Lords from the Desert
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Reconsidering a Moche Site in Northern Peru
Tearing Down Old Walls in the New World: Reconsidering a Moche Site in Northern Peru Megan Proffitt The country of Peru is an interesting area, bordered by mountains on one side and the ocean on the other. This unique environment was home to numerous pre-Columbian cultures, several of which are well- known for their creativity and technological advancements. These cul- tures include such groups as the Chavin, Nasca, Inca, and Moche. The last of these, the Moche, flourished from about 0-800 AD and more or less dominated Peru’s northern coast. During the 2001 summer archaeological field season, I was granted the opportunity to travel to Peru and participate in the excavation of the Huaca de Huancaco, a Moche palace. In recent years, as Dr. Steve Bourget and his colleagues have conducted extensive research and fieldwork on the site, the cul- tural identity of its inhabitants have come into question. Although Huancaco has long been deemed a Moche site, Bourget claims that it is not. In this paper I will give a general, widely accepted description of the Moche culture and a brief history of the archaeological work that has been conducted on it. I will then discuss the site of Huancaco itself and my personal involvement with it. Finally, I will give a brief account of the data that have, and have not, been found there. This information is crucial for the necessary comparisons to other Moche sites required by Bourget’s claim that Huancaco is not a Moche site, a claim that will be explained and supported in this paper. -
The Evolution and Changes of Moche Textile Style: What Does Style Tell Us About Northern Textile Production?
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 2002 The Evolution and Changes of Moche Textile Style: What Does Style Tell Us about Northern Textile Production? María Jesús Jiménez Díaz Universidad Complutense de Madrid Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons Jiménez Díaz, María Jesús, "The Evolution and Changes of Moche Textile Style: What Does Style Tell Us about Northern Textile Production?" (2002). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 403. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/403 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE EVOLUTION AND CHANGES OF MOCHE TEXTILE STYLE: WHAT DOES STYLE TELL US ABOUT NORTHERN TEXTILE PRODUCTION? María Jesús Jiménez Díaz Museo de América de Madrid / Universidad Complutense de Madrid Although Moche textiles form part of the legacy of one of the best known cultures of pre-Hispanic Peru, today they remain relatively unknown1. Moche culture evolved in the northern valleys of the Peruvian coast (Fig. 1) during the first 800 years after Christ (Fig. 2). They were contemporary with other cultures such us Nazca or Lima and their textiles exhibited special features that are reflected in their textile production. Previous studies of Moche textiles have been carried out by authors such as Lila O'Neale (1946, 1947), O'Neale y Kroeber (1930), William Conklin (1978) or Heiko Pruemers (1995). -
© Cambridge University Press Cambridge
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85099-5 - The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and Their Shared History, 1400-1900 Thomas Benjamin Index More information Index Abenakis, 310 Muslims in, 24–25 independence of Brazil, Acadians, 243–245, 494 Niger Delta chiefdoms, 609–612 Acosta, Josede,´ 281, 286 33 inspiration of early Adams, Abigail, 534 plant domestication, 34 revolutions, 518 Adams, John, 435, 525, savanna state development, reasons for anti-slavery 539 25–28 actions in Caribbean, Address to the Congress of slaves, indigenous 587–589 Angostura, 606–607 agricultural, 33 revolutionary republicanism, Africa, 24–35 as infantrymen/archers, 517 agriculture, 24, 25 27 and slavery, 518, 613.See Akan kingdom, as laborers, 27–28 also American animal domestication, 34 slave trade, indigenous, 28, Revolution; arts, 30 33, 35 Enlightenment; French Berbers in, 25 Songhay (See Songhay) Revolution; Haitian Canary Islands chiefdom (See South Africa chiefdom, 34 Revolution; Spanish Canary Islands) Thirstland, 33–34 America revolutions colonization, 662 trade in, 25, 29 agriculture Dyula, 82 tribute systems, 33 expansion in 14th-century early descriptions of, 80–81 underpopulation, in Europe, 38–39 economic/political sub-Saharan, 35 in pre-contact Africa development in Wolof, 81, 82 irrigated, 24 sub-Saharan, 34–35 Yoruba kingdom, 30.Seealso rain-fed, 25 endemic disease, 28–29, 35 Angola, and Portugal; in pre-contact Americas, 19, equatorial Central Africa antislavery, and Africa; 21 state development, 33 gender relations, in chinapa, 17 European disease, 35 Africa; Portuguese plant domestication, 22 famine, 35 imperium, in Africa; slash-and-burn, 21 forest-savanna edge state slavery; slave trade; West Ahuitzotl, 12 development, 28–29 Africa Aimore,´ 156 Ghana empire, 27 African Trade Act, 487 Akan kingdom (Africa), hearth of civilization, 25 Africanus, Leo, 28, 75, 117, Alaska, pre-contact herding in, 25 331 sub-arctic/arctic, 21 hunting/gathering in, 33–34 Age of Reason. -
The Moche Lima Beans Recording System, Revisited
THE MOCHE LIMA BEANS RECORDING SYSTEM, REVISITED Tomi S. Melka Abstract: One matter that has raised sufficient uncertainties among scholars in the study of the Old Moche culture is a system that comprises patterned Lima beans. The marked beans, plus various associated effigies, appear painted by and large with a mixture of realism and symbolism on the surface of ceramic bottles and jugs, with many of them showing an unparalleled artistry in the great area of the South American subcontinent. A range of accounts has been offered as to what the real meaning of these items is: starting from a recrea- tional and/or a gambling game, to a divination scheme, to amulets, to an appli- cation for determining the length and order of funerary rites, to a device close to an accountancy and data storage medium, ending up with an ‘ideographic’, or even a ‘pre-alphabetic’ system. The investigation brings together structural, iconographic and cultural as- pects, and indicates that we might be dealing with an original form of mnemo- technology, contrived to solve the problems of medium and long-distance com- munication among the once thriving Moche principalities. Likewise, by review- ing the literature, by searching for new material, and exploring the structure and combinatory properties of the marked Lima beans, as well as by placing emphasis on joint scholarly efforts, may enhance the studies. Key words: ceramic vessels, communicative system, data storage and trans- mission, fine-line drawings, iconography, ‘messengers’, painted/incised Lima beans, patterns, pre-Inca Moche culture, ‘ritual runners’, tokens “Como resultado de la falta de testimonios claros, todas las explicaciones sobre este asunto parecen in- útiles; divierten a la curiosidad sin satisfacer a la razón.” [Due to a lack of clear evidence, all explana- tions on this issue would seem useless; they enter- tain the curiosity without satisfying the reason] von Hagen (1966: 157). -
Moche Culture As Political Ideology
1 HE STRUCTURALPARADOX: MOCHECULTURE AS POLITICALIDEOLOGY GarthBawden In this article I demonstrate the utility of an historical study of social change by examining the development of political authority on the Peruvian north coast during the Moche period through its symbols of power. Wetoo often equate the mater- ial record with "archaeological culture,^^assume that it reflects broad cultural realityXand interpret it by reference to gener- al evolutionary models. Here I reassess Moche society within its historic context by examining the relationship between underlying social structure and short-termprocesses that shaped Moche political formation, and reach very different con- clusions. I see the "diagnostic" Moche material recordprimarily as the symbolic manifestationof a distinctivepolitical ide- ology whose character was historically constituted in an ongoing cultural tradition.Aspiring rulers used ideology to manip- ulate culturalprinciples in their interests and thus mediate the paradox between exclusive power and holistic Andean social structure which created the dynamicfor change. A historic study allows us to identify the symbolic and ritual mechanisms that socially constituted Moche ideologyXand reveals a pattern of diversity in time and space that was the product of differ- ential choice by local rulers, a pattern that cannot be seen within a theoretical approach that emphasizes general evolution- ary or materialistfactors. En este articulo demuestro la ventaja de un estudio historico sobre la integraciony el cambio social, a traves de un examen del caracter del poder politico en la costa norte del Peru durante el periodo Moche. Con demasiadafrecuencia equiparamos el registro material con "las culturas arqueologicas "; asumimos que este refleja la realidad cultural amplia y la interpreta- mos con referencia a modelos evolutivos generales. -
Anthropology 433
Anthropology 433 ANDEAN ARCHAEOLOGY Spring 2018 Professor Clark L. Erickson PROFESSOR: Dr. Clark Erickson 435 Penn Museum [email protected] 215-898-2282 DESCRIPTION: ANTH 433: Andean Archaeology (Cross-listed as Latin American and Latino Studies 433) This course provides a basic survey of the prehistory of civilizations in the Central Andean Region of South America (the central highland and coastal areas that today are Peru and Bolivia and parts of Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina). Topics include the history of South American archaeology, peopling of the continent, origins and evolution of agriculture, early village life, ceremonial and domestic architecture, prehistoric art and symbolism, Andean cosmology and astronomy, indigenous technology, the historical ecology of landscapes, outside contacts and relationships, economics and trade, social and political structure, state formation and urbanism, and early contacts with Europeans. The lectures and readings are based on recent archaeological investigations and interpretations combined with appropriate analogy from ethnohistory and ethnography. The prehistory of the Amazonian lowlands and "the intermediate area" of northern South America will be covered in other courses. Slides and several films are used to illustrate concepts and sites presented in lecture. I generally do not stop the lecture to spell terminology, although periodically you will be provided handouts with lists of important terminology. Questions and comments are encouraged and may be asked before, during, or after lectures. I will also make use of artifacts from the extensive South American collections of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum).in class and/or in the collection rooms of the Penn Museum instead of in our regular classroom. -
Thesis Death and the Family: Testing Andean Lineage
THESIS DEATH AND THE FAMILY: TESTING ANDEAN LINEAGE TOMBS THROUGH CRANIAL NON-METRICS Submitted by Sarah Frances Herrera Department of Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2016 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Ann Magennis Co-advisor: Mary Van Buren Michael Lacy Copyright by Sarah Frances Herrera 2016 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT DEATH AND THE FAMILY: TESTING ANDEAN LINEAGE TOMBS THROUGH CRANIAL NON-METRICS Historical records indicate that ancestor worship was practiced as part of ayllu social organization in the Inka empire during the Late Horizon and beginning of the Colonial Period (1440 A.D. - 1650 A.D.). This same set of beliefs and practices is often ascribed to the Late Intermediate Period (900 A.D. – 1440 A.D.) throughout the Andes by many researchers (Doyle 1988; Herrera 2003; Ibarra 2013; Isbell 1997; Mantha 2006; Martiarena 2014). It is important for the study of any site so far removed from the historical records to be cautious when using these documents for the interpretation of the archaeological record. The significance of this study is that little has been done using a bioarchaeological approach to test the assumption that ayllus and ancestor worship were present in the Conchucos region during the Late Intermediate Period. The site of Marcajirca is located on the ridge of a sacred ancestor mountain, Mt Llamoq, in North Central Peru. Although the site is a village, it has an especially large amount of mortuary architecture consisting of above ground tombs or chullpas, as well as caves, and underground structures that contain human remains. -
EXPRESSIONS and SEVERITY of DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASES: a COMPARATIVE STUDY of JOINT PATHOLOGY in the LAMBAYEQUE REGION, NORTH COAST PERU By
EXPRESSIONS AND SEVERITY OF DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JOINT PATHOLOGY IN THE LAMBAYEQUE REGION, NORTH COAST PERU by Michelle L. Yockey A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Anthropology Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Department Chairperson ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Spring Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA “Expressions and Severity of Degenerative Joint Diseases: A Comparative Study of Joint Pathology in the Lambayeque Region, North Coast Peru” A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts at George Mason University By Michelle L. Yockey Bachelor of Arts Ball State University, 2016 Director: Haagen D. Klaus Department of Sociology and Anthropology Spring Semester 2019 George Mason University Fairfax, VA DEDICATION This work is dedicated to extremely supporting and loving partner, Anthony. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everyone who had a part in supporting me through this process. My supporting partner, Anthony, helped me immensely by talking though ideas with me and helping me through the writer’s block. My parents, Douglas and Nancy, for loving and pushing me to get this far. My colleague, Liz, for being a great friend and listener throughout the drafting of this thesis. Dr. Haagen Klaus, for helping me throughout every process of this paper and mentoring me through this process. I’d also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Daniel Temple and Dr. Cortney Hughes Rinker. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page Dedication .......................................................................................................................... -
Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas
PeoplesPeoples and and Civilizations Civilizations of of thethe Americas Americas 600600--15001500 TeotihuacanTeotihuacan TeotihuacanTeotihuacan waswas aa largelarge MesoamericanMesoamerican citycity atat thethe heightheight ofof itsits powerpower inin 450450––600600 c.ec.e.. TheThe citycity hadhad aa populationpopulation ofof 125,000125,000 toto 200,000200,000 inhabitantsinhabitants DominatedDominated byby religiousreligious structuresstructures PyramidsPyramids andand templestemples wherewhere humanhuman sacrificesacrifice waswas carriedcarried out.out. TheThe growth growth of of Teotihuacan Teotihuacan MadeMade possiblepossible byby forcedforced relocationrelocation ofof farmfarm familiesfamilies toto thethe citycity ByBy agriculturalagricultural innovationsinnovations includingincluding irrigationirrigation worksworks andand chinampaschinampas ((““floatingfloating gardensgardens””)) thatthat ThisThis increasedincreased foodfood productionproduction andand thusthus supportedsupported aa largerlarger populationpopulation ChinampasChinampas ApartmentApartment--likelike stonestone buildingsbuildings housedhoused commoners,commoners, includingincluding thethe artisansartisans whowho mademade potterypottery andand obsidianobsidian toolstools andand weaponsweapons forfor exportexport TheThe elite:elite: LivedLived inin separateseparate residentialresidential compoundscompounds ControlledControlled thethe statestate bureaucracy,bureaucracy, taxtax collection,collection, andand commerce.commerce. WhoWho controlled controlled Teotihuacan Teotihuacan -
Empires of the Andes
A Majestic Frontier Outpost Chose Cooperation Over War Empiresof the by Patrick Ryan Williams, ndesMichael E. Moseley, & Donna J. Nash The people huddled in their impregnable fortress atop the Ahigh mesa called Cerro Baúl, their last refuge as the mighty Inca legions swept through the valley far below. With its sheer walls and single, tortuous route to the top, the citadel defied attack by storm, so the Inca army laid siege to Cerro Baúl. For 54 days, the people held out. But with little food and no water, they found their redoubt The summit of Cerro Baúl, protected by steep, rugged slopes, provided a was not only a grand bastion virtually impregnable fortress for ancient civilizations of the Andes. but also a grand prison. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN DISCOVERING ARCHAEOLOGY 69 hen, in hopes of sav- The Moquegua Valley had been in the ing their starving Tiwanaku orbit until the Wari made their children, the defenders sent bold thrust into the region. To secure the youngsters down from their political outpost, the Wari intruders the beleaguered mountaintop. strategically settled the towering Cerro The Inca received the chil- Baúl and the adjacent pinnacle of Cerro dren with kindness, fed them, Mejia. Unraveling the nature of this and even let them take a few intruding colony and its relationship supplies to their parents with the surrounding Tiwanaku is a long- — along with a promise standing concern of the Asociación Con- of peace and friendship. tisuyo, a consortium of Peruvian and That was enough for the hungry American scholars investigating the and hopeless people of Cerro Baúl. -
Chapter Summary
0033-wh10a-CIB-02 11/13/2003 12:07 PM Page 33 Name Date CHAPTER CHAPTERS IN BRIEF The Americas: A Separate World, 9 40,000 B.C.–A.D. 700 Summary CHAPTER OVERVIEW Long ago, huge ice sheets cover the land. The level of the oceans goes down, and a once-underwater bridge of land connects Asia and the Americas. Asian hunters cross this bridge and become the first Americans. They spread down the two continents. They develop more complex societies and new civilizations. The earliest of these new cultures are found in central Mexico and in the high Andes Mountains. 1 The Earliest Americans with thick, long hair to protect it from the bitter KEY IDEA The first Americans were separated from cold of the Ice Age. It was so large that one animal other parts of the world. Nevertheless, they developed in alone gave enough meat, hide, and bones to feed, similar ways. clothe, and house many people. orth and South America form a single stretch Over time, all the mammoths died, and the peo- Nof land that reaches from the freezing cold ple were forced to look for other food. They began of the Arctic Circle in the north to the icy waters to hunt smaller animals such as rabbits and deer around Antarctica in the south. Two oceans on and to fish. They also began to gather plants and either side of these land masses separate them fruits to eat. Because they no longer had to roam from Africa, Asia, and Europe. over large areas to search for the mastodon, they That was not always the case, though. -
TRADE and LOGISTICS in the INCA EMPIRE Lec. Rosario
IV. INTERNATIONAL CAUCASUS-CENTRAL ASIA FOREIGN TRADE AND LOGISTICS CONGRESS September, 7-8, Didim/AYDIN TRADE AND LOGISTICS IN THE INCA EMPIRE Lec. Rosario Consuelo Vicuña Jurado [email protected] Abstract Trade is one of the most important aspects to a civilization, without trade, civilizations cannot thrive or grow. It also keeps good relations with rival empires because the civilizations rely on each other. Trade was not as simple as today, even though it was hard to establish trade contacts between nations, they weren’t only trading money and resources but also religion, culture, tradition and wisdom. Therefore trade was extremely important. Trade routes have developed since ancient times to transport goods from places of production to places of commerce. Scarce commodities that were only available in certain locations, such as salt or spices, were the biggest driver of trade networks, but once established, these roads also facilitated cultural exchange—including the spread of religion, ideas, knowledge, and sometimes even bacteria. Unlike most of the other route The Spice Routes were maritime routes linking the East to the West. Pepper, cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg were all hugely sought-after commodities in Europe, but before the 15 th century access to trade with the East was controlled by North Africans and Arab middlemen, making such spices extremely expensive and rare. With the dawning of the Age of Exploration (15th to 17 th centuries), as new navigation technology made sailing long distance possible, Europeans took to the seas to forge direct trading relationships with India, China and Japan. The spice trade was one of the reasons for the development of a faster ship, which encouraged the discovery of new lands.