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Tunisia (Tunisian Republic)
CultureGramsTM World Edition 2018 Tunisia (Tunisian Republic) History BACKGROUND Early Civilizations Throughout its history, Tunisia was a crossroads of many Land and Climate civilizations. Tunisia's indigenous inhabitants are known Tunisia covers an area twice as big as Austria or slightly collectively as Berbers, but a more accurate indigenous term larger than the U.S. state of Georgia. Hundreds of miles of for them is Imazighen (Amazigh, singular). Phoenicians sandy beaches line Tunisia's Mediterranean coastline. The founded Carthage in 814 BC. The Romans fought Carthage in Atlas Mountains, which span Morocco and Algeria, extend three Punic Wars, eventually destroying it in 146 BC. into northern Tunisia from the west. The Jebel ech Chambi is Islamic and French Influence Tunisia's highest mountain, at 5,066 feet (1,544 meters). The two major influences shaping modern Tunisian society Tunisia's central region rises to a plateau and then gives way are Islam and the remnants of French colonialism. Islam came to the semidesert terrain of the Sahel. Further south, dry salt with invading Arabs in the seventh century AD. Indigenous lakes and scattered oases border the Sahara Desert. groups gradually adopted the Arabic language and customs, About 18 percent of Tunisia's land is arable, and 15 and Tunisia became a center of Islamic culture. The Turkish percent is used for permanent crops (such as citrus). Olives, Ottoman Empire ruled the area between 1574 and 1881. olive oil, and citrus fruits are major agricultural products. Economic difficulties and French colonial interests led to the Orange orchards are found in the Cap Bon (the northeastern Treaty of Bardo (1881), which made Tunisia a French peninsula). -
Lolita PETRULION TRANSLATION of CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF THE LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE Lolita PETRULION TRANSLATION OF CULTURE-SPECIFIC ITEMS FROM ENGLISH INTO LITHUANIAN AND RUSSIAN: THE CASE OF JOANNE HARRIS’ GOURMET NOVELS Doctoral Dissertation Humanities, Philology (04 H) Kaunas, 2015 UDK 81'25 Pe-254 This doctoral dissertation was written at Vytautas Magnus University in 2010-2014 Research supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ingrida Egl Žindžiuvien (Vytautas Magnus University, Humanities, Philology 04 H) ISBN 978-609-467-124-1 2 VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS LIETUVI KALBOS INSTITUTAS Lolita PETRULION KULTROS ELEMENT VERTIMAS IŠ ANGL LIETUVI IR RUS KALBAS PAGAL JOANNE HARRIS GURMANIŠKUOSIUS ROMANUS Daktaro disertacija, Humanitariniai mokslai, filologija (04 H) Kaunas, 2015 3 Disertacija rengta 2010-2014 metais Vytauto Didžiojo universitete Mokslin vadov: prof. dr. Ingrida Egl Žindžiuvien (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, humanitariniai mokslai, filologija 04 H) 4 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research supervisor Prof. Dr. Ingrida Egl Žindžiuvien for her excellent guidance and invaluable advices. I would like to thank her for being patient, tolerant and encouraging. It has been an honour and privilege to be her first PhD student. I would also like to thank the whole staff of Vytautas Magnus University, particularly the Department of English Philology, for both their professionalism and flexibility in providing high-quality PhD studies and managing the relevant procedures. Additional thanks go to the reviewers at the Department, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Irena Ragaišien and Prof. Dr. Habil. Milda Julija Danyt, for their valuable comments which enabled me to recognize the weaknesses in my thesis and make the necessary improvements. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my home institution, Šiauliai University, especially to the Department of Foreign Languages Studies, who believed in my academic and scholarly qualities and motivated me in so many ways. -
UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SORBONNE T H È S E Alba DELLAVEDOVA L
UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SORBONNE ÉCOLE DOCTORALE 3 Laboratoire de recherche CELLF 19-21 en cotutelle avec Corso di Dottorato in Filosofia e Scienze dell'uomo T H È S E pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-SORBONNE Discipline : Littératures française et comparée Présentée et soutenue par : Alba DELLAVEDOVA le : 20 décembre 2017 L'expérience du nouveau entre la construction de soi et la description du monde : le texte comme la rencontre d'exigences littéraires et scientifiques. Le cas d'Isabelle Eberhardt Sous la direction de : Mme Sophie BASCH – Université Paris-Sorbonne M. Andrea PINOTTI – Università degli Studi di Milano Membres du jury : Mme Sophie BASCH – Professeur, Université Paris-Sorbonne M. Andrea PINOTTI – Professeur ordinaire, Università degli Studi di Milano M. Philippe ANTOINE – Professeur, Université Clermont Auvergne M. Filippo FIMIANI – Professeur ordinaire, Università degli Studi di Salerno 2 3 Contro tutto questo voi non dovete fare altro (io credo) che continuare semplicemente a essere voi stessi : il che significa essere continuamente irriconoscibili. Dimenticare subito i grandi successi e continuare imperterriti, ostinati, eternamente contrari, a pretendere, a volere, a identificarvi col diverso ; a scandalizzare ; a bestemmiare. Pierpaolo Pasolini 4 Remerciements Je remercie chaleureusement toutes les personnes qui m'ont aidé pendant la rédaction de ma thèse, et notamment ma directrice Madame le professeur Sophie Basch et mon directeur Monsieur le professeur Andrea Pinotti. Ce travail n'aurait pas été possible sans le soutien de l'Université franco-italienne de Grenoble et Turin, de la Fondazione Primoli de Rome, qui ont financé le projet, et de Madame Françoise qui a revu le manuscrit. -
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Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel. -
Georgia: What Now?
GEORGIA: WHAT NOW? 3 December 2003 Europe Report N°151 Tbilisi/Brussels TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................. 2 A. HISTORY ...............................................................................................................................2 B. GEOPOLITICS ........................................................................................................................3 1. External Players .........................................................................................................4 2. Why Georgia Matters.................................................................................................5 III. WHAT LED TO THE REVOLUTION........................................................................ 6 A. ELECTIONS – FREE AND FAIR? ..............................................................................................8 B. ELECTION DAY AND AFTER ..................................................................................................9 IV. ENSURING STATE CONTINUITY .......................................................................... 12 A. STABILITY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD ...............................................................................12 B. THE PRO-SHEVARDNADZE -
Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State
Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State By Neil Grant Landers A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in French in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in charge: Professor Debarati Sanyal, Co-Chair Professor Soraya Tlatli, Co-Chair Professor Karl Britto Professor Stefania Pandolfo Fall 2013 1 Abstract of the Dissertation Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State by Neil Grant Landers Doctor of Philosophy in French Literature University of California, Berkeley Professor Debarati Sanyal, Co-Chair Professor Soraya Tlatli, Co-Chair Representing the Algerian Civil War: Literature, History, and the State addresses the way the Algerian civil war has been portrayed in 1990s novelistic literature. In the words of one literary critic, "The Algerian war has been, in a sense, one big murder mystery."1 This may be true, but literary accounts portray the "mystery" of the civil war—and propose to solve it—in sharply divergent ways. The primary aim of this study is to examine how three of the most celebrated 1990s novels depict—organize, analyze, interpret, and "solve"—the civil war. I analyze and interpret these novels—by Assia Djebar, Yasmina Khadra, and Boualem Sansal—through a deep contextualization, both in terms of Algerian history and in the novels' contemporary setting. This is particularly important in this case, since the civil war is so contested, and is poorly understood. Using the novels' thematic content as a cue for deeper understanding, I engage through them and with them a number of elements crucial to understanding the civil war: Algeria's troubled nationalist legacy; its stagnant one-party regime; a fear, distrust, and poor understanding of the Islamist movement and the insurgency that erupted in 1992; and the unending, horrifically bloody violence that piled on throughout the 1990s. -
Jihadism in Africa Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances
SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber (Eds.) Jihadism in Africa Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances RP 5 June 2015 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2015 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They express exclusively the personal views of the authors. SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 34 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (Updated English version of SWP-Studie 7/2015) Table of Contents 5 Problems and Recommendations 7 Jihadism in Africa: An Introduction Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 13 Al-Shabaab: Youth without God Annette Weber 31 Libya: A Jihadist Growth Market Wolfram Lacher 51 Going “Glocal”: Jihadism in Algeria and Tunisia Isabelle Werenfels 69 Spreading Local Roots: AQIM and Its Offshoots in the Sahara Wolfram Lacher and Guido Steinberg 85 Boko Haram: Threat to Nigeria and Its Northern Neighbours Moritz Hütte, Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 99 Conclusions and Recommendations Guido Steinberg and Annette Weber 103 Appendix 103 Abbreviations 104 The Authors Problems and Recommendations Jihadism in Africa: Local Causes, Regional Expansion, International Alliances The transnational terrorism of the twenty-first century feeds on local and regional conflicts, without which most terrorist groups would never have appeared in the first place. That is the case in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Syria and Iraq, as well as in North and West Africa and the Horn of Africa. -
Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation
Images of the Past: Nostalgias in Modern Tunisia Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By David M. Bond, M.A. Graduate Program in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures The Ohio State University 2017 Dissertation Committee: Sabra J. Webber, Advisor Johanna Sellman Philip Armstrong Copyrighted by David Bond 2017 Abstract The construction of stories about identity, origins, history and community is central in the process of national identity formation: to mould a national identity – a sense of unity with others belonging to the same nation – it is necessary to have an understanding of oneself as located in a temporally extended narrative which can be remembered and recalled. Amid the “memory boom” of recent decades, “memory” is used to cover a variety of social practices, sometimes at the expense of the nuance and texture of history and politics. The result can be an elision of the ways in which memories are constructed through acts of manipulation and the play of power. This dissertation examines practices and practitioners of nostalgia in a particular context, that of Tunisia and the Mediterranean region during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Using a variety of historical and ethnographical sources I show how multifaceted nostalgia was a feature of the colonial situation in Tunisia notably in the period after the First World War. In the postcolonial period I explore continuities with the colonial period and the uses of nostalgia as a means of contestation when other possibilities are limited. -
Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Alternative Report Submission Indigenous Rights Violations in Algeria
Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Alternative Report Submission Indigenous Rights Violations in Algeria Prepared for: The 94th Session of the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Submission Date: November 2017 Submitted by: Cultural Survival 2067 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02140 Tel: 1 (617) 441 5400 [email protected] www.culturalsurvival.org I. Reporting Organization Cultural Survival is an international Indigenous rights organization with a global Indigenous leadership and consultative status with ECOSOC since 2005. Cultural Survival is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States. Cultural Survival monitors the protection of Indigenous Peoples' rights in countries throughout the world and publishes its findings in its magazine, the Cultural Survival Quarterly, and on its website: www.cs.org. Cultural Survival also produces and distributes quality radio programs that strengthen and sustain Indigenous languages, cultures, and civil participation. II. Background Information: History, Population and Regions The total population of Algeria is estimated to be just over 41 million.1 The majority of the population — about 90% — are the Arab people living in the northern coastal regions.2 In addition, Algeria also has a nomadic or semi-nomadic population of about 1.5 million.3 Generally, the Indigenous People of Algeria are called Berbers; however, the term is regarded as a pejorative, as it comes from the word “barbarian.”4 As a result, although not officially recognized as Indigenous,5 Algeria's Indigenous Peoples self-identity as the Imazighen (plural) or Amazigh (singular).6 Due to lack of recognition, there is no official statistics or disaggregated data available on Algeria’s Indigenous population. -
French and Spanish Colonial Policy in North Africa: Revisiting the Kabyle and Berber Myth Mohand Tilmatine
French and Spanish colonial policy in North Africa: revisiting the Kabyle and Berber myth Mohand Tilmatine To cite this version: Mohand Tilmatine. French and Spanish colonial policy in North Africa: revisiting the Kabyle and Berber myth. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, De Gruyter, 2016, 2016 (239), pp.95-119. 10.1515/ijsl-2016-0006. hal-01824567 HAL Id: hal-01824567 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01824567 Submitted on 27 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. IJSL 2016; 239: 95–119 Mohand Tilmatine* French and Spanish colonial policy in North Africa: revisiting the Kabyle and Berber myth DOI 10.1515/ijsl-2016-0006 Abstract: The French colonial presence in North Africa gave rise to a view that was founded on attributing certain – supposedly distinctive – qualities to the Kabyle people (Algeria) and the Berber people in general (Algeria and Morocco). This became known as “the Kabyle (or Berber) myth” and was propagated both by North African nationalists and by the academic world in order to validate their accusations against the colonial powers of practicing a “divide and conquer” policy. What’s more, from the outset, the French and Spanish colonial govern- ments, by empowering Arabic as an imperial and dominant language to the detriment of the peripheral and low prestige Berber languages, greatly contributed to the widespread acceptance of a further myth, i. -
Amazigh-State Relations in Morocco and Algeria
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-06 Amazigh-state relations in Morocco and Algeria Kruse, John E.,III Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34692 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS AMAZIGH-STATE RELATIONS IN MOROCCO AND ALGERIA by John E. Kruse III June 2013 Thesis Advisor: Mohammed Hafez Second Reader: Tristan Mabry Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS AMAZIGH-STATE RELATIONS IN MOROCCO AND ALGERIA 6. AUTHOR(S) John E. Kruse III 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. -
Language Shift Or Maintenance in Tamazight: a Sociolinguistic Study
Language shift or maintenance in Tamazight: A sociolinguistic study of Chaouia in Batna, Algeria. Siham Rouabah A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Language and Linguistics University of Essex August 2020 P a g e | ii Acknowledgement To my supervisor Professor Peter L Patrick, I owe my deepest gratitude. Without Peter’s insightful feedback, solid advice and guidance, patience and support at all levels, I would have not made it. Peter taught me the skills to be able to undertake this research, whether in courses of language rights or sociolinguistics and fundamentals of methodological training, as well as supported me in my own teaching endeavours as a GTA. Everything that I have learnt at Essex started with Peter, even introducing me to the first Tamazight speaker, Prof. Abdellah Salhi, who was very supportive. I thank Prof. Enam Al-Wer and Dr. Uri Horesh from whom I benefited greatly from their valuable academic expertise and passionate dedication for Arabic sociolinguistics. Their exceptional encouragement and valuable comments on my work at the early stages largely contributed to shaping its final content. I also thank Dr. Vineeta Chand for her stimulating suggestions and guidance, and Dr. Ella Jeffries and Dr. Hannah Gibson for their support in the supervisory boards, and Prof. Monika Schmid for her statistical advice. I also express my special thanks to members of the Arabic Sociolinguistics Research Group, especially Sara Al-Sheyadi, Wisam Alshawi, and Mohammed Al-Rohili. Sara was an inspiration and never ceased to support and help throughout my PhD journey. Similarly, I thank Prof.