University of Kent the Development of Oromo
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Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Degeneh Bijiga, Teferi (2015) The Development of Oromo Writing System. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/52387/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html University of Kent The Development of Oromo Writing System A Thesis By Teferi Degeneh Bijiga School of European Culture and Languages Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D. November, 2015 Abstract The development and use of languages for official, education, religion, etc. purposes have been a major political issue in many developing multilingual countries. A number of these countries, including China and India, have recognised the issues and developed language policies that have provided some ethnic groups with the right to develop their languages and cultures by using writing systems based on scripts suitable for these purposes. On the other hand, other countries, such as Ethiopia (a multilingual African state) had, for a long time, preferred a policy of one language and one script in the belief that this would help the assimilation of various ethnic groups create a homogenous population with one language and culture. Rather than realizing that aim, the policy became a significant source of conflict and demands for political independence among disfavoured groups. This thesis addresses the development of a writing system for Oromo, a language spoken by approximately 40 percent of the total population of Ethiopia, which remained officially unwritten until the early 1990s. It begins by reviewing the early history of Oromo writing and discusses the Ethiopian language policies, analysing materials written in various scripts and certain writers starting from the 19th century. The adoption of Roman script for Oromo writing and the debates that followed are explored, with an ii examination of some phonological aspects of the Oromo language and the implications of representing them using the Roman alphabet. This thesis argues that the Oromo language has thrived during the past few years having implemented a Roman-based alphabetical script. There have been and continue to be, however, internal and external challenges confronting the development of the Oromo writing system which need to be carefully considered and addressed by stakeholders, primarily by the Oromo people and the Ethiopian government, in order for the Oromo language to establish itself as a fully codified language in the modern nation-state. iii Acknowledgements I have received much support and understanding from many people in completing this thesis. But, first of all, I should thank God, who has been so gracious in keeping me well and helping me complete this project. People to whom I am indebted include my mother and father, who have been inspirational, mentor and generous with their unconditional love especially during my childhood. Their moral and practical support has been instrumental in making me the person I am. Professor Richard Hayward was not only my supervisor at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London, where I started this research, but he has been also a good friend and adviser. I thank him for being there whenever I needed someone to listen to me or support me with most part of the research and for his continuous friendship, during thick and thin times. I would also like to thank Dr Chege Githiora of the SOAS for his input during the early part of the research and for the moral support he offered me. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisors, Dr David Hornsby and Professor Mike Fischer, who have devoted their time, experience and iv knowledge to make this work a success. Both were dream supervisors in being available by telephone, email and in person to provide me with their useful comments and advice that helped shape the thesis. I am grateful to a number of fellow Oromos who have been kind in sharing with me their wisdom and experience of Oromo language. Among these Mr Taha Abdi and Mr Amin Abdella were informative especially on the Oromo writing system. Professor Asafa Jalata of the University of Tennessee (U.S.A.) and Dr Taye Regassa of Addis Ababa University (Ethiopia) have been kind enough proofreading some chapters of the thesis. I say thank you to them and all the other Oromo friends from whom I have benefited in different ways. The Oromo Community in the United Kingdom deserves my heartfelt gratitude for participating in a workshop in which I made a presentation on the Oromo writing system and for its continuous effort in sustaining and developing Afaan Oromo as a written language in the UK. Last, but by no means least, I like to thank Mrs Almaz Negash and my children, Sirbo and Obse Degeneh, for tolerating me spending many weekends, evenings and holidays pursuing my studies rather than spending time with them. I hope and believe they understand my intention and forgive me as the sacrifice was worth paying. Teferi Degeneh Bijiga v Some abbreviation used in the thesis E.C. The Ethiopian calendar (EC) is based on the Julian calendar and lags "seven" years behind the western calendar between September 11th (12th in leap year) to January 1st; or "eight" years behind between January 1st to September 11th (12th in leap year) in western calendar. The Ethiopian calendar has 12 months of 30 days and a short month of 5 or 6 days, depending whether it’s a leap year. In this thesis all years are written in western calendar unless they are indicated otherwise. EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front IPA International Phonetic Alphabet OLF Oromo Liberation Front SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region TGE Transitional Government of Ethiopia TPLF Tigrai Liberation Front vi Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................IV SOME ABBREVIATION USED IN THE THESIS.................................................VI CHAPTER I..................................................................................................................4 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................4 CHAPTER II...............................................................................................................13 2. THE OROMO PEOPLE AND THEIR LANGUAGE...............................................................................13 2.1. THE OROMO PEOPLE ..................................................................................................................13 2.2. THE OROMO LANGUAGE............................................................................................................24 2.3 PHONEMIC INVENTORY AND PHONOLOGY OF OROMO .............................................................32 2.3.1. The Oromo consonants .......................................................................................................32 2.3.2. Loan phonemes/consonants.................................................................................................35 2.3.3. The glottals /h/ and / ʔ / ......................................................................................................36 2.3.4. Ejective and implosive sounds ............................................................................................41 2.3.5. The implosive /ɗ/ ................................................................................................................43 2.3.6. Consonant clusters..............................................................................................................44 2.3.7. Gemination .........................................................................................................................48 2.3.8. Assimilation........................................................................................................................51 2.3.8.1. Regressive assimilation....................................................................................................51 2.3.8.2. Progressive assimilation ..................................................................................................52 2.3.9. Gemination – compensation................................................................................................52 2.4 THE VOWELS ................................................................................................................................52 2.5