Abbasid Caliphate, 44 Abd Al-Qadir, 172, 173, 199 Abd El-Krim, 197

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Index

Abbasid Caliphate, 44 Aghlabid dynasty, 44, 51 Abd al-Qadir, 172, 173, 199 agriculture Abd el-Krim, 197, 199 in East Africa, 16, 35, 108, 112–13, 119, 190, Abdallah ibn Yasin, 46 191 , 222 Abdurahman, A., 280 in Egypt, 13, 45 Abeokuta, 154, 156, 160, 162 in Ethiopia, 14, 58 Abidjan, 298, 312 Green Revolution, 266 Abiodun, 146 mechanisation, 225, 266, 275, 283 Abu Ishaq al-Saheli, 87 in North Africa, 30, 31 , 32, 45, 166, 264 Abydos, 19 in Nubia, 14, 26 Accra, 147 origins of, 12–16 Accra riots, 257 postcolonial, 261, 264–6 Achimota, 230 in southern Africa, 36, 119, 185, 274, Act of Union (South Africa), 279 283 Action Group, 243, 258 in West Africa, 15–16, 63–7, 76, 96, 142, Adamawa, 175 150, 176, 222 Addis Ababa, 171 , 306, 311 Ahmad al-Mansur, 74, 167 Adulis, 41 Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, 61 Adwa, Battle of, 171 , 196 Ahmadu Lobbo, 178 Afonso Mbemba Nzinga, 134, 139, 145, 159 Ahmed Bey, 172 African Association, 241, 244, 256 AIDS see disease African Church Organisation, 163 Akan, 81 , 133, 147 African National Congress (South Africa), Akhenaten, 23 280–1 , 282–3, 291, 302 Akjoujt, 34 African National Congress (Southern Aksum, 41 , 56, 57, 61 Rhodesia), 244 Akwamu, 147 African Political Organisation, 280 Akwapim, 160, 210, 223 African Renaissance, 309 al-Azhar, 170 African Union, 309 al-Bakri, 51 , 91 Afrikaans language, 129, 185, 279 al-Banna, Hasan, 238 Afrikaner Bond, 185, 279 al-Idrisi, 69 Afrikaner people, 129, 130, 180, 181 , 182, al-Kanemi, Muhammad, 175 278–80, 286; see also Cape Colony, al-Maghili, 94 Orange Free State, South Africa, al-Masudi, 54, 103 Transvaal al-Suyuti, 94 Afroasiatic languages, 11, 63, 75 al-Turabi, Hassan, 304 Agades, 75, 202 al-Yakubi, 45, 51 Agaja, 143 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 304 Agaw languages, 57 Aladura churches, 235 345

346 Index

Alexander the Great, 25 art, see rock art Alexandra, 277, 281 Arusha Declaration, 262 Alexandria, 25, 37, 40, 41 , 42, 61 Asante Algeria British conquest, 155, 163, 196, 199, 200, disease, 167, 172 202 European settlement, 212, 224, 254 Christianity, 160 French rule, 171 –2 economy, 142, 147, 150, 151 , 154, 210, fundamentalism, 304–5 211 independence, 254 gold, 147–8, 155, 211 nationalism, 238 and nationalism, 255, 258 population, 166, 172 response to abolition, 155, 157, 158 postcolonial, 264, 292, 304 restored Confederacy, 208 Algiers, 164, 304 settlement, 88 Ali Bey, 168 slave trade and state formation, 137, Ali bin al-Hasan, 55 147–8, 151 , 154 Allada, 80, 148, 150 Asimini, 151 Alliance High School, 230 Assin, 147 Almohads, 47, 52 Aswan, 27 Almoravids, 46, 51 , 52, 53 Attahiru, 201 Alvares, F., 58 Augustine, Saint, 40 Alwa, 42, 56 Australopithecines, 6–7 Amaro, 161 Awash Valley, 7 Amazons, 149 Awdaghust, 51 Ambaca, 159 Awolowo, O., 258 Amda Siyon, 57, 60, 171 Ayyubid dynasty, 47 Amhara, 57, 171 Azelik, 84 Amin, I., 271, 290 Azikiwe, N., 232, 241 Amr ibn al-As, 43 Amun, 23–4, 26, 28 Baga, 133 Anglo-Boer War, 197, 198, 278, 279 Bagamoyo, 53, 187, 188, 211 Angoche, 105 Bagauda, 64 Angola, 136, 137, 139, 141 , 142, 143, 145, 149, Bagre society, 89, 90, 91 150, 151 , 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, 159, 164, Bamako, 193, 196, 211 197, 225, 256, 268 Bamba, Amadou, 209 Anlo, 152 Bambara, 74, 145, 173, 178, 206 Antonine movement, 145, 159 Bambatha Rebellion, 203 Antony, Saint, 37 Bambuk, 50, 51 , 73 Anyi, 70 Bamileke, 221 apartheid, 2, 273, 281–7 Bamoum, 157 Apedemak, 28 bananas, 15–16, 108, 110, 112, 118, 222 Apuleius, 32 Banda, H. K., 300 Arabi, Colonel, 195 Bandiagara, 63 Arawa, 98 Bangui, 311 Archinard, L., 206 Bannerman, J., 162 Arden-Clarke, C., 198, 254 Bantu speakers Arguin Island, 131 expansion in East Africa, 16, 34–6, 108, Armee´ Islamique du Salut, 305 110 armies, see military expansion in southern Africa, 35–6, Arochukwu, 137, 237 100–1 , 127

Index 347

expansion in West Africa, 16, 66–7 Biton Kulibali, 145, 179 languages, 16, 54 Biya, P., 299 religion, 125 Black Consciousness, 285 Banu Hilal, 46, 47 Black Death, 2, 37, 47–9, 55, 68, 166 bao game, see mankala game Blaize, R. B., 163 Baoule,´ 201 Bloc Democratique´ Sen´ egalais,´ 255 Bariba, 80, 93, 146 Bloemfontein, 280 Barwe, 202 Blombos Cave, 9, 10 Basel Mission, 210 Bloodmen, 156 Bauchi, 175 Blood River, Battle of, 182 Bawol, 144 Bobangi, 137, 146, 151 , 158 Bayei, 113 Boilat, D., 162 Beatrix Kimpa Vita, 145 Bonny, 138, 151 , 156, 161 Bechuanaland, see Botswana Bono Manso, 81 Begho, 81 Borgu see Bariba Beit, A., 186 bori cult, 91 , 176 Belgian Congo see Congo, Democratic Borno, 51 , 69, 74–5, 77, 84, 85, 92, 97, 175, Republic of 177 Belhadj, Ali, 305 Botha, L., 279 Bemba, 107, 108, 115, 119, 126, 247 Botha, P. W., 286 Benedictines, 232 Botswana, 197, 213, 259, 261, 265, 271, 302, Beni societies, 227 309, 312; see also Tswana Benin kingdom, 66, 69, 78, 79–80, 86, 87, Bouake,´ 211 88, 89, 91 , 95, 98, 133, 139, 151 , 158, 159, Bourguiba, H., 238, 254, 269, 270 196, 206, 239 boys Dakar, 298 Benin, Republic of, 299, 309; see also Braide, G., 234 Dahomey Brand, J. H., 182 Berbers Brazzaville Conference, 242 ancient Libyans, 24, 25, 29 bridewealth, see family structure Christianity, 40 Briere` de l’Isle, L.-A., 193 early history, 29–33 Britain and European conquest, 172, 197 in East Africa, 189, 196, 200, 208 Islam, 43, 44–5, 53, 144, 174 in Egypt, 169, 170, 195 language, 11, 31 , 44, 63 in Ethiopia, 171 medieval dynasties, 45–7 and Second World War, 228 and Moroccan state, 167 in slave trade and abolition, 135, 153 pastoralism, 13 in southern Africa, 130, 181 –3, 185, 197, Saharan trade, 50, 51 , 52, 85 208 Berlin Conference, 195 in Sudan, 196, 208 Beta Israel, 57 in West Africa, 161, 163, 195, 196, 207–8 Beti, 157, 230, 232 see also decolonisation Biafra, 269 British South Africa Company, 198 Bigo, 110 Buganda, 110–11, 114, 116, 119, 121 , 123, 126, Biko, S., 285 148, 152, 188, 189, 191 , 192, 199, 200, bilharzia see disease 202, 203, 206, 229, 231, 234, 240, 244 Bir Kiseiba, 13 Bugerere, 223 Birimi, 15 Buhen, 26–9 Bismarck, O. von, 195, 197, 198 Bujumbura, 311 Bito clan, 110, 111, 112, 116 Bulawayo, 202, 211

348 Index

Bundu, 144 in Nubia, 28, 56 Bunyoro, 110, 111, 112, 116, 118, 122, 170, 188, origins of pastoralism, 12–13 189, 200 in Sahara, 13 Bure, 52 in southern Africa, 35, 36, 100, 101 –4, 118, Burmi, Battle of, 201 123, 127, 179 Burns, A., 243 in West Africa, 15 Burundi, 112, 113, 116, 117, 126, 190, 192, 208, cattle-killing, 184 239, 258, 301 , 307, 308 Central African Federation, 244, 256, Butua, 105 259 Buyoya, P., 307, 308 Central African Republic, 218 Bwana Mkubwa, 123 Ceuta, 131 Bwiti cult, 237, 248 Chad, 268 Byzantium, 40, 41 , 42, 43, 46, 61 Chadli, Benjedid, 304, 305 Chagga, 120, 187, 191 Cairo, 45, 48, 75, 166, 168, 169, 227, 230, 304 Chalcedon, Council of, 40 Calabar, 138, 154, 156, 158 Chamber of Mines, 274 Caledon Code, 181 Changamire, 105, 120 camels, 32, 50, 83, 84, 177 charity, 21, 37, 59, 61 , 95, 236 Cameroun, 195, 255, 299 Chewa, 120, 180, 230 cancer, see disease Chibinda Ilunga, 107, 115 cannibalism, 69, 138, 140 Chibuene, 53, 54 canoes, 13, 83, 122 chiefs Cape Colony colonial, 205–9, 240–1 British conquest, 130, 181 –3 and nationalism, 258, 259 Dutch rule, 126–30 postcolonial, 271 franchise, 183, 185, 279 chikunda, 105, 121 frontier, 130 Chilembwe, J., 202, 205, 231 liberalism, 183 Chinese labour, 278 racialism, 129 Chinithi, 32 responsible government, 185 Chiti Muluba, 115 slave emancipation, 213 Chokwe, 156 slavery, 128–9 cholera, see disease Trekboers, 130, 182 Christianity Cape Town, 117, 122, 128, 129, 182, 185, 277, in colonial period, 232–5 278, 282 in East Africa, 189, 235 Cape Verde, 69 eclecticism, 159, 161, 184, 233–4, 296 capitalism (African), 177, 223–4, 291, in Egypt, 37–8, 40, 43–4 306 in Ethiopia, 41 , 56–62 Capuchin friars, 159, 160 independent churches, 163, 235, 296 Carthage, 30–1 , 33, 34, 38 in North Africa, 37–40, 44, 47 Casablanca, 227 in Nubia, 41 –2, 56 cassava, 113, 142, 191 , 222, 247 pentecostal, 297 Cato Manor, 282 postcolonial, 296–7 cattle in southern Africa, 105, 130, 159, 181 , in East Africa, 14–15, 16, 34, 100, 109, 110, 183–5 118, 123, 191 in West Africa, 134, 145, 155, 158–61 in Egypt, 13 Church Missionary Society, 189 in Ethiopia, 14 chwezi cult, 126, 191 , 234 in North Africa, 13, 30, 32 Circumcellions, 40

Index 349

civil war postcolonial, 265 Algeria, 305–6 in southern Africa, 34–6, 101 –3 Angola, 268, 309 as theme, 1 –4 Burundi, 308 in West Africa, 63–71, 209, 223, 224, 265 Chad, 268, 296 coloured people (South Africa), 186, 277, Congo, Democratic Republic of, 268, 309 280, 282, 284, 286, 302 Congo, Republic of, 301 communism, 238, 240, 255, 280, 300, 306 Ethiopia, 306 Communist Party of South Africa, 277, Liberia, 306 278, 281 Mozambique, 268 Conakry, 211 Nigeria, 269, 302 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 195, 210, Rwanda, 307 218, 249, 251, 252, 255, 261, 268, 299, Sierra Leone, 306 308–9 Somalia, 306 Congo, Republic of, 298, 299, 301 Sudan, 268, 296, 309 Congo River, 16, 137 Uganda, 306 Congress of South African Trade Unions, climate 291, 302 in colonial period, 215, 246 Congress Youth League (South Africa), 281 in East Africa, 116, 192 Constantine, Emperor, 38 in Ethiopia, 58 contraception in North Africa, 46 in ancient Egypt, 20 postcolonial, 266 postcolonial, 253, 310 prehistoric, 12–13, 15 in South Africa, 284 in South Africa, 116, 179, 185 in West Africa, 70 in West Africa, 50, 52, 69, 177 Convention People’s Party, 243, 244, 254, cloth 257, 258 in Central Africa, 104, 105, 123 copper in colonial period, 221 in Central Africa, 105, 106, 122, 123, 212, in East Africa, 123, 187, 191 225 in Egypt, 48, 166, 221 postcolonial, 260, 261, 292 in Ethiopia, 221 prehistoric, 17, 20, 27, 29, 33–4, 36, 50, 84 in North Africa, 45, 221 in South Africa, 127, 179 in West Africa, 50, 64, 83, 86–7, 133, 136, in West Africa, 138 138, 149, 153, 177, 221 Coptic Church, 37, 40, 41 , 42, 43–4 cloves, 187 corruption, 21, 270, 295, 298, 301 Cochoqua, 127 Coteˆ d’Ivoire, 196, 243, 255, 260, 261, 263, cocoa, 209, 222, 223, 229, 260, 262, 263, 290 299, 301 coffee, 154, 222, 225, 260, 263, 290 cotton, 28, 45, 83, 168, 169, 170, 209, 213, Coillard, F., 215 222 colonial administration, 203–9 coups, see military Colonial Development and Welfare, 229 cowrie shells, 85, 106, 138, 151 , 152, 154, 174, colonisation of land 177 and AIDS, 311 , 315 craft industry Bantu expansion, 16, 34–6, 100–1 , 108 and Atlantic slave trade, 150 consequences, 214, 222 in colonial period, 221 –2 cultural impact, 88–9, 99, 124 in East and southern Africa, 122 in East Africa, 100, 108–9, 110, 112–15, 192, in North Africa, 166 223 in West Africa, 85–7, 154 in Ethiopia, 56–9 Crowther, S. A., 160, 162

350 Index

currency Destour, 238 in Central Africa, 106, 123 devaluation, 288, 290, 292, 293 in East Africa, 54, 55, 104 Dhar Tichitt, 15, 49 in Egypt, 22, 25 Dia, 49 in Ethiopia, 41 Diagne, B., 241 in North Africa, 50, 52 diamond mining, 185, 186, 212, 261 in West Africa, 50, 82, 84, 85, 138, 154, 174, Diata II, 68 177 Dinka, 170, 201 Cushitic speakers, 11, 15, 16, 109, 111, 120, Diocletian, Emperor, 40 124 Diop, C. A., 26 Diouf, A., 313 Daamat, 29, 41 disease Dagomba, 81 , 147 AIDS, 296, 311 –15 Dahomey, 80, 136, 137, 138, 143, 146, 148–9, in ancient Egypt, 20 151 , 154, 155, 158, 196, 199, 200, 207, 213, and Atlantic slave trade, 142–3, 152 236, 241 bilharzia, 20 Dakar, 211, 228, 298 cancer, 20 Damergou, 178 cholera, 158, 167, 169, 172, 177, 192, 217, Dan, 72 294 dance, 53, 61 , 64, 99, 124, 178, 191 , 227, 245 and colonial conquest, 215, 216–17 Danquah, J. B., 242, 243 in East and southern Africa, 116–17, 192 Dar es Salaam, 211, 311 and food production, 12 Dar Fertit, 170 gonorrhoea, 217, 218, 248 Darfur, 170, 197 Guinea worm, 68 Dawud, Askiya, 78 indigenous medicine, 58, 68, 89, 117 De Beers, 186 inﬂuenza, 217 de Brazza, S., 195 leprosy, 20, 58, 68, 116, 248, 252 de Gaulle, C., 253, 254, 255 malaria, 12, 20, 58, 67, 116, 118, 181 , 198, de Klerk, F. W., 286 248, 252, 294 de Souza, F., 153 measles, 185, 252 Debra Berhan, 61 modern medicine, 162, 193, 247–8, 251, Debra Libanos, 60, 62 294, 298, 313 debt, international, 260, 261, 263, 276, 290, plague, 43, 68, 116, 142, 166, 167, 169, 177, 292 217 Decius, Emperor, 38 poliomyelitis, 252 decolonisation rinderpest, 216, 217, 274 Belgium, 253, 255, 268 smallpox, 20, 58, 68, 116, 117, 128, 140, Britain, 237, 242, 243–4, 253, 254–5, 256, 143, 158, 167, 169, 172, 177, 185, 192, 268 215, 216, 247, 251 France, 238, 242, 243, 253, 255 syphilis, 20, 68, 116, 117, 142, 217, 247, 252 in general, 253 trypanosomiasis, 15, 68, 114, 192, 216–17, Italy, 238, 253 247, 294 Portugal, 253, 255, 256 tuberculosis, 20, 117, 142, 248, 252, 274, Deﬁance Campaign, 282 277, 294 Deima,´ 235 typhus, 117, 172 Deir el-Medina, 22 in West Africa, 67–8, 176 democratisation, see postcolonial yaws, 68, 116, 142, 217, 247, 294 government see also Black Death Denkyira, 147 Do masquerade, 98

Index 351

Dogon, 64, 98, 223 Islam, 43–4 Donatist Church, 38–40, 44, 305 Mamluks, 47–9, 164, 168 Dongola, 42, 56 Ottoman rule, 164 dos Santos, J., 116 population, 166 Douala, 157, 158, 221 , 228 slavery, 56 Dulugu, 173 Egypt, modern Dunama Dibalemi, 76 British rule, 170, 195, 198 Durban, 35, 280, 281, 282, 284, 285 economy, 169, 209, 238, 263, 276 Dutch Enlightenment, 169 in Cape Colony, 126–30 fundamentalism, 302 in West Africa, 135, 145 Muhammad Ali, 168–9 Dutch Reformed Church, 230 nationalism, 195, 237 Dyula, 85, 94, 157 political independence, 237 Dzivaguru cult, 125 population, 169, 248, 249, 264 Ekpe society, 94, 156 East London, 281 Ekumeku resistance, 202 eclecticism, see Christianity, Islam, religion Ekwensi, C., 232 Ecole William Ponty, 230, 231 El Mina, 133, 135 economic development Engaruka, 113 colonial, 193, 209–13, 214, 222, 228–9, 242 Equiano, O., 140, 152 postcolonial, 260–4, 288–93 Eritrea, 196, 238, 306 education Ethiopia Bantu, 285 agriculture, 14 colonial, 224, 229–31 Christianity, 41 , 56–62 in East Africa, 294 Era of the Judges, 171 in Egypt, 168 famine, 58, 216, 264 female, 176, 231, 246, 252, 310 Italian invasion, 239 Islamic, 95, 236 languages, 11, 41 postcolonial, 293–4 medieval history, 56–62 in southern Africa, 184, 285 modernisation, 171 , 239 university, 230, 281, 294 nineteenth century, 171 in West Africa, 161 nobility, 59 Egba United Board of Management, 162 and partition, 197, 199 Egungun society, 92 political origins, 29 Egypt, ancient Portuguese, 62, 159 agricultural origins, 12, 13, 17 revolution, 305–6 history, 17–26 see also Adwa, Aksum, Daamat inﬂuence in Africa, 2, 26, 29 Ethiopian Church (South Africa), 235 language, 11 Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary literacy, 5, 19, 23 Democratic Front, 306 in Nubia, 21, 26–9 ethnicity, 208, 227, 239–40, 271, 295, 301 , population, 20 306, 307 religion, 17, 20, 22–4, 26 European settlement slavery, 22, 25, 27 in East Africa, 212, 224 Egypt, medieval in Egypt, 169 Christianity, 37–8, 40, 43–4 in North Africa, 172, 212, 224 disease, 167 in southern Africa, 127, 128, 181 , 212, 224, economy, 166, 168 275 Fatimid rule, 45, 56 evolution, human, 6–12

352 Index

Ewostatewos, 60 Fipa, 107, 112 Ewe, 80, 148, 230 firearms Ewuare, 80, 98, 239 in Central Africa, 121 Eyadema, G., 299 in East Africa, 187, 188, 189, 190 Ezana, 41 in Ethiopia, 171 in general, 164, 193 Fagunwa, D. O., 232 in North Africa, 49, 164, 167, 168, 170, Faidherbe, L., 163, 193 172, 173 Falasha, 57 and partition, 199 family planning, see contraception in South Africa, 127, 180, 181 family structure in West Africa, 74, 77, 133, 139, 144, 145, and AIDS, 312, 313 147, 149 and Atlantic slave trade, 152 Firestone Company, 224 bridewealth, 245 First World War, 215, 233 and Christianity, 234, 246 fishing, 10, 13, 14, 26, 106, 108, 122 in colonial period, 244–6 Fon, 80 in East and southern Africa, 118–20, 191 , football, 227, 245, 295 245 forced removals, 283 in Egypt, 22 Fort Hare University College, 281 in Ethiopia, 58 Fourah Bay College, 161 feminism, 246, 296 France in general, 1 in Egypt, 168 and Islam, 246 and Great Depression, 228 and labour migration, 274 in North Africa, 171 –3, 195, 197, 208 in North Africa, 245, 246, 295 and Second World War, 228–9 postcolonial, 252, 259, 295, 310 and slave trade, 135 in West Africa, 69, 72, 96–9, 162, 163, in West Africa, 161, 162, 163, 193, 196, 199, 245, 246 206–7, 208, 213 famine see also decolonisation and AIDS, 313 Freedom Charter, 282 and Atlantic slave trade, 137 Freetown, 153, 162, 163 in colonial period, 215–16, 247 Frelimo, 257, 268, 271 in East and southern Africa, 115–16, 124, Front de Liberation´ Nationale, 238, 254, 304 185, 192, 216, 247, 267, 313 Front Islamique du Salut, 305 in Egypt, 20, 45 Frumentius, 41 in Ethiopia, 58, 216, 247, 267 Fulani jihad, 174–5 in North Africa, 45, 46, 167 Fulbe, 73, 74, 144, 173–6, 178, 180, 205, 207 postcolonial, 251, 267 fundamentalism, see Islam in West Africa, 68–9, 158, 177, 247, 267 Funj, 56, 170 Fang, 157, 237 Fustat, 52 Fante, 150 Futa Jalon, 144, 150, 151 , 156, 157, 174, 196, Fante Confederation, 162 207, 247 Faras, 42 Futa Toro, 73, 144, 174, 178 Fatimid dynasty, 45, 51 , 52, 56 Faye, J., 233 Gabon, 218, 248, 252, 255 Fayum, 13 Gaddafi, M., 271 fertility, see population Gaetuli, 30, 32 Fes, 44, 47, 75, 167, 257 Gaha, 146 Fezzan, 30, 32, 50 Gambia, 154, 255, 259, 271

Index 353

games, 190 gonorrhoea, see disease Ganda, see Buganda Gordon, G., 170 Gao, 51 , 53, 73, 74 Gordon Memorial College, 230 Garamantes, 30, 32, 50, 83 Gouro, 72 Garcia II, 145 Gowon, Y., 269 Gash Delta, 29 Graduates General Congress, 241 Gaza, 180, 274 Great Depression, 157, 221 , 228, 276 generational relationships Great Kei River, 35 age-sets, 120, 179 Great Trek, 182 and Christianity, 160, 184, 232, 245 Griqua, 128, 181 in colonial period, 244–5 Groundnut Scheme, 229 in East and southern Africa, 120, 179 groundnuts, 154, 155, 209, 213, 219, 260 in Egypt, 22 Group Areas Act, 282 in Ethiopia, 59 Groupe Islamique Arme,´ 305 in general, 1 Growth, Employment, and Redistribution, and Islamic fundamentalism, 305 291 postcolonial, 298, 306 Guinea, 255, 259 in West Africa, 97–9 Guinea-Bissau, 255, 312 youth cultures, 298 Guinea worm, see disease youth gangs, 282, 295 gum, 154 youth and nationalism, 257, 259, 285–6, Gumede, J., 280 287 Geniza, 45 Habyarimana, J., 307 genocide, 301 , 307 Hafsid dynasty, 47 Germany, 195, 196 Haile Selassie, 239, 305 Gezira (Somalia), 54 Hambukushu, 113 Gezira scheme, 222, 226 Hamdallahi, 178 Gezo, 155 Harar, 57, 61 Ghana (ancient), 51 , 52, 53, 91 Harare, 227 Ghana (modern), 161, 162, 163, 213, 242, Harris, W. W., 234 243, 254, 259, 262, 290, 309 Hart, J., 161 Gigthis, 32 hati, 236 goats, 13, 34 Haukuzi, 113, 115 Gobir, 174 Hausa, 11, 63, 64, 68, 75–6, 77, 85, 87, 93, Gola, 213 95, 97, 98, 174–8, 207, 211, 213 gold Haya, 112 Atlantic trade, 131 , 133, 155 Hehe, 190 in Central Africa, 54, 103–6, 211 Hekanakht of Thebes, 22, 265 in Ethiopia, 57 Henrique, Bishop, 159 in Nubia, 27, 28, 56 herding, see cattle Saharan trade, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51 , 52 Herero, 215 in South Africa, 197, 273, 283, 285, 291 Herihor of Thebes, 24 in West Africa, 50, 52, 53, 72, 79, 81 , 84, Hertzog, J. B. M., 279 104, 147–8, 211 Het Volk, 279 Gold Coast, see Ghana (modern) Hilarianus, 38 Gonc¸alo da Silveira, 105, 159 Hinda clan, 112 Gonc¸alvez, A., 131 Hofmeyr, J. H., 279 Gondar, 171 Holy Ghost Fathers, 160, 233 Gonja, 73, 84, 93, 147 Homo ergaster, 7

354 Index

Homo habilis, 7 industry honour, 4, 40, 60, 69, 76–7, 79, 86, 121 , 140, in Egypt, 168, 229 144, 152, 201 , 246, 286 postcolonial, 261, 264, 290, 291 horses postwar development, 229 in ancient Egypt, 21, 25 in South Africa, 276–7, 283, 284–5, 291–2 in Ethiopia, 59 see also craft industry in North Africa, 30, 32, 50 inﬂuenza, see disease in Nubia, 29 informal sector, 295 in South Africa, 127, 180 Ingombe Ilede, 105 in West Africa, 51 , 69, 75, 76–7, 80, 81 , Inkatha, 286, 287 86, 176 Interahamwe, 307, 308 Horton,J.A.,162, 163 International Monetary Fund, 288, 292, 293 Houphouet-Boigny, F., 243, 270, 299 Iraqw, 109, 119, 121 , 223 Howieson’s Poort Industry, 9 iron Hubbu, 157 in ancient Egypt, 25, 34 hunting, 10, 12, 13, 72, 89, 115, 118 in colonial period, 221 Husuni Kubwa, 55 in East Africa, 34–6, 112, 122, 191 Hutu, 111, 190, 233, 239, 258, 307–8 in general, 33–6 in North Africa, 31 , 34 Ibadan, 156, 201 , 208, 214, 258 in Nubia, 28, 29, 34 Ibibio Welfare Union, 227 postcolonial, 261 Ibn Battuta, 53, 55, 68, 85, 94, 96, 98 in southern Africa, 106, 122, 127, 179 Ibn Khaldun, 44, 46, 48, 49, 56 status of ironworkers, 33, 53, 85, 112, 122 Idris, King, 238 in West Africa, 34, 49, 85, 138, 150, 154 Idris, Sultan, 44 Iron and Steel Corporation (South Africa), Idris Aloma, 74, 77, 78 276 ifa divination, 91 , 94, 95, 160, 236 irrigation Ifat, 57 in Central Africa, 108 Ife, 67, 79, 80, 87, 91 , 258 in East Africa, 113 Ifriqiya, 43, 44, 45–6, 47 in Egypt, 19, 25, 48, 168 Igbo, 50, 66, 79, 81 , 87, 134, 136, 137, 140, 143, in North Africa, 32 150, 152, 154, 158, 160, 196, 201 , 202, postcolonial, 266 205, 208, 230, 232, 258 in Sudan, 222 Igbo-Ukwu, 50, 79, 91 in West Africa, 222 Ijaw, 138 Isichei, E., 160 Ijaye, 156 Islam Ijebu Ode, 80, 86, 200, 213, 232, 236, brotherhoods, 47, 92 258 and colonial rule, 235–6 Ilesha, 258 in East Africa, 53–5, 189, 190 Ilorin, 86, 177 eclecticism, 236 Imbangala, 98, 145, 149, 156 in Ethiopia, 57, 61 –2 Imvo Zabantsundu, 231 fundamentalism, 231, 238, 295, 302 independent churches, see Christianity in North Africa, 42–9 Indians postcolonial, 297 in East Africa, 187, 211 in South Africa, 129 in South Africa, 183, 281, 282, 284, 286 in West Africa, 49–53, 74, 75, 92–6, Indirect Rule, 207–9, 239 144–5, 148, 155, 173–6, 178 Industrial and Commercial Workers see also Mourides, Qadiriyya, Salaﬁyya, Union, 278, 280 Tijaniyya

Index 355

Ismail, Khedive, 169, 170, 195 Katsina, 75, 86, 91 , 93, 94 Istiqlal, 238, 257 Katuruka, 34, 112 Italy, 196, 238; see also decolonisation Kaunda, K., 300 Itsekiri, 157, 159 Kazembe, 108, 113, 121 , 126, 142 ivory, 27, 41 , 50, 53, 54, 57, 103, 104, 107, 154, Kenya, 196, 212, 224, 243, 251, 252, 256, 260, 179, 187, 188 262, 300 Ivory Coast, see Coteˆ d’Ivoire Kenya African Union, 243 Iyasus Mo’a, 60 Kenyatta, J., 256 Ker´ ekou,´ M., 299 Jaja, 156 Kerma, 27–9 Jameson Raid, 197, 201 Kete, 82 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 224, 233, 235 Khama, 184, 200 Jenne, New, 69, 73, 74, 81 , 86, 87, 94, 178, Khami, 105 196 Kharijites, 44, 46, 50, 51 , 52, 53, 305 Jenne, Old, 49–50, 69, 86, 87 Khartoum, 14, 188, 196 Jesuits, 159, 233 Khayr ed-Din, 172, 230 Jews, 37, 41 , 45, 47, 57, 61 Khoikhoi, 10, 35, 117, 118, 123, 124, 126–30, Johannesburg, 277, 281, 282, 284 181 , 183, 184, 185 John of Ephesus, 42 Khoisan, see Khoikhoi, San Jola, 78, 85, 151 , 201 , 236 Khufu, 24 Jolof, 73, 144 Kigali, 311 Jugurtha, 31 Kikuyu, 109, 115, 191 , 212, 216, 224, 225, 231 Jukun, 79, 93 Kikuyu Central Association, 240 Juno Caelestis, 32 Kilwa, 55, 104–5, 114, 117, 187 justice, colonial, 205 Kimbangu, S., 234 Justinian, Emperor, 40 Kimbanguist Church, 296 Kimberley, 185, 186 Kaarta, 173, 178 Kimbu, 115 Kaba, 73 Kinjikitile, 202, 236 Kabila, J., 309 Kinshasa, 255, 298, 308, 311 Kabila, L., 308 kinship, see family structure Kabylia, 172, 226 Kintampo culture, 15 Kadalie, C., 278, 281 Kisama, 151 Kadero, 14 Kitereza, A., 232 Kaffa, 171 Kiwanuka, J., 233 Kaggwa, A., 206, 231, 240 Koelle, S., 136–7 Kairwan, 43, 45, 46, 52, 221 kola, 72, 84, 147, 177 Kajoor, 73, 83, 144 Kololo, 181 Kalala Ilungu, 106 Kondeah, 151 Kalenjin, 108 Kong, 211 Kalonga, 107 Kongo, 68, 82, 90, 92, 97, 134, 136, 139, 142, Kamba, 187 143, 145, 151 , 158–9, 161, 237 Kampala, 311 Kono, 72 Kanem, 51 , 53, 69, 74, 76, 77, 78, 93 Kontagora, 200 Kano, 64, 75, 77, 78, 84, 87, 93, 175, 177, Korana, 128 201 , 211, 221 , 298 Koumbi Saleh, 51 Kano Chronicle, 75, 76, 77 Kounta, 92, 174 Karagwe, 112 Kpelle, 72 Kasanje, 149 Krio language, 162, 243

356 Index

Kru, 133, 214 leprosy, see disease Kruger, P., 197, 279 Lesotho, see Sotho Kuba, 69, 82, 84, 90, 94, 96, 98 Lever Brothers, 210 kubandwa cult, 126 Lewanika, 200, 240 Kumasi, 147, 155, 157, 202, 210, 211 Lewis, S., 162 Kuruman, 183 Liberia, 161, 162, 163, 196, 197, 306 Kusayla, 43 Liberia Herald, 162 Kush, 27–9 Libreville, 16, 161 Kwaku Dua I, 155, 158 Libya, 197, 201 , 215, 238, 253, 304 KwaZulu, 282, 287, 302 literacy Kwena, 122 in ancient Egypt, 5, 19, 23 and Christianity, 183, 189, 229, 232–5 labour in East Africa, 230 colonial demands, 203, 244 in Ethiopia, 29, 41 migration, 154, 181 , 186, 214, 224, 225–6, in general, 193, 231 233, 240, 245, 246, 248, 274 in North Africa, 31 postcolonial, 295 in Nubia, 28 in South Africa, 181 , 182, 183, 186, 274, in West Africa, 89, 94–5, 134, 145, 147, 276, 277, 278, 283, 285, 295 155, 159, 232 unemployment, 238, 285, 291, 295 literature, 232 Laetoli, 7 Livingstone, D., 108, 188, 191 Lagos, 154, 161, 162, 163, 177, 210, 211, 235 Livy, 30 Lagos Weekly Record, 231 Loango, 87, 137, 146, 153 Lalibela, 57, 62 Lobengula, 201 Lamu, 53, 55, 186 Lobi, 223 land locusts, 58, 68, 115, 120 in Central Africa, 105, 225, 265, 292 LoDagaa, 89 in East Africa, 190, 206, 225, 241, 265, 309 London Missionary Society, 183 in Egypt, 20, 25, 169, 209, 263 Longinus, 42 in Ethiopia, 59, 223, 265, 306 Lovedale, 184 and nationalism, 258 Lozi, 108, 113, 126, 181 , 183, 200, 214, 240, 259 in North Africa, 30, 31 , 45, 166, 212, 223, Luanda, 134, 135, 145, 149, 151 , 158, 161, 188 225, 264, 265 Luba, 106–7, 112, 115, 120, 124, 126, 157, 188, in South Africa, 130, 182, 183, 185, 274, 212 291 lubaale cult, 126 in West Africa, 158, 223, 224, 265 Lubumbashi, 227 see also European settlement Lugard, F., 207, 213, 214, 236 language Lumumba, P., 255, 308 and ethnicity, 239 Lunda, 107–8, 113, 120, 121 , 126, 149, 150, 154, families, 10–12, 63 156 origins, 10 Lundu, 107, 125 see also Afroasiatic, Bantu, etc. Luo, 109, 114 Latakoo, 122 Luyia, 240 Lebanese, 211 Lega, 81 Maasai, 108, 122, 123, 190, 191 Lekhanyane, E., 235 Maba Jaaxu, 155 Lemba cult, 152 Macaulay, H., 241 Leopard’s Kopje, 103 Macleod, I., 253 Leopold II, 195, 198, 210 Madani, Abbasi, 305

Index 357

Magdala, 171 Mauritania, 213, 259 Mahdali, 55 Mawlay al-Hassan, 173 Mahdi (Sudan), 196, 199, 201 , 202, 206 Mawlay Ismail, 167 Mahrem, 41 Mbanza Kongo, 82, 84, 87; see also Sao˜ maize, 113, 118, 142, 179, 191 , 222, 223, 266, Salvador 274, 276 Mbari houses, 250 Maji Maji rebellion, 202, 215, 236 Mbegha, 109, 115 Makerere College, 231, 294, 299 Mbeki, T., 291, 302 Makua, 107, 117 Mbona cult, 125, 236 Makuria, 42, 55, 56 Mbundu, 149 Malan, D. F., 279, 281 Mbwila, Battle of, 145 malaria, see disease measles, see disease Malawi, 197, 198, 213, 244, 256, 300 medicine, see disease Malawi Congress Party, 256, 259 Memnius Pacatus, 32 Mali (ancient), 52–3, 72–3, 76, 77, 81 , 85, Menelik II, 171 , 196, 305 86, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99 Mengistu Haile Mariam, 306 Malik Sy, 144 Merimde, 13 malnutrition, 12, 68, 247, 248, 252 Meroe, 28–9, 34 Mamadu Dyuhe, 157 Mfecane, 179–81 Mambwe, 226 Mfengu, 182, 185 Mamluks, 47–9, 76 military Mamprussi, 81 in ancient Egypt, 21, 24 Manda, 54, 123 colonial armies, 199, 228 Mandara, 74 colonial conscription, 203 Mande, 52, 71, 72–3, 87, 144 coups d’etat,´ 263, 268, 269, 270, 290, 298, Mandela, N., 287 301 , 302, 305, 307 Mangbetu, 170 and democratisation, 299, 300 mankala game, 99, 123 in Ethiopia, 59 Manning, P., 141 , 143, 192 postcolonial armies, 270–1 , 305 Mansa Musa, 92 Miller, J. C., 139 Manyika, 106 millet, 15, 34, 64, 176, 222 Mapungubwe, 104, 123 Milner, A., 197 Maputo, 35, 179 mining, see copper, diamond mining, gold, Maqqari, 52 iron marabi culture, 280 Mirambo, 188 Maravi, 107, 119, 124, 125 mitochondrial DNA, 7–9, 13 Margai, M., 243 Mobutu Sese Seko, 268, 270, 299, 308 Marghi, 86 modernism, see Salaﬁyya Marinid dynasty, 47 modernity, human, 7–10 Marrakesh, 46, 47 Mogadishu, 55 marriage, see family structure Mogho Naba, 207, 208 Martins, D. J., 153 Moi, D. arap, 300 Masina, 178 Molokweni, 122 Masinissa, 31 Mombasa, 105, 118, 187, 211 Masmuda, 47 monasticism, 37, 57, 60 masquerade, see dance Mongo, 82 Matamba, 149, 151 Monophysite faith, 40, 41 , 42, 43 Mau Mau rebellion, 244, 256, 258 Moore, F., 136 Mauri, 30 Moors, 63, 84, 92, 133, 221 , 259

358 Index

Moravians, 183, 232 Nabta Playa, 13, 14 Morocco Nagawonyi, 116 disease, 167 Nairobi, 228, 311 European settlement, 212, 224 Namaqua, 128 famine, 167 Namibia, 195, 197, 257 fundamentalism, 304 Napata, 28 independence, 254 Nasir al-Din, 144 invasion of Songhay, 74, 173 Nasser, G. A., 263, 303 modernisation and partition, 173, 197, Natal, 114, 182, 183 198 National Bank of Nigeria, 221 nationalism, 238 National Congress of British West Africa, population, 167 241 precolonial state, 167 National Council of Nigeria and the Moshoeshoe, 181 , 183 Cameroons, 243, 258 Mossi, 77, 81 , 93, 97, 157, 173, 196, 207, 214, National Party (South Africa), 279, 281–7, 226 302 motor transport, see transport National Party of Nigeria, 302 Mouride brotherhood, 209, 214, 236 National Resistance Movement, 290 Movement for the Restoration of the Ten nationalism Commandments of God, 296 in Central Africa, 244, 256–7 Movement of the Islamic Way, 304 in East Africa, 241, 243–4, 256 Mozambique, 136, 140, 153, 197, 202, 225, in Egypt, 195, 237 257, 268, 274 in general, 241, 242, 253, 260 Mpondo, 200 and local politics, 258 Msiri, 188, 191 in North Africa, 238, 253 Mthethwa, 179 and social conﬂict, 258–60 Mubarak, H., 292, 304 social origins, 257–8 Mugabe, R., 256, 301 in southern Africa, 185, 276, Muhammad V, 238, 254 278–87 Muhammad VI, 304 in Sudan, 241, 253 Muhammad Abduh, 170 in West Africa, 242, 243, 254–6 Muhammad Ali, 168–9, 170, 171 , 172 Natives Land Act, 274, 280 Muhammad Bello, 175 Nazarites, 235 Muhammad ibn Abdallah, 196 Ndebele, 180, 181 , 183, 184, 200, 201 , 208, Muhammad ibn Tumart, 47 212, 226 Muhammad Korau, 75 Ndongo, 82, 89, 149 Muhammad Rumfa, 77 Ndwandwe, 179, 180 Muhammad Ture, Askiya, 74, 93 Neanderthals, 7 Muhammadu Marwa, 298 n´egritude, 241 Mukasa, 126, 233 Neo-Destour, 238, 254 Munhumutapa, 105–6, 117, 120, 125, 259 New Economic Partnership for African Munsa, 110 Development, 309 Museveni, Y. K., 290, 300, 313 Ngbandi, 81 music, 191 Ngoni, 180, 184, 190 Muslim Brotherhood, 238, 302, 304 Nguni, 101 , 113, 118, 179, 181 Mutesa I, 189 Ngwane, 179, 180 Muyaka, 118 Ngwato, 184 Mwanga, 189, 202 Niger, 299, 301 Mwari, 105, 180, 236 Niger-Congo speakers, 11, 16, 63

Index 359

Niger Delta, 134, 136, 137, 138, 146, 151 , 154, Obasanjo, O., 302 156, 157, 163, 196 Obaseki, 206 Nigeria, 195, 198, 213, 243, 255, 259, 263, Ode Ondo, 157 269, 295 Odwira festival, 151 Nigerian National Democratic Party, 241 Ofﬁce du Niger, 222 Nigerian Youth Movement, 241, 245 Ogooue River, 16 Nile Valley oil, 261, 263, 264, 269, 285, 292 agricultural origins, 12 oil-palm, 15, 16, 34, 66, 106 late stone age, 10 Okavango River, 113 Nilo-Saharan speakers, 11, 13, 14, 16, 34, 63, olives, 31 67, 108, 125 Olokun cult, 91 , 151 Ninjas, 295 Omdurman, Battle of, 197, 199 Nioro, 196 Onitsha, 232 Njinga, 149, 151 Opobo, 156 Njoya, 231 Orange Free State, 182, 283 Nkore, 112, 123 Order of Christ, 152 Nkrumah, K., 243, 253, 254, 258, 260, 262, Organisation of African Unity, 271, 309 290 Origen, 37 Nobatia, 42 Orlando, 277 Nok culture, 34, 67 Oromo, 171 non-governmental organisations, 299, 300, Osama bin Laden, 304 313 Osei Kwadwo, 147 North African Star, 238 Osei Tutu, 147 Northern People’s Congress, 243 Osiele, 154 Northern Rhodesia, see Zambia Ottomans, 47, 77, 164–70 Northern Rhodesian Congress, 244 Ovambo, 157, 184, 197, 226 Nouakchott, 295 Overtoun Institution, 230 Nsaka de Casanze, 151 Ovimbundu, 149, 157 Nsibidi script, 94 Owo, 80 Nsukka, 34 Oyo, 76, 80, 86, 91 , 145–6, 147, 148, 156, 174, Ntsikana, 184 175, 208 Ntusi, 110, 121 Nuba, 205 Pachomius, 37 Nubia Padhola, 109 Christianity, 41 –2, 56 palm oil, 154, 156, 210 Islam, 55–6 Pan-African Congress, 283 language, 42 pan-Africanism, 241 prehistory, 21, 24, 26–9 partition, 193–9 Numidians, 30, 31 , 38 pass laws, 280 Nupe, 80, 83, 86, 87, 93, 146, 175 pastoralism, see cattle Nyabingi cult, 191 , 202 pawnship, 214 Nyakyusa, 119 Pedi, 180, 183, 186, 200, 201 Nyamwezi, 108, 187, 188, 239 Pende, 108 Nyasaland, see Malawi pentecostalism, see Christianity Nyasaland African Congress, 244 People’s Democratic Party, 302 Nyau society, 124, 180, 227, 236, 259 Perpetua, 38 Nyerere, J. K., 257, 262, 270, 271, 292, 300 Phiri clan, 107, 124 Nyoro, see Bunyoro Phoenicians, 30–1 , 34 Nzakara, 81 Piankhy, 28

360 Index

pilgrimage, 53, 55, 92, 94, 178 dominant-party states, 302 plague, see Black Death, disease national conferences, 299, 300, 301 ploughs, 58, 185, 223, 266, 274 one-party states, 270, 299, 300 polygyny, see family structure patrimonialism, 269 Ponty, W., 206, 209 and traditional rulers, 271 population pottery and AIDS, 311 , 313 and Bantu, 16, 34, 35 and Atlantic slave trade, 131 , 133, 139, dotted wavy-line, 13, 14, 15 141 –3, 150, 158 in East Africa, 34, 35, 54, 110, 122 birthrates, 249–50, 252–3, 284, 310 in Nubia, 26, 28 causes of rapid growth, 248–50, 251–3 origins, 13 deathrates, 249, 251–2, 284 in southern Africa, 35, 101 , 103 early colonial crisis, 215–28, 248 poverty, 89, 95, 124, 160, 226, 262, 265, 275, in East and southern Africa, 113, 276, 292, 295, 298, 310, 313 117–18, 179, 180, 181 , 185, 190, Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers, 293 191 –2, 218, 248, 258, 273, 283, prazos, 105, 120 292, 309, 310 Presbyterians, 183 and economic development, 83, 261 press, 162, 231, 302 in Egypt, 20, 45, 166, 169, 248, 249, 264, privatisation, 288, 291, 292, 293 309 Ptolemies, 25, 28 in Ethiopia, 58, 249 Puriﬁed National Party, 279 fears of overpopulation, 248, 250 Pygmies, 9, 10, 67, 88 fertility decline, 284, 309–10 pyramids, 19, 26, 28 in general, 1 –5, 192, 193, 219 life expectancy, 251, 294 Qadiriyya brotherhood, 92, 172, 174, 176, in North Africa, 37, 47–9, 166–8, 218, 209, 236 248, 309 Qwaqwa, 283 in Nubia, 26, 28 postcolonial growth, 251–3, 309–10 racialism, 129, 182, 186, 274, 277, 282 and political development, 71–2, 164 railways in West Africa, 68–71, 131 , 177, 217, 218, in Egypt, 169 248 in Ethiopia, 171 see also contraception, disease in South Africa, 185, 276 Poro society, 78, 88, 91 , 93, 236, 259 in tropical Africa, 209, 210, 211–13 Port Elizabeth, 278 Rakai, 311 Portuguese Rameses III, 24 in eastern Africa, 55, 113, 186, 197 Rameses IX, 24 in Ethiopia, 62, 159 Rand Revolt, 277 in southern Africa, 117, 159, 274 Rassemblement Democratique´ Africain, in West Africa, 80, 131 –6, 145, 149, 151 , 243, 255 152, 158, 197 Rawlings, J., 290 see also decolonisation Raymond, A., 166 postcolonial government rebellion administration, 269, 270 against colonial rule, 201 –2, 203 and AIDS, 313 in Ethiopia, 59 and civil society, 271, 299, 300, 302 Reconstruction and Development democracy, 267–8, 269, 271, 301 , 302, Programme, 291 309 Reformed Tijaniyya brotherhood, 236 democratisation, 299, 305, 307 Rekhmire, 21

Index 361

religion (indigenous) Salaﬁyya, 170, 236, 238 in ancient Egypt, 22–4, 26 Salazar, A., 241 and Atlantic slave trade, 151 –2 salt, 52, 57, 77, 84, 177 and colonial rule, 236–7 Salvation Army, 232, 233 in East Africa, 112, 124–6, 191 Samori, 157, 196, 199, 213 eclecticism, 60, 89, 93–4, 125, 159, 161, San, 9, 10, 116, 117, 124, 126–7, 130, 181 233–4, 236, 296 Sande society, 78 in Ethiopia, 29, 60 Sanga, 106, 119, 122, 125, 188 in North Africa, 31 , 32 Sango cult, 91 in Nubia, 27, 28 Sanhaja, 46, 47 and rebellion, 202 Sanusi brotherhood, 238 in southern Africa, 105, 124–6, 180 Sao˜ Salvador, 145, 158; see also Mbanza Renamo, 268 Kongo resistance to conquest, 199–201 Sao˜ Tome,´ 134, 158 Revival Movement, 235 Saro, 160, 161, 162 Rhapta, 53 Sayyid Qutb, 303 Rharhabe, 130 Schroda, 103 Rhodes, C., 186, 197, 198, 200 sculpture Rhodesia, see Zimbabwe Benin, 80, 98, 151 Richards, A., 243 Hemba, 120 Rif, 197 Ife, 67, 79, 98 rinderpest, see disease Kuba, 82 rock art Lega, 81 in North Africa, 13, 26 Niger Valley, 76 in southern Africa, 10, 118, 124, 127 Nok, 34, 67, 98 Rome Senufo, 88 in Egypt, 25, 28 Tellem, 64, 91 in North Africa, 31 –3, 38–40 Second World War, 221 , 228, 242, 247, 279, Rothschilds, 186 281 Royal African Company, 135, 136 segregation, racial, 185, 227, 279, 281, 282 Rozvi, 106, 120 Segu, 145, 173, 178, 179, 199, 206 rubber, 154, 210, 224 Sekhukhuni, 200, 201 rugaruga, 188 Semliki River, 9 Rundi, see Burundi Sena, 105 Russwurm, J., 162 Senegal, 154, 161, 162, 163, 193, 209, 213, 241, Rwanda, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121 , 122, 126, 243, 255, 259, 271, 309, 313 190, 191 , 192, 208, 216, 233, 239, 258, Senghor, L., 243, 255, 292 298, 301 , 305, 306, 307–8, 309 Sennar, 170 Rwanda Patriotic Front, 307, 308 Senufo, 88 Serer, 71, 72, 73, 144 sacriﬁce, human, 27, 91 , 94, 151 , 157 Shaka, 179 Sadat, A., 292 Shambaa, 109, 112, 116, 121 , 122, 188 Sadiki Academy, 230 Shanga, 53, 55 Saharan prehistory, 12–14 Sharpeville, 283 Sahelanthropus tchadensis, 6 sheep, 13, 127, 182, 183 Saifawa dynasty, 74 Shembe, I., 235 Saint-Louis, 161 Sherbro, 163 Sakpata, 143 Shilluk, 109, 170 Saladin, 45, 47, 56 Shoa, 57, 58, 60, 61 , 171

362 Index

Shona, 54, 103–6, 119, 121 , 123, 124, 180, 200, sorghum, 14, 16, 28, 34, 35, 45, 64, 112, 176, 202, 212, 256 222 Shum Laka, 15 Soshangane, 180 Shyaam, 82, 90, 99 Sotho, 101 , 180, 182, 185, 201 , 240, 259, 274 Sierra Leone, 161, 163, 196, 243, 255, 259, South Africa 306 AIDS, 312, 314 Sierra Leone Hut Tax War, 203, 236 ANC rule, 302 Sijilmasa, 51 , 52 industrialisation, 276–7, 283, 284–5, slave trade 291–2 abolition of Atlantic trade, 152–8, 163 labour, 274, 276, 277, 283, 285, 295 abolition in South Africa, 181 land, 274, 291 Atlantic, 131 –63, 173 nationalism, 278–87 and demography, 141 –3, 150 population, 273, 283, 284 East African, 54, 121 , 187–8, 192 segregation, 279, 281 Ethiopian, 57 transition to majority rule, 286, 287, 302 Nilotic, 27, 28, 56, 170 urbanisation, 277, 281, 284, 295 resistance, 139–40, 151 uniﬁcation, 279 Saharan, 30, 32, 45, 50, 52, 74, 77–8, 133, white politics, 276, 278–80, 286 136, 140 see also Afrikaner people, apartheid, slavery Cape Colony in Central Africa, 105, 116, 120–1 South Africa Party, 279 in East Africa, 55, 120–1 , 128, 187, 191 South African Native Congress, 280 in Egypt, 22, 25, 45, 56, 169, 170 South-West Africa, see Namibia emancipation, 181 , 213–14 Southern Rhodesia, see Zimbabwe in North Africa, 31 , 45, 166, 167 Soutpansberg, 101 slave revolt, 129, 151 , 156, 157 Soweto, 277, 282, 284 in South Africa, 128–9, 176, 181 Soweto uprising, 285 in West Africa, 73, 75, 77–8, 82, 84, 97, Soyinka, W., 232 131 –58, 176–7 Soyo, 145, 159 sleeping sickness, see disease: spirit possession, see religion trypanosomiasis stateless societies smallpox, see disease and Atlantic slave trade, 136, 143 Smuts, J. C., 276, 279, 281 in East Africa, 109, 191 Soba, 42 and education, 230 socialism, 262, 266, 290, 291 and European conquest, 197, 201 , 202 Societ´ eG´ en´ erale,´ 198 in North Africa, 30, 40, 166 Sofala, 54, 104, 105 in southern Africa, 103 Soga, 115, 118, 191 in West Africa, 50, 71–2, 78–9, 81 , 95 Sokoto Caliphate, 174–7, 196, 200, 207, status reversal, 298, 300 270 Stellenbosch, 129 Solomonic dynasty, 57 Stevens, S., 292 Somali, 57, 61 , 116, 201 stigmatisation, 86, 122, 221 , 313 Somalia, 197, 238, 253, 306 strikes, 22, 227, 257, 277, 278, 285, 291, 292, Songhay, 51 , 63, 73–4, 76, 77, 78, 80, 91 , 93, 299 94, 173 structural adjustment, 288–93, 298, 313 Soninke, 51 , 52, 85, 137, 144 Sudan, 170–1 , 196, 213, 241, 253, 268, 304; Sonni Ali Ber, 73, 76 see also Nubia Sophiatown, 277, 280, 282 Suez Canal, 169, 237 sorcery, see witchcraft Sufetula, 43

Index 363

Sukuma, 108 Togo, 195, 299 Sunjata Keita, 52, 72–3, 76, 99 Tondibi, Battle of, 74 Swahili language, 54, 55, 187, 190, 241, 256 Tonga (Zambia), 223 Swazi, 180, 226 torture, 283 symbolic behaviour, 10 Torwa dynasty, 105, 106 Syndicat Agricole Africain, 243 Toutswe, 101 syphilis, see disease towns, see urbanisation Township Revolt, 285, 286 Tadmekka, 52 trade Taforalt, 10 in Central Africa, 103–5, 106, 107, 122 Taharqa, 28 in colonial period, 221 Tahert, 44, 51 , 52 in East Africa, 53–5, 110, 122, 186–8, 191 Takla Haymanot, Saint, 57, 58, 60, 159 in Ethiopia, 41 , 57 Takrur, 51 , 53, 73 impact of railways, 211 Talibans, 295 markets, 83, 122, 191 , 221 Tallensi, 97 and nationalism, 257 Tanganyika, see Tanzania in North Africa, 30, 31 , 45, 46, 48 Tanganyika African National Union, 244, and partition, 198 256, 257 postcolonial, 261 Tangier, 44 in South Africa, 179, 183 Tanit, 31 , 32 trading diasporas, 85, 177 Tanzania, 196, 212, 241, 244, 256, 262, 300; in West Africa, 49–53, 75, 76, 83–5, 97, see also Zanzibar 147, 161, 162, 177, 224 Taruga, 34 see also gold, slave trade tax trade unions, 227, 255, 257, 271, 277, 278, colonial, 203, 209, 214, 228, 274 286, 291, 298, 300 in Egypt, 19, 48, 168 Transkei, 274, 281 in Ethiopia, 59 transport in North Africa, 31 , 167, 172 in East and southern Africa, 122, 130, 187 postcolonial, 290 in Ethiopia, 58 in West Africa, 162, 176 in general, 193 Tellem, 63, 91 motor transport, 219, 222, 229, 247, 261 Tete, 114 in West Africa, 83, 177 Tewodros, 171 see also railways textiles, see cloth Transvaal, 182, 185, 197, 273 Thaba Bosiu, 181 Treatment Action Campaign, 314 Thembu Church, 235 tribalism, see ethnicity Thonga, 117, 125, 180 Tripoli, 164, 172, 174, 177, 211 Tibesti, 30 True Whig Party, 163 Tigray, 60, 171 , 306 trypanosomiasis, see disease Tijaniyya brotherhood, 178 tsetse, see disease: trypanosomiasis Timbuktu, 49, 69, 73, 74, 87, 94, 95, 96, 173, Tshawe family, 103 174, 176, 177, 178, 196, 198, 211 Tsoede, 80 Tio, 146, 195 Tswana, 101 , 116, 117, 119, 121 , 122, 125, 127, Tirailleurs Sen´ egalais,´ 199 180, 183, 184; see also Botswana Tiv, 78, 223 Tuareg, 63, 73, 74, 84, 92, 173, 202, 211 Tiyo Soga, 184 tuberculosis, see disease Tlemcen, 43, 47, 52 Tubu, 30 tobacco, 212, 222, 225, 292 Tukulor, 178, 196, 199, 206

364 Index

Tunis, 164, 221 in southern Africa, 100, 104, 121 –2, 277, Tunisia 281, 282, 284, 295 disease, 167 in West Africa, 49, 76, 79, 87–8, 177 economy, 166, 167, 292 Urewe ware, 34, 35 European settlement, 212, 224 Usuman dan Fodio, 174–6 French rule, 173, 195 fundamentalism, 304 Vai, 72 independence, 254 Vandals, 33, 40 modernisation, 172 Vansina, J., 66 nationalism, 238 Venda, 106 population, 166, 172 venereal diseases, see disease see also Ifriqiya Vereeniging, Peace of, 278 Tuthmosis III, 27 Vili, 137, 146 Tutsi, 111, 190, 208, 233, 239, 258, 298, Visram, A., 211 307–8 Voortrekker Centenary, 279 Tyamzashe, G., 183 Vorster, B. J., 283 typhus, see disease Waalo, 73, 144 uburetwa, 190 Wafd, 237 Uganda, 196, 213, 244, 256, 271, 290–1 , 296, Wagadugu, 81 , 173 300, 306, 313; see also Buganda, Walata, 52 Bunyoro Wargla, 52 Uganda African Farmers’ Union, 244 Watchtower Movement, 235, 248 Uganda Agreement, 206, 207 Wesleyans, 183 Uganda Martyrs, 189 West African Pilot, 232 Uganda National Congress, 244 West African Students Union, 241 Uganda People’s Congress, 256 Western Sahara, 197 ujamaa, 262 wheat, see agriculture Ukba ibn Naﬁ, 43, 50 White Fathers, 189, 233 Umar Tal, al-Hajj, 178 Whydah, 80, 148 Umayyad Caliphate, 44, 52 Wilson, J. M., 162 Undi, 107 witchcraft unemployment, see labour and Atlantic slave trade, 137 Union Mechanics’ Association, 227 demonology, 297 Union Miniere,` 228, 271 in East and southern Africa, 125, United Africa Company, 221 191 United Gold Coast Convention, 243 eradication movements, 234, 237 United National Independence Party, 256 ordeals, 92, 125, 151 , 191 , 237 United Party (South Africa), 279, 281 postcolonial, 297 universities, see education in West Africa, 92 Upemba Depression, 106, 118 Witwatersrand, 186, 273, 278, 280, 282 urbanisation Wollo, 57 and AIDS, 313 Wolof, 73, 76, 78, 87, 133, 134, 144, 150, 163, in East Africa, 100, 121 –2 209, 272 Europeans, 225, 276 women, see family structure and nationalism, 257 Women’s War (1929), 157, 208 in North Africa, 304 wood-carving, see sculpture popular protest, 298, 299 World Bank, 288, 293 postcolonial, 262, 292, 295 World Health Organisation, 313

Index 365

Xhosa, 103, 113, 114, 119, 121 , 125, 127, 130, Zaghawa, 50 181 , 182, 183–5, 186, 281 Zaghlul, Saad, 237 Zagwe dynasty, 57 Y chromosome, 9, 111 Zambia, 197, 212, 244, 256, 261, 292, 300, Yaji, 76 312 Yaka, 108 Zanata, 46, 47 Yakubu (of Bauchi), 175 Zanzibar, 128, 187, 213, 244, 256, 259, 305 yams, 15, 16, 66, 112 Zanzibar Nationalist Party, 244, 256 Yao, 187, 188, 190, 200, 236 zar cult, 61 Yasin, Abd al-Salam, 304, 305 Zara Yaqob, 61 Yatenga, 81 , 97 Zaria, 93, 175, 177, 200 Yeha, 29 Zawila, 50, 51 Yikunno Amlak, 57, 59 Zayyanid dynasty, 47 Yohannes IV, 171 Zeila, 57 Yoruba, 66, 75, 76, 80, 86, 87, 88, 91 , 93, 96, Zimba, 107 136, 145, 150, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160, Zimbabwe 161, 162, 163, 196, 200, 210, 235, 258, 302 Great Zimbabwe, 104–5, 121 , 122 Young Algerians, 238 modern Zimbabwe, 197, 198, 212, 224, Young Kavirondo Association, 240 244, 256, 259, 292, 301 , 314 Young Kikuyu Association, 240 Zion Christian Church, 235, 296 Young Tunisians, 238 Zionist churches, 235, 280 youth, see generational relationships Zirid dynasty, 45, 51 Youth League (Southern Rhodesia), 244 Zulu, 118, 179–80, 182, 184, 186, 203