IJSA International Journal of South American - IJSA (eISSN 2011-0626) www.ijsa.syllabapress.com

The South American Archaeology in the Russian Historiography

Andrei V. Tabarev Division of Foreign Archaeology Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Novosibirsk, Russia Email address: [email protected]

Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007) ID: ijsa00001

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© 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved. Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007)

The South American Archaeology in the Russian Historiography

Andrei V. Tabarev

Division of Foreign Archaeology, Head Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk, Russia Email address: [email protected]

Available online 30 September 2007

Abstract

Since first information from travelers and navy expeditions in XIX century the history of ancient South American cultures was in permanent focus of interest for Russian archaeologists and ethnographers. After more than 150 years it’s possible to talk if not about “Russian school” but about specific “tradition” of South American studies in Russia. The intensity of these researches was changing but in any case Russian scholars produced wide range of interesting works and ideas about the origins of South American cultures and civilizations, ancient art and mythology. Current period highly requires new forms of organization and international cooperation and joint projects. © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Tradition; Soviet Period; Main Directions; Current Situation.

Resumen

Desde los primeros informes de los viajeros y expedicionarios del siglo XIX la historia Antigua de Sur América ha sido de gran interés para los arqueólogos y etnógrafos rusos. Después de 150 años es posible hablar sino de una “escuela rusa” si de una “tradición” de los estudios suramericanos en Rusia. La intensidad de estas investigaciones fue cambiando pero de alguna manera los científicos rusos han producido una amplia variedad de trabajos interesantes e ideas sobre los orígenes de las culturas y civilizaciones antiguas suramericanas, así como también sobre arte y mitología antiguas. Las investigaciones actuales requieren urgentemente nuevas formas de organización, cooperación internacional y proyectos conjuntos. © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved.

Palabras Claves: Tradición; Período Soviético; Tendencias Principales; Situación Actual.

Introduction the beginning of XIX century thanks to the first maritime expeditions to the Atlantic and Pacific The structure and history of Russian studies of oceans (e.g. expeditions of O. Kotseby, I. South American archaeology is not known in details Krusenshtern and Y. Lisiansky, V. Golovnin, and for western specialists. The only article published in others). The stories and diaries, reports and drawings English is the work of archaeologists from the along with small collections of antiques and artifacts Institute of Archaeology in Moscow Vladimir A. produced scientific interest of scholars, Universities Bashilov and Valery I. Gulyaev in “Latin American and museums. In 1854 famous Russian ethnographer Antiquity” (Bashilov and Gulyaev 1990). It calls Leo I. Shrenk arrived to (Lima, Callao) and “Bibliography of Soviet Studies of the Ancient during his visit got chance to see Inca sites and Cultures of Latin America” and was devoted to the burials, to meet with A. Raimondi and to get three big works of Russian specialists in Mesoamerican, South boxes of artifacts (mummy, textiles, pottery etc.) for American and Caribbean archaeology in whole. It the Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg. This included big list of articles and monographs published was the first brick to the collection of South American in Russian and other languages and also the overview artifacts in Russia. of main directions of the researches from 1917 to the The picture of South American cultures was end of 1980th (only Soviet times). Almost twenty presented to the Russian scientists and wide public in years later the author of this paper will try to add new the series of monographs translated into Russian. The information and to summarize the current situation in works of A. von Humboldt (Russian edition in 1834- South American studies. 1835), A. d’Orbigny (Russian edition in 1839), J. von Information about far South American continent, Tschudi (Russian edition in 1867), W. Prescott its original people and bright traces of ancient cultures (Russian edition in 1886) became real bestsellers and and civilizations became widely known in Russia in were included into the lecture courses on world

2011-0626/$ - see font matter © 2007 Syllaba Press International Inc. All rights reserved. ID: ijsa00001 http://www.ijsa.syllabapress.com/issues/ijsa01art01.html 7 A. V. Tabarev / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007) archaeology and ethnography in the Universities in America” (1955), and “Peoples of America” (1959) Moscow and St. Petersburg. published by Institute of Ethnography in Moscow. First original publications prepared by Russian The further periods was highly influenced by the scholars appeared on the border of XIX and XX organization of new research structures – Institute of centuries e.g. the article of N. Kharuzin about Peru Latin America (1961) and the Division of Foreign (Kharuzin 1899) and the chapter on the ancient culture Archaeology in the Institute of Archaeology (1962) in of by K. Gebler in the “History of Moscow. At the same time several researches Humankind” (Gebler 1902). continued their works in Leningrad - in the Institute of Before 1917 several scientific expeditions were Archaeology and in the Museum of Anthropology and organized for the complex researches in South Ethnography (Kunstkamera). This situation - only two America. For example, the expedition of G. Langsdorf real scientific centers (Moscow and Leningrad) with to Brasil in 1821-1829 and expedition of F. Fielstsrup researches on South American archaeology and Pre- to Brasil, Argentina and Chile in 1914-1915. Most of Columbian archaeology in total existed up to the very the results were published in Russian periodicals. In end of 1990th. spite of the naturalistic goals these reports included Early -1960- late 1980th were very productive some important description and observation about timeframes for Russian studies on ancient American native cultures and history of the region. cultures. As for the works on South American region According to V. Bashilov and V. Gulyaev the number of publication is too big to be analyzed (Bashilov and Gulyaev 1990) history of Latin just in frames for one article so we’ll concentrate on American archaeology studies during Soviet times the main directions of these publications. may be divided into several periods: Origin of agriculture and early civilizations in the coastal and mountain regions of South America. In the - from 1917 to early 1950th; mid 1960th Russian specialist Yuri E. Berezkin - early 1950th - early 1960th; (Leningrad) independently from North American - early 1960th - late 1970th; archaeologists (M. Moseley, E. Lanning) proposed the - late 1970th - 1980th. model of the origin of early states on the Peruvian coast on the base of intensive exploration of marine Let’s make a brief overview of this division products. In several works (e.g. Berezkin 1969) he taking into consideration main directions of the pointed on the importance of various aquatic studies devoted to the archaeology of South America resources (fish, sea mammals, birds, shells etc.) in the with the continuation for the recent 15 years (1991- process of the formation of settled way of life and the 2006). origin of big settlements with complex economy. Several years earlier L. Fainberg for the first time in Main directions of studies in South American Russian literature published the information about Archaeology during soviet times Site in Peru (Fainberg 1963). Another archaeologist -Vladimir A. Bashilov Not too many works were published about (Moscow)- devoted a big series of interesting works to ancient South American cultures during first two the process of the origin of agriculture in Peru. He periods -1917- early 1960th. A number of short called it by traditional European term “Neolithic articles (“Aymara”, “Ancient Peru”, “Chibcha”, Revolution” but underlined very important regional “Incas” etc.) were included into various editions of peculiarities (e.g. Bashilov 1980, 1982, 1984). He also Soviet encyclopedias in 1930-1950th along with very wrote a fundamental monograph “Ancient few special publications, e.g. “Ancient Peru” by M. Civilizations of Peru and Bolivia” which is one of the Kosven (Kosven 1941). All this information was best examples of Russian researches on the South based on written sources from European and American archaeology (Bashilov 1972). American periodicals and monographs. Descriptions of archaeological cultures and states. In the middle of -1950- early 1960th several The most of the publications on pre-Columbian South bright articles and books were published by American cultures devoted to Incas and various distinguished Russian specialist Rostislav V. aspects of their history, religion and art. Among the Kinzhalov who was working with the examples of remarkable monographs books of V. Kuzmishev “The ancient art in the collection of Hermitage Museum in Kingdom of Sons of Sun” (Kuzmishev 1982)1 , Y. Leningrad: “Ancient Peruvian Vessel from Svet “Last Inca” (Svet 1964), Y. Zubritsky “Incas- Chancay” (Kinzhalov 1957), “Culture and Art of Quechua” (Zubritsky 1975)2 and others. Ancient America” (Kinzhalov 1958), “Art of Ancient The data on Moche culture also was wildly America” (Kinzhalov 1962) etc. presented in the publication of Russian archaeologists. The generalized information on the South First of all, very interesting series of articles and a American people and some archaeological cultures special book was written by Yuri Berezkin (Berezkin (Quechua, Moche, Tiwanako, Chavin, Chimu etc.) 1983). His primary focus was on Moche mythology. were described in volumes of “World History” (1958) Berezkin studied the design on Moche pottery and and collections of articles “Indians of tried to reconstruct social structure and mythological A. V. Tabarev / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007) 8 beliefs of Moche people (e.g. Berezkin 1978, 1981a). complex chiefdoms and confirmed the empire level of In 1982 Y. Berezkin wrote a compact book Inca state (Berezkin 1991). One more work about the “Ancient Peru: New Facts- New Hypothesis” where image of Recuay-Beast on Peruvian pottery (Moche he described recent data on such cultures as Chavin, culture) was presented by I. Nersesov (Nersesov Moche, Nasca, along with the stories about 1993). excavations of , La Galgada and Garagay sites Fundamental book “ from the (Berezkin 1982). Ancient Times up to the End of XX Century” was Several publications were devoted to the culture prepared and published by the group of the specialists of ancient and other cultures of Colombia -e.g. in Moscow. V. Bashilov wrote a chapter on the the book of S. Sozina “Muisca: One more Civilization history of pre-Inca people of Peru, and S. Sozina - of Ancient America” (Sozina 1969) and article by V. about the (Bashilov 2000). With this Bashilov “Ancient Colombia the Country of edition and the end of XX century one more period of Metalworkers and Jewelers” (Bashilov 1979). South American studies in Russia was finished. Talking about the publications of V. Bashilov What is possible to say about recent years (2001- during this period it should be specially mentioned 2007) and current situation? What are negative and that in 1983 he took part in the field works in positive factors about the future perspectives of South Colombia so far the only example of joint works of American archaeology in Russia?. Russian and South American archaeologists on the In comparison with Mesoamerican studies which territory of South America. The results of these works now are represented by very interesting generation of were published in Russian and Spanish (e.g. Bashilov young scholars6 South American archaeology in 1985; Bashilov, Rodriguez, Salgado 1993). Russia dramatically reduced its scope. During last two Late 1970th - late 1980th were one of the top years Russian science lost two very famous people - periods in Latin American studies (including South Vladimir A. Bashilov died in 20057 and Rostislav V. America) in Russia. The bunch of articles of Russian Kinzhalov in 2006. For many years both represented specialists were published in Spanish (Ed. by the classical style in Latin American studies in Russia. Grigulevich 1978) and in English (Berezkin 1981b), One more “veteran” of South American studies -Y. Russian archaeologists attended several international Berezkin- now is concentrating mostly on mythology conferences in Mexico (1981)3 and the United States, of South American Indians in the context of New from the other side international symposium World and World mythology (Berezkin 2007) (Figure “American Indians: Past and Present” was organized 1) and his articles about archaeological materials in Moscow (1983). This activity was inspired by became rare (Berezkin 2005). multiple contacts and meetings with the colleagues from Latin America, by the increase of Latin American archaeological literature in our libraries (Berezkin 1987a-c), by bright exhibitions of Pre- Columbian artifacts in Russian museums, exchange of students between Russia and several Latin American countries (Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile etc.).

1990th and current situation

This positive tendency continued up to the end of 1980th. The political changes and financial problems in Russian science influenced the slow decrease of the number of publications and researches on Latin American archaeology and especially on South American archaeology. In fact only V. Bashilov and Y. Berezkin stayed very active in their studies. V. Bashilov continued his researches of the peculiarities Figure 1. Cover pages of Yuri Berezkin books on mythology: 1. of the Neolithic revolution in the Central Myths of South American Indians (1994); 2. Myths Settle America (Bashilov 1996, 1999)4, Y. Berezkin published a book (2007). on the mythology of South American Indians Anyway several interesting recent publications of 5 (Berezkin 1994a) and a variety of articles on the other specialists should be mentioned. problems of the investigation of Moche culture (1993, In 2002 G. Ershova published two-volume 1995b, 1998), early states on the Peruvian coast overview of Pre-Columbian cultures of America (1995a), Amazonia (1995c), (Berezkin “Ancient America: Flight in Time and Space” for 1994b) etc. He also published a book about Inca state wide public. One of the volumes is devoted to North and this work is of special importance for Russian and South America archaeology. This is the fine- historiography - the author analyzed the evolution of illustrated edition with photos and drawings and Inca social structure from early communities to the contains the stories about various South American 9 A. V. Tabarev / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007) archaeological cultures Valdivia, Muisca, Chinchorro, and to coordinate the strategy. One of such Chavin, Paracas, Nasca, Tiwanaky etc. (Ershova organizations for example could be traditional 2002). conferences in honor of Yuri V. Knorozov held in N. Rakuts presented articles and reports on quipy Moscow since 19999. Second, Russian specialists system (e.g. Rakuts 2001), I. Nersesov published a should intensify and elaborate new lecture courses on collection of Central and South American Indian South America in Russian Universities. Third, we myths (Nersesov 2004), V. Yurevich gave the need to rejuvenate the active dialog with South astronomical interpretation of some South American American colleagues in terms of possible exchange of monuments and buildings (Yurevich 2004), V. specialists and/or student and the flow of recent Tiuleneva wrote on the early colonial versions of literature. Third, we should enlarge the corpus of hidden Inca treasures (2001, 2002), V. Zubarev with research monographs, historical descriptions and colleagues published a textbook on the history of chronicles translated from English and Spanish into Central and South America (Zubarev, Tiurin, Russian10. Butovsky 2002). Also very informative collection of The author of this paper has his own modest papers were gathered in volumes “History and experience of this way. Novosibirsk never before was Semiotic of American Indian Cultures” (2002) and the center of American studies and never had enough “Power in Aboriginal America.” (2006)8 (Figure 2). specialists, and materials to develop such type of But this is just a small list in comparison with researches11. In late 1990th the author started the previous rich tradition of Russian archaeology. multiyear project of lecture courses on the Pre- Colombian in the Universities of Novosibirsk (Novosibirsk State University and Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University). Thanks to several foreign grants he was able to work in the US, to gather information and literature in the libraries and during active cooperation with American archaeologists. This was resulted in two illustrated textbooks one of which is called “Introduction to the Archaeology of South America. Andes and Pacific Coast” (Tabarev 2006) (Figure 3) and in the series of publication about the ancient cultures of the Pacific Rim (e.g. Tabarev 2001, 2003, 2004)12.

Figure 2. Recent collections of articles about American Indians: 1. History and Semiotic of American Indian Cultures (2002); 2. Power in Aboriginal America (2006).

It’s a fact that today in Russia there is no any formal or informal center for South American archaeology, there are no any joint projects with South American archaeologists, no chances to get fund to attend conferences in South America or to take part in the archaeological expedition in South American cultures. Most of the contacts with Peruvian, Colombian or Ecuadorian colleagues were lost. This is a reason why not many new names Figure 3 Textbooks on Pre-Columbian America published for appeared in South American studies during last 5-6 students by Russian specialists: 1. Zubarev, V.G., Tiurin, E.A., years, and students in Russian Universities from one Butovsky, A.Y. History of Ancient Central and South America side demonstrate high interest to the information (2002); 2. Tabarev, A.V. Introduction to the Archaeology of South about South American archaeology but not enough America (2006) motivation to study foreign languages (Spanish, first of all) and to conduct serious researches from another. There are also new structural developments. What are the most important steps to improve this Today Novosibirsk is one of the main centers of situation? Structures, new generation of young archaeology in Russia. During recent years scholars and international collaboration. Novosibirsk State University open the specialization First of all, South American archaeology in on archaeology (with intensive program in foreign Russia should get its professional organization - archaeology) and the Institute of Archaeology and society, association, etc. to gather all the specialists Ethnography created new division - Division of A. V. Tabarev / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007) 10

Foreign Archaeology with Pre-Columbian Americas of Ancient America. Poiavlenie kulturnyh rastenii v as one of the main research focuses. zenledelcheskih tsentrah drevnei Ameriki/. Latin America. N.5. P.92-101. Bashilov, V.A. Conclusions 1982. “Neolithic Revolution” in Peru: Some General Aspects of the Historical Process. Actas del X Congreso de la Union Internacional 1. Russian archaeologists historically had very de Ciencias Prehistoricas y protohistoricas. Mexico, Octubre 19-24, 1981. Mexico, 1982. P.466-478. deep interest to the ancient cultures of South America. Bashilov, V.A. Thanks to the works of such specialists as Vladimir 1984. “Neolithic Revolution” in Ancient Peru. ”Neoliticheskaya Bashilov, Yuri Berezkin, Rostislav Kinzhalov, revolutsia v drevnem Peru”. Short Notes of the Institute of Vladimir Kuzmishev and many others South Archaeology. Vol.180. P.91-95. (in Russian). Bashilov, V.A. American cultures (e.g. Moche, Nasca, and Inca), 1985. Soviet-Colombian Archaeological Researches in the Calima their architecture and economy, warfare and art, River Valley. Sovetsko-kolumbiiskie arheologicheskie issledovania mythology and rituals were widely presented and v doline reki Kalima. Archaeological Discoveries of 1983. Moscow. analyzed in fundamental books, interesting articles, (in Russian). Bashilov, V.A. encyclopedias and reports on regional and 1996. On the Possibilities of Archaeological Sources in the international conferences. Research of the Historical Events (Central Andes). In: Antiquity: 2. From the other side lots of territories and Historical Knowledge and the Peculiarities of Historical Source. chronological periods were never studied e.g. Vozmozhnosti arheologicheskih istochnikov dla issledovenia istoricheskih protsessov (na primere Tsentralnyh And). Drevnost: Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, istoricheskoe znanie I spetsifika istoricheskogo istochnika. Uruguay. Moscow. P.17-21. 3. 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U-shaped Temples on the Central Peruvian Coast, 2,000 BC. P-obraznye chramy II tysatcheletia do n.e. na Tsentralnom archaeology in Russian universities and in active poberezhe Peru. Russian Archaeology. N.3. P.113-122. (in collaboration with South American colleagues. Russian). 5. As the representative of the Institute of Bashilov, V.A, Gulyaev, V.I. Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk and the 1990. Bibliography of Soviet Studies of the Ancient Cultures of Latin America. Latin American Antiquity. Vol.1 (1). P.5-22. Head of the Division of Foreign Archaeology the Bashilov, V.A., Rodriguez, C.A., Salgado Lopez, H. author express great interest in cooperation with 1993. La vivienda prehispanica Calima. Cali, Columbia. Berezkin, specialists and archaeological institutions in South Y.E. 1969. The Beginning of Agriculture on the Peruvian Coast. America. Exchange of students and graduate students Nachalo zemledelia na peruanskom poberezhue. Soviet Archaeology. N.1. P.3-12. for participation in archaeological excavations in Berezkin, Y.E. South America and in various Siberian regions may be 1978. From the History of Ancient Peru: Social Structure Through just one of numerous and extremely fruitful options on Mythology. Iz istorii drevnego Peru: Sotsialnaya struktura skvoz this way. prizmu mifologii. News on . N.3. P.38-59. (in Russian). Berezkin, Y.E. Aknowledgements 1981a. God - the Patron of Agriculture on Moche Images (Peru). Bozhestvo - pokrovitel zemledelia na izobpazheniah mochika My special debt of gratitude is to Dr. Carlos Armando (Peru). Collections of the Museum of Anthropology and Rodriguez who kindly invited me to prepare this publication. I also Ethnography. N.6. P.103-117. (in Russian). would like to express my deepest thanks to the great number of Berezkin, Y.E. American archaeologists I’m familiar and corresponding with for 1981b. An Identification of Anthropomorphic Mythological many years: Betty Meggers, Daniel Sandweiss, Karen Stothert, Personages in Moche Representation. Ñawpa Pacha. Vol.18. P.1- John Staller, Karen Bruhns, Richard Burger, James Richardson III, 28. Garth Bawden and many others. They opened for me the door to Berezkin, Y.E. South American archaeology and keep the fire in my heart about 1982. Ancient Peru: New Facts- New Hipótesis. Drevnee Peru: this fantastic continent sending me books, articles, files and news Novye fakty - novye gipotezy. Moscow. 64 p. (in Russian). about recent events, meetings and discoveries. Berezkin, Y.E. 1983. Moche: Civilization of the Indians of Northern Peruvian Coast in I-VII Centurias. Mochika: Tsivilizatsia indeitsev References Severnogo poberezhia Peru v I-III vv. Leningrad. 165 p. (in Russian). Bashilov, V.A. Berezkin, Y.E. 1972. Ancient Civilizations of Peru and Bolivia. Drevnie 1987a. Bonavia D. Mural Paintings of Ancient Peru. Bloomington, Tsivilizatsii Peru i Bolivii/. Moscow. 422 p. (in Russian). 1987. Soviet Ethnography. N 2. P.167–170. (in Russian). Berezkin, Bashilov, V.A. Y.E. 1987b. Kaulicke P. Gräber von Ancon. München, 1983. Soviet 1980. Appearance of Cultivated Plants in the Agricultural Centers Archaeology. N 3. P. 264-269. (in Russian). 11 A. V. Tabarev / Inter. J. South American Archaeol. 1: 6-12 (2007)

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Inca’s art tradition. 3. X Congreso de la Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistóricas y Protohistóricas. 4. In 1998 V.A. Bashilov defended his doctoral dissertation about the Neolithic revolution in the Andes. 5. This work was part of his doctoral dissertation “Ancient History of South America and Indian Mythology” defended in 1990. 6. For example, most of the researches are concentrated in the Center of Mesoamerican Studies in Moscow. The leader of this Center is Dr. Galina G. Ershova, the pupil of the famous Russian mayanist Yuri V. Knorozov. 7. The last publication of Bashilov appeared the same year in the journal “Russian Archaeology” “U-shaped Temples on the Central Peruvian Coast, 2,000 BC.” 8. Such collections include the articles about American Indians in whole. 9. The last conference was in 2006. 10. About the high importance of this work wrote in one of his last articles Rostislav V. Kinzhalov (Kinzhalov, 2002). 11. With one very important exclusion -during 1980th Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk had a complex joint program with Cuban archaeologists- there were several expeditions in Cuba and a number of Cuban graduate students and specialists attended field researches in Siberia. 12. In 2004 the author defended doctoral dissertation “Peopling of the Marginal Pacific on the Pleistocene-Holocene Border”.