspectives on, 1–7 illegal immigration patterns, 385 into previously inhabited immune function, 29, 33, 112, 216 regions, 66 impulsivity, social submission and, 55 push-pull factors, 59, 66 inbreeding, 87, 255, 311, 492 rapid environmental change during, incised rim ceramics, 444 120–1 inclusive fitness, 87 resource availability, 57 indentured servants, 500–1 sex-specific vulnerability, 120 Indigenous American populations, sociocultural factors, 482 456, 457 and stresses, 39 Indigenous Origins model, 396 theory, processes and history of, 2 Indo-Caribbean communities, 500–1 uniparental measures of Indo-Costa Rican populations, 499 sex-specific, 68 African slave trade, 499–500, 507–8 U.S. populations, 5 Afro-Jamaican admixture, 507–8 human origins Amerindian admixture, 492, 493 archaic admixture, 18 biocultural study approach, 506–7 assimilation model of, 18 continent-specific haplogroups, 504 cognitive evolution and, 30 East Indian and African lineages, debate about, 13 503 dispersals from Africa, 16–17 East-Indian migrants, 501 early southern route hypothesis, 16 European lineages, 503, 507 fossil evidence, 13 gene flow, 502–3, 506–7, 508 genetic evidence of, 14 genetic diversity, 506–7 models for, 11–16 malaria, 514–15

Index 543

marriage patterns, 502–3, 507–8 Kukulcan, 422 surnames, 502–3, 507 !Kung San, 89 Y-chromosome lineages, 505 infectious diseases, 33, 452 La Venta, 420 influenza pandemic (1918–1919), labor recruitment, 406 277 lactose tolerance, 22 international migration ladinos, 500 causes and numbers, 374–81 Laguna de los Cerros, 420 population figures, 380 language, genetic diversity twentieth-century change, 373 and, 144 voluntary and forced, 378 language families, 142 intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), language properties, 438–9 346, 363 languages, South American Tupi, 442 involuntary migration, 38, 59, 67, Lapita Cultural Complex, 394, 71–2, 378, 405–6 395–7 Irungu, Jane, 194, 196 Lapita peoples, origins of, 397 Islam, slavery and fear of, 205 Latin America, 206 island model of migration, 96, 97 leptin, 29 isolation by distance, 97 life dissatisfaction, migration Itza´, 422 and, 49 Itzamma´, 422 life history strategies, niche Ivane Valley, 391 construction and, 30 life history variability Janzen, John, 188 energy allocation and, 28 Japan, Beijing genotype in, 329–30 polygentic basis of, 26 Jewish diaspora, 65 small-scale societies and, 25 Jiangxigou 1, 350, 354 Limo´n Costa Rica, 501. See also Indo- Jiangxigou 2, 367 Costa Rican populations continent-specific Kansas, African migration to. haplogroups, 504 See Identity, Voice, and Y-chromosome lineages, 505 Community project linguistic borders, 144, 444 Kansas City Highland Games linguistic diversity, 444 immigration study, 278 linguistic groups, 148 Kansas Mennonite congregations linguistic shifts, 357 blood groups, 304 lithic industries, 144 decended from Molotschna lithic traditions, 139, 155 colony, 312 Locality 93–13, 350 immunoglobulin variation, 307 low-birth-weight neonates, 347, 363 R-matrix, 308 Lower Huallaga Valley, 449–50 Kasatochi eruption, 77 Katzman, David, 187, 188, 194 macronutrients and gene Kha rub site, 354, 367 expression, 102 Kharedjite groups, 177 Macro-Tupi Group (MTG) language kin relationships, 88 family, 437–8, 442 kin selection, 87 Maghreb kin-structured dispersal, 91 Barbarossa Hayreddin control of, kin-structured founder (lineal) 180 effect, 92 Byzantine invasion of, 174, 175 kin-structured migration (KSM), 88 desert culture of, 172 causes and prevalence of, 89 economic conditions, 181 genetic consequences of, 91 European settlers migration to, 182 and genetic variation, 94 future structure of, 181 and human genetic history, 98 Justinian administration, 176 initial genetic divergence between Phoenician and Roman settlements populations, 97 in, 173 from Scotland, 293 political-religious events, 180 shared effects, 94 Roman decadence and, 174

544 Index

Maghreb (cont.) admixture processes, consequences Turkish domination of, 180 of, 208–9 Vandal invasion of, 174, 175 admixture processes, unique malaria, 214, 512–13, 514–15 features of, 206–8 malnutrition and obesity, 116 African genetic contribution to, 201, Maluku Islands, 391 209, 218 Manus Island, 393 African HLA haplotypes, 217 Marquesas, 405 African slaves in, 438, 500–1, 512 Masinissa (chief), 175 African slaves reproductive masticatory muscle in humans, 109 functions, 208 maternal buffering of offspring, 31 colonial mortality, 203 maternal capital, 31 contemporary population maternal metabolic memory, 120 migrations, 438 maternal migration, 68 continent-specific haplogroups, 504 maternal nutritional cues, 107 cultural daltonism, 207 maternal nutritional deficits, 117 demand for slaves, 203 Matisoo-Smith, Lisa, xiv encomiendas, 208 Mauretanian tribes, 174 ethnic composition of colonial maximal work capacity, 345 society, 201, 207 Maya Indians, 68, 422, 423 first African migrations, 205 Mayanspa´n, 422–3 G6PD in, 213 Mayapan, 422 genetic composition of, 209 meat intake, 110, 112. See also dietary haplotype network analysis, 427 intake indigenous migrations, 426–7, 428, Mendelian heredity, 87 429, 430, 431–2 Mennonite congregations median network analysis, 438 biological relationships Mestizo population, 206 among, 319 multiethnic burials in, 205 blood groups, 304, 305 obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and demographic history, 301–2 hypercholesterolemia in, 213 fissioning of, 312 “of African descent”, 208 founding of, 300 popular culture, 208 genetic diversity among, 311 pre-Hispanic populations, 420–5, genetics, 303 426–7, 438 geographic locations, 301 racial categories, 201 immunoglobulin variation, 307, 308 red cell sickle anemia, 213 marital migration, 311 sickle cell anemia, 213 molecular genetic polymorphisms, social hierarchy, 207 309 Spanish colonization of, 202, 438 mtDNA diversity, 457 trihybrid model of admixture, 206 origin and differentiation Y-chromosome lineages, 505 of, 314 Meyers, Garth, 188 rare genetic disorders, 311 microevolution, dietary studies of, 108 surname distribution, 312 Micronesia, 401 Meridian congregation, 305, 308 Middle Stone Age (MSA) traditions, 139 Merinid kingdom, 179 migrant studies, refugee populations Mesoamerican culture, 420 and, 534 Mestizo population, 206, 418 migrant trafficking, 385 metabolic adaptation, 32 migrants metabolic efficiency, nutrients in American history, 187 and, 107 by continent, 378 metabolic heat production, 348 by developed region, 378 metabolic imprinting, 103 migrating populations and metabolic memory, 116, 121 experimentation, 122 methylation patterns, 114 migration. See also human migration Mexica people, 422 anthropological perspectives Mexico on, 527 admixture estimates, 210, 488 characterizations of, 529

Index 545

economic trade-offs, 530 history of, 317 human proxies, 532 human coevolution with, 338 Neandertal genome, 530 human pathogen, 318 north–south orientation, 529 human resistance to, 337 as selective agent, 532 hybridization profile, 323 twenty-first century, 376 in Japan, 329–30 typology of, 36, 37 minimum spanning tree, 327 migration estimates, 67 in other locations, 335–6 migration paradox, 121, 376 in Russia/Northern Eurasia, 330–3 migration patterns, 97 VNTR data and phylogenetic dopaminergic genes and, 50 exploitation, 321 migration research, new methods myth of the primitive isolate, 94 for, 32 migration scholarship, 187 Nahua-speaking people, 422 migratory behavior, twin studies in, 48 natural disasters, 77 mitochondrial DNA natural selection defined, 388, 418 genetic signatures of, 21 Indigenous American genetic variants and, 97 populations, 456 high-altitude survival, 346 recent human studies, 425 malaria and, 514–15 mitochondrial stress, 362 migration and, 47 mobiocentric personality type, 47 nature/culture/supernature triad modern Europeans matrix, 440–1 cultural diffusion model (CDM), 224 Neandertal genetic material, 15, 18 Neolithic demic diffusion model Neandertal–modern human (DDM), 224 admixture, 530 modern human culture, 141 Near Oceania modern language diversification, 144 archaeological evidence, 391 modified early southern route Asian lineages, 398 hypothesis, 17 indigenous languages, 392–3 Molotschna Mennonite colony, 312 molecular evidence, 391, 392 Monge’s Disease, 345 unique M lineages, 392 Monte Alba´n peoples, 425 Nebraska Mennonite congregations, Moonmonier algorithm, 81 305, 308, 312 Moos, Felix, xiii Neolithic demic diffusion model Mozabite shopkeepers, 177 (DDM), 224, 244 mtDNA neonatal jaundice, 347 continent-specific haplogroups, 504 neural correlates of personality, 50 defined, 424, 455 neuroticism, 50 diversity, 150, 154, 293 New Britain island, 391, 393 functionality, 516 New Caledonia, 404 haplogroup phylogeny, 148 New Guinea recent human studies, 425 archaeological evidence, 391, 393 sequence variability, 456 biological diversity, 390 variation in the Americas, 455 Holocene environmental MTHFR genes, 113 conditions, 395 multiregional evolution, 12, 13, 14 indigenous languages, 392–3 Musulami kingdom, 174 molecular evidence, 391–2 mutation, 69, 491 part of Sahul, 390 Mycobacterium tuberculosis New Ireland island, 391, 393 in Africa, 333–5 New Polynesian Triangle, 407 Beijing genotype, 321, 327, 333–5, New Zealand, 402 337 Ngonpo Tso, 354 in China, 325–9 niche construction, 29–31, 38 clonality of, 321 nomadic home-range movement, 38 genetic diversity markers, 318 non-African lineages, 22 geographical distribution and non-human primates, gene expression routes of dissemination, 327 and, 109

546 Index

non-random kin-structured Polynesian Triangle settlement, dispersal, 91 401–5 novelty seeking population density, 390, 392 dopaminegeric genes and, 55 trade networks, 402 genetic components of, 53 urban migration in, 405–8 migration and, 46, 58 Palauan language, 395–6 nutrient density, 109, 110 paleoclimatic change, 136 nutrient variation, 105 Paleo-Indians, 418 nutrient–environmental interaction, paleovegetation conditions in Africa, 105 138 nutrigenomics, 109 Papua New Guinea, 91 nutrition and adaptation, 122 Papuan languages, 392–3 nutrition and gene expression, 106 paternal migration, 68 nutritional effects, 115 patrilineal wealth inheritance, 485 nutritional phenotype Pen˜on skeleton, 424 biocultural components of the, 104 People’s Republic of China. See China context dependent status of, 102 peripheral vasoconstriction, 348 as a continuum of personality dimensions, migration expression, 106 and, 47–9, 50 integrated model for, 106 Peruvian population relationships measurement of, 105 among South American nutritional variation, causes of, 105 populations, 463 haplotypes found in focus obesity, migration and, 116, 117 populations, 462 obesogenic niche, 21 mtDNA haplogroup Oceanic mutations, 397 characterization, 460 Old Colony (Cuahtemoc) Yurimaguas peoples, 463–6, 468 congregation, 302 Peruvian selva baja lowlands. Old Order brethren, 90 See also Amazonia Olmec civilization, 420 agro-extractive mercantilism, Omer, Mohamed, 195 453 One China policy, 384 “Columbian Exchange”, 452 openness to experience, 50 contemporary indigenous optimal foraging theory, 75 societies, 449–50 ornaments, 142 destructive extractive Out of Taiwan model, 396 economies, 454 outbreeding enhancement, 24 disease and epidemics, 452 out-of-Africa models, 14 European migration and gene flow, 467 Pacific Ocean, 388, 389 genetic barrier, 467 Pacific region genetic consequences of archaeological evidence, 393, 395 migration, 449–50 colonialism, 405–8 immigration, 453 defined, 388 indigenous peoples, 452–3, 454–5 environmental conditions, 390, 395 Jesuit mission posts, 452 Europeans arrival, 405–8 Lower Huallaga Valley, 449–50, 457 Holocene migrations, 393–9 Marginal Highway, 453 infectious disease, 390 mestizo identity, 452–3, 454–5 initial human occupation, 388, population background, 450–5 390–3 population fission, 452 introduced diseases and population regional history, 450–5 collapse, 405–6 research materials, methods, and involuntary migration, 405–6 results, 458–9, 461 linguistic evidence, 392–3 river transport, 453 Micronesian origins and settlement rubber industry, 453 history, 401 sequence diversity and neutrality molecular evidence, 392 tests, 461 Pleistocene migrations in, 390–3 slave trading, 451

Index 547

Spanish settlements, 451 push-pull factors, 48, 59, 66 trans-Andean travel route, 450 Pygmy populations, 147, 149 Yurimaguas, 450, 452, 453, 454 Pyramids of the Sun and Moon, 421 Peruvian–Chinese immigration portal, 381 Qinghai sites, 350, 367 phenotypic change, 31, 105 Quilombo populations, admixture phenotypic differences, estimates, 492. See also Remanescentes human–chimpanzee, 110 de Quilombos phenotypic diversity, 23 phenotypic variability, 21 range expansion, 56 phenylketonuria (PKU), 108 Rapa Nui/Easter Island, 402, 405–6 Phoenician and Roman reciprocal outbreeding, 36 settlements, 173 red cell sickle anemia, 213 phonetic diversity, 144 Reformation, 300 physical energy capital, 29 refugee populations, migrant studies physiological homeostasis, 105 and, 534 Pieds-Noirs, 182, 183 refugees by continent, 381 piracy and plunder, 181 “refugia” populations, 16 plague epidemics, 277 regional lithic industries, 144 plague of Justinian, 317 religious isolates, study of, 311 Pleistocene human populations, 95 religious migration, 179, 299 Plymouth Colony, 91 Remanescentes de Quilombos, 492 Polychrome Tradition, 444 admixture estimates, 488, 492–3 polycythemia, 345, 347 African admixture contribution, Polynesian Motif, 397, 398 489–90, 492 Polynesian outliers, 404 age pyramids, 482–3 Polynesian Triangle, 395, 401–5 allelic and genotypic distributions, polyomavirus JC (JCV), 533 491, 492–3 pooled energy budgets, 28 Amerindian admixture population bottlenecks, 95, 96, 404 contribution, 506–8 population cultural models, 142 ancestry informative markers population differentiation, patterns (AIMs), 487 of, 529 autosomal ancestry, 488 population evolution, gene flow certified communities, 480, 487, in, 491–2 491, 492–3 population extinction and contemporary communities, 479, recolonization, 95, 96 486–7 population fission, 68 continuous gene flow, 492–3 population flow, twenty-first demographic profile, 486 century, 376 endogamy, 483, 484–6, 494 population genetic variability, 22–4 European admixture contribution, population growth, 374, 381 490–1, 492, 493 population history, restructured, 97 female mobility, 485 population projections, 378 gender-based inheritance population structure, anthropological priorities, 486 genetics and, 96 genetic characterization, 487, post-genomic era, 21 492–3 Potato Famine, 271 history of, 473 preeclampsia, 347 “hybrid-isolation” model, 492 pregnancy, high-elevation risks, 346 land ownership, 482, 484–5 primary migrants, 47 marriage types, 483, 484–6, 494 primitive isolate, myth of the, 94 marriage-driven migratory Principal Components Analysis, 325 patterns, 485 principle of energy allocation, 28 migration and matrimony in, 482 professional smuggling, 385 outmigration, 292 Proto-Tupi languages, 436 respondent classifications, 482 proxies for human behavior, 533 rural exodus, 483 Punic wars, 173, 174 the “trip”, 483

548 Index

Remote Oceania, 391, 393–9 Highland Clearances, 271 repetitive founder effect, 95 influenza pandemic (1918–1919), replacement model, 12, 13–14 277 reproductive success and initial settlement and later survival, 111 admixture of, 274 Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Kansas City Highland Games 500–1 immigration study, 278, 280–9 resource availability, 57 kin-structured migration, 293 rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago, 90 male migration from, 291 rice agriculture, 395–6 migration to the Americas, 270–2 Rngul mdv, 354 molecular evidence for the peopling Roatan Island, 513, 521 of, 272–8 Roma Potato Famine, 271, 277 Aryan invaders, 265 relationship with Ireland, 274 Bulgarian population study, 263 shared mitochondrial lineages, 291 derogatory terms for, 251 surname and clan distributions, 293 endogamy and inbreeding Viking age in, 274 studies, 255 World War II mortality rates, 277 F analysis of variance, 260 Y-chromosome diversity in, 286, 289 genetic cluster analysis, 261 seasonal cold stress, 348 genetic disease studies, 256 seasonality, nomadic home-range genetic identity studies, 253–5 movement and, 38 and host nations, 253, 265 “second genome”, 320, 338 immunoglobulin allotypes, 258 selva baja (Peru), 449–50. immunoglobulin allotyping data, See also Peruvian selva baja 256–62 lowlands India origins of, 251, 253, 255, 259, Semai Senoi of Malaysia, 89, 92, 93 262 serum cholesterol levels, 111 intracountry variation, 264 sex-specific migration, 68 modern endogamous communities, shared effects, 94 250 Shemya sites, 75 shared ancestry with Banjara of shivering response, 348 India, 253 siblings gene pool, 88 theories of origin, 264 sickle cell anemia, 213 World War II persecution of, 253 Siling Tso, 350, 351 Roman Africa, 174 single nucleotide polymorphisms Romani language, 251, 252 (SNP), 51, 147 roots and tubers, 113 Slow Boat model, 396 rubber industry, 453 smallpox, 405–6, 452, 512–13 Rushubirwa, Leonce, 188 small-scale societies, life history Russia/Northern Eurasia, Beijing variability and, 25 genotype in, 330–3 smuggling rings, 385 social capital, 28, 29 Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean, 531 social identity, 30 Sahara desert, 172 social submission and impulsivity, 55 Sahul, 390, 391 Society Islands, 402 San Lorenzo Tenochitlan, 420 Soleim, 177 San populations, 147 Solomon Islands, 391, 392–3, 404 Scotland somatic capital, 28 Black Death, 277 South America, 451 clan system, 270 Amazon polychrome tradition, 444 contemporary population, 272 Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE), 440 cultural and genetic Beijing genotype in, 335–6 influences, 274 C. immitis colonization, 533 disease and famine effects on, 277 cannibalism, 440–1 evidence for agriculture in, 274 cultural material similarities, 440 female migration from, 290 diachronic settlement morphology gender-balanced migration, 272 patterns, 445

Index 549

linguistic homogeneity, 440 hypoxia, 344, 361 Macro-Tupi Group (MTG) language long-term constraints, 345 family, 442 M16 haplogroup, 356 mtDNA diversity, 293 migrant challenges, 342 population relationships, 463 migration to and adaptation on, settlement forms variability, 440 365–8 social morphology variability, 440 modern DNA studies, 356–8 Tupi-Guarani languages, 437–8, 439 mortuary sites, 359 southern dispersal hypothesis, 23 Neolithic-era sites, 353 Spain, Tarik’s invasion of, 176 Paleolithic sites, 353 St. Vincent Island, 69–71, 513, 517 Paleolithic-era movement, 366 statistical genetic methods, 303 peopling events, 343 steroid hormones, 111 physiology constraints, 343 stochasticity of human population affinities and inferred populations, 97 movements, 355 stresses, migration and, 39 pregnancy risks, 346 strontium (Sr) ratio, 205 primary migration routes, 356 STRUCTURE analysis, 147, 151 recent settlement pattern sub-Saharan Africans, 146 surveys, 352 sugar industry, 406 short-term biological constraints, Sulawesi, 391 344–5 Sunda, 390 spoken language, 353 survival, human metabolic plasticity three-step model, 351 and, 109 trait diffusion, 367 systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE), 214 time-lagged change, 31 Timor, 391 TaqA1þ allele, 51, 55, 56, 57 Tokelau Island, 405–6 Tarik, 177 Toltec people, 421 Tasmania, 390, 395 Toltec/Mayan culture, 423 Tehuacan Valley, 421 trait diffusion, 367 temporary adaptation, 27 transatlantic slave trade, 203, 512–13 Tenochca people, 422 transgenerational plasticity, 26 Teotihuacan (city), 421 transnational migration, 45, 187 Tiaret, kingdom of, 177 Tres Zapotes site, 420 Tibetan plateau trihybrid model of admixture, 206, 487 acute mountain sickness (AMS), 344, Triple I model, 396 364 Tristan da Cunha island, 95 ancient DNA analysis, 358–9 Tunisia, Turkish domination of, 180 archaeological evidence of Tupi people migration, 348 cannibalism, 440–1 China-based population, 357 characteristics, 439, 446 climatic amelioration, 352 cultural materials, 440 cold stress, 348, 361 diachronic settlement morphology common ancestral origins, 356 patterns, 445 dates and directions of migrants, linguistic homogeneity, 440 359–60 settlement forms variability, D-M174 lineage, 358 440, 446 dominant paternal lineages, 357 territorial expansion, 442, 443, 445 earliest occupations of, 349–52 Tupi-Guarani diaspora, 444 earliest permanent occupations of, Tupi-Guarani languages, 437–8, 439 352–5 Tutul-xiu, 422 genetic adaptive response, 368 twin studies high elevation cerebral edema heritability calculations, 26 (HACE), 344 migratory behavior, 48 high elevation pulmonary edema (HAPE), 344 Unangax, 82 high-altitude adaptation, genetics uni-parental inheritance, 147 of, 360–1 uni-parental markers of migration, 68

550 Index

United Sudanese Association, 193 Xiadawu, 351 Uxmal, 422–3 Xiao Qaidam, 349 Xidatan 2, 354 VAL158MET, 52 Vandals, 175 Y chromosome, 147, 154, 156, 517 Vanuatu archipelago, 404 Y chromosome haplogroups, 148 Viceroyalty of New Spain, 203, 204. Yanomamo of Venezuela, See also Mexico 89, 93 Viking age in Scotland, 274 Yoruba population, 147 vitamins, 112 Y-STR diversity, 275, 286 voluntary migration, 38, 378 Yucata´n peninsula, 423 Yurimaguas, 449, 450, 454, 464, Wallacea trenches, 391 467, 468 wealth inheritance, 485 weight distribution, 33 Zanzibari America Willandra Lakes, 391 Association, 192 world population projections, 378 Zirid dynasty, 177