DOCSLIB.ORG

Aizu in Der Meiji-Restauration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aizu in Der Meiji-Restauration Aizu in der Meiji-Restauration Vom Beschützer Kyōtos zum „Feind des Kaiserhofs“ Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie in der Philosophischen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen vorgelegt von Valentin Gack aus Brüssel 2017 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Dekan: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Leonhardt Hauptberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Robert Horres Mitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Klaus Antoni Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.02.2017 Universität Tübingen, TOBIAS-lib INHALT 1. Einleitung …..............................................................................................5 1.1 Thema.................................................................................................5 1.2 Forschungsgeschichte...........................................................................9 1.3 Forschungsstand................................................................................18 1.4 Quellenlage und Literatur..................................................................25 1.5 Gang der Untersuchung.....................................................................28 2. Aizu im Bakuhan-System der Edo-Zeit.....................................................33 2.1 Kaiserhof und Bakuhan-System im 19. Jahrhundert..........................33 2.2 Die Aizu-Matsudaira und das Fürstentum Aizu.................................39 2.3 Beziehung zur Tokugawa Familie und dem Bakufu............................41 3. Landesöffnung und Systemkrise................................................................43 3.1 Konfrontation mit den Ausland und Reformversuche........................43 3.2 Ungleiche Verträge und Nachfolgestreit.............................................46 3.3 Das Ende der alten Ordnung.............................................................54 4. Aizu wird Teil der nationalen Politik – Reformen und Kooperation von Schwert- und Hofadel...............................................................................61 4.1 Bunkyū-Reformen.............................................................................61 4.2 Matsudaira Katamori wird Beschützer von Kyōto..............................64 4.3 Reise des Shōgun nach Kyōto und Konferenz der Fürsten..................73 4.4 Coup d'État – Aizu und Satsuma vertreiben Chōshū.........................80 4.5 Die zweite Konferenz der Fürsten......................................................85 5. Machtkampf um den Kaiserhof – Aizus politischer Aufstieg und Fall........95 5.1 Aufstand am Hamaguri-Tor...............................................................95 5.2 Strafexpedition gegen Chōshū.........................................................101 5.3 Konfrontation zwischen Kyōto und Edo..........................................105 5.4 Wechsel der Allianzen......................................................................113 5.5 Krieg zwischen Chōshū und dem Bakufu........................................122 5.6 Politische Isolation Aizus.................................................................130 6. Das Ende des Bakufu..............................................................................137 6.1 Der letzte Shōgun – Tokugawa Yoshinobus Reform des Bakufu.......137 6.2 Der Shōgun tritt zurück...................................................................147 3 Inhalt 6.3 Umsturz oder Systemtransformation?..............................................154 7. Aizu im Boshin-Krieg.............................................................................163 7.1 Zusammenstoß bei Toba und Fushimi.............................................163 7.2 Yoshinobus Kapitulation..................................................................169 7.3 Unterwerfung oder Konfrontation?…..............................................175 7.4 Krieg und Niederlage.......................................................................183 8. Fazit........................................................................................................191 8.1 Bakumatsu-Zeit und Meiji-Restauration..........................................191 8.2 Die Rolle Aizus................................................................................196 8.3 Historische Japanforschung zur Meiji-Restauration..........................199 9. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis...........................................................203 9.1 Quellenverzeichnis...........................................................................203 9.2 Literaturverzeichnis.........................................................................204 10. Anhang.................................................................................................211 10.1 Glossar...........................................................................................211 10.2 Index.............................................................................................213 4 1. EINLEITUNG 1.1 THEMA Japans Übergang in die Moderne und Anschluss an die industrialisierte Staatenwelt ging ein Systemwechsel voraus, den man zwar nicht als gänzlich unblutig bezeichnen kann, der jedoch im Vergleich zu Regimewechseln mit vergleichbarer politischer Tragweite, wie der Französischen oder Russischen Revolution, nur sehr wenige Menschenleben gefordert hat. Die Meiji- Restauration von 1868 stellt den größten Einschnitt in der modernen japani- schen Geschichte dar. Durch die radikale Modernisierung entging Japan dem Schicksal seiner asiatischen Nachbarn und wurde nicht zu einer Kolonie der Europäer oder Amerikaner. Bis zur Niederlage im Zweiten Weltkrieg waren Männer aus den ehemaligen Fürstentümern Chōshū und Satsuma dominie- rend in Politik und Militär. Im Jahr 1868 hatten ihre Vorfahren erfolgreich die Macht im Land an sich gebracht und daraufhin den modernen japanischen Staat aufgebaut. Erst das desaströse Scheitern der japanischen Großmacht- politik und die schmerzhafte Niederlage im Zweiten Weltkrieg diskreditierte diese Eliten, beschädigte das Bild der vermeintlichen Helden der Meiji- Restauration und führte zum Ende der Dominanz Westjapans in Politik und Militär. Der unspektakuläre Übergang von der Edo- in die Meiji-Zeit ist, hält man sich die Umstände der Zeit und den politischen Kontext genau vor Augen, mehr als ungewöhnlich. Das Tokugawa-Bakufu, das bis 1868 Japan für ungefähr 250 Jahre Frieden und Stabilität gebracht hatte, hatte sich nicht mit allen verfügbaren militärischen Mitteln gegen seinen eigenen Untergang gewehrt und somit ein Blutvergießen im Stile der meisten Revolutionen verhindert. Dennoch kam es von 1868 bis 1869 zu bewaffneten Konflikten im Nordosten Japans, die im Japanischen als Boshin-Krieg bekannt sind. Beim Krieg in der Tōhoku-Region waren die Kontrahenten der Armee der Meiji- Regierung allerdings nicht das Bakufu, sondern das Fürstentum Aizu1 und 1Das Fürstentum Aizu der Bakumatsu-Zeit wurde im Jahr 1643 gegründet, als Hoshina Masayuki (1611–1673) das Lehen, das zuvor der Familie Gamō gehört hatte, zugewiesen bekam. Das Fürstentum umfasste den heute westlichen Teil der Präfektur Fukushima in der historischen Provinz Mutsu. Die Hoshina Matsudaira von Aizu waren kamon Daimyō mit einem offiziellen Reisertrag (omotedaka) von 230.000 koku. Da sie aber zur gleichen Zeit auch Gebiete in Ōnuma, Iwase und Shioyagun (Shimotsuke no Kuni) mit 50.000 koku anvertraut bekamen, die zwar zeitweise vom Bakufu direkt verwaltet, aber die meiste Zeit dem Fürstentum unterstanden, verfügte Aizu die längste Zeit seines Bestehens über einen tatsächlichen Reisertrag (jitsudaka) von 280.000 koku. Im Jahr 1864 gingen diese Gebiete 5 Einleitung dessen Verbündete. Mit der Belagerung und Zerstörung Wakamatsus scheiterte die vermeintliche Gegenrestauration am Ende. Die Verlierer zahlten einen hohen Preis und wurden hart bestraft. Ihr Daimyō, Matsudaira Kata- mori2, musste sich, als Feind des Kaiserhofs gebrandmarkt, aus dem öffentli- chen Leben zurückziehen. Auf seine Vasallen wartete ein bittereres Schicksal: Die Umsiedlung in die karge und unwirtliche Gegend im äußersten Norden Honshūs, die dann eine Auswanderungswelle in die USA nach sich zog. Doch warum bekämpfte Aizu die neuen Machthaber, obwohl sich die Tokugawa Familie dazu entschieden hatte, genau dies nicht zu tun? Welche Rolle spielte das Fürstentum Aizu in der Bakumatsu-Zeit und was führte zur Konfron- tation mit der neuen Regierung? Was bewegte Aizu dazu, weitestgehend auf sich alleine gestellt, einen Krieg zu beginnen, der, wenn überhaupt, dann doch nur eine sehr geringe Chance auf Erfolg hatte? Was war das Ziel dieses Krieges? In dieser Arbeit will ich die Rolle Aizus in der Bakumatsu-Zeit untersuchen und einen Beitrag zur politischen Geschichte der Meiji-Restauration leisten. Die Geschichte der Gewinner wurde bereits in mehreren Monographien erzählt3. Mit dem Perspektivwechsel zur Betrachtung der Verlierer dieses politischen Wandels möchte ich versuchen, den Anschluss an die derzeitige Forschung in Japan zu finden, wo es bereits zahlreiche Arbeiten über das Bakufu und Akteure außerhalb der Gruppe der Meiji-Oligarchen gibt4. Diese Arbeit geht davon aus, dass für ein objektives Verständnis dieser Zeit die schließlich in das Lehen Aizus über. Für den Dienst als Beschützer von Kyōto wurden dem Fürstentum Aizu in der Bakumatsu-Zeit zusätzlich 50.000 koku bereitgestellt, was das Gesamteinkommen auf ungefähr 330.000 koku erhöhte (Hanshi Daijiten 1: 318–321). 2Matsudaira Katamori (1836–1893) war kamon Daimyō von Aizu. Katamori wurde 1836 als sechster Sohn Matsudaira
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’S Daughters – Part 2
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations School of Arts and Sciences October 2012 Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 2 Cecilia S. Seigle Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Seigle, Cecilia S. Ph.D., "Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 2" (2012). Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. 8. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/8 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/8 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 2 Abstract This section discusses the complex psychological and philosophical reason for Shogun Yoshimune’s contrasting handlings of his two adopted daughters’ and his favorite son’s weddings. In my thinking, Yoshimune lived up to his philosophical principles by the illogical, puzzling treatment of the three weddings. We can witness the manifestation of his modest and frugal personality inherited from his ancestor Ieyasu, cohabiting with his strong but unconventional sense of obligation and respect for his benefactor Tsunayoshi. Disciplines Family, Life Course, and Society | Inequality and Stratification | Social and Cultural Anthropology This is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/8 Weddings of Shogun’s Daughters #2- Seigle 1 11Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 2 e.
    [Show full text]
  • Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei
    Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei By ©2016 Alison Miller Submitted to the graduate degree program in the History of Art and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Maki Kaneko ________________________________ Dr. Sherry Fowler ________________________________ Dr. David Cateforis ________________________________ Dr. John Pultz ________________________________ Dr. Akiko Takeyama Date Defended: April 15, 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Alison Miller certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Maki Kaneko Date approved: April 15, 2016 ii Abstract This dissertation examines the political significance of the image of the Japanese Empress Teimei (1884-1951) with a focus on issues of gender and class. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, Japanese society underwent significant changes in a short amount of time. After the intense modernizations of the late nineteenth century, the start of the twentieth century witnessed an increase in overseas militarism, turbulent domestic politics, an evolving middle class, and the expansion of roles for women to play outside the home. As such, the early decades of the twentieth century in Japan were a crucial period for the formation of modern ideas about femininity and womanhood. Before, during, and after the rule of her husband Emperor Taishō (1879-1926; r. 1912-1926), Empress Teimei held a highly public role, and was frequently seen in a variety of visual media.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcock and Harris. Foreign Diplomacy in Bakumatsu Japan Author(S): John Mcmaster Reviewed Work(S): Source: Monumenta Nipponica, Vol
    Alcock and Harris. Foreign Diplomacy in Bakumatsu Japan Author(s): John McMaster Reviewed work(s): Source: Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 22, No. 3/4 (1967), pp. 305-367 Published by: Sophia University Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2383072 . Accessed: 07/10/2012 12:01 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Sophia University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Monumenta Nipponica. http://www.jstor.org Alcock and Harris FOREIGN DIPLOMACY IN BAKUMATSU JAPAN by JOHN MCMASTER T W ENTY-ONE timesthe guns shattered the noonday quiet of Edo Bay. As they roared, thered-ball flag ofJapan was hoisted to join what Japanese called the flowery flag of theAmericans. It wasJuly 29th, the year was i858and the warship was acknowl- edgingthat a commercialtreatyhadjust been signed on board. The roar, the smoke and the shudderthroughout the wooden ship was appropriate. The proximatecause of the treaty hadbeen cannon. Although theJapanese then had no ship to match the "Powhattan," the solitaryvessel was notas importantas thenews she had brought from Shanghai. Other foreignvessels were on theway to Japan, not alone but in fleets.A Britishsquadron was to be followedby a French,both fresh from forcing treaties upon China.
    [Show full text]
  • Westernization in Japan: America’S Arrival
    International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-3, Issue-8, Aug.-2017 http://iraj.in WESTERNIZATION IN JAPAN: AMERICA’S ARRIVAL TANRIO SOPHIA VIRGINIA English Literature Department BINUS UNIVERSITY Indonesia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract- As America arrived with westernization during late Edo period also known as Bakumatsu period, Japan unwelcomed it. The arrival of America in Japan had initiated the ‘wind of change’ to new era towards Japan culture albeit its contribution to Japan proffers other values at all cost. The study aims to emphasize the importance of history in globalization era by learning Japan's process in accepting western culture. By learning historical occurrences, cultural conflicts can be avoided or minimized in global setting. The importance of awareness has accentuated an understanding of forbearance in cultural diversity perspectives and the significance of diplomatic relation for peace. Systematic literature review is applied as the method to analyze the advent of America, forming of treaty, Sakoku Policy, Diplomatic relationship, and Jesuit- Franciscans conflict. The treaty formed between Japan and America served as the bridge for Japan to enter westernization. Keywords- Westernization, Japan, America, Sakoku Policy, Jesuit-Franciscans Conflict, Treaty, Culture, Edo Period. I. INTRODUCTION Analysing from the advent of America leads to Japan’s Sakoku Policy which took roots from a Bakumatsu period or also known as Edo period, dispute caused by westerners when Japan was an specifically in the year of 1854 in Capital of Kyoto, open country. This paper provides educational values Japan, was when the conflict between Pro-Shogunate from historical occurrences.
    [Show full text]
  • The Opening of Japan
    i i i i West Bohemian Historical Review VI j 2016 j 1 The Opening of Japan Eliška Lebedová∗ Since the first half of the 17th century Japan closed itself against the influence of the outside world. Only the Dutch traders could under strict restrictions enter the port of Nagasaki. This policy of so-called sakoku (isolation) was one of the cornerstones of the Tokugawa bakufu. However, since the turn of the 18th and 19th century the ships of the western pow- ers started to gain interest in the seas around Japan. The ruling Tokugawa regime was nevertheless anxious of the internal consequences of the opening of the country and turned away any effort of western Great Powers to open Japan to foreign trade. This policy was not however backed by military ability to repulse the foreigners if they came and tried to open Japan by force. The arrival of powerful fleet of Commodore Perry in 1853 therefore compelled the bakufu to sign a first treaty opening its ports to western country. Treaties with other countries followed soon and at the end of the 50s Japan had to sign a series of unequal treaties under the pressure of the Great Powers. This was a start of a whole new period of Japanese history. [Japan; Great Britain; United States; Russia; France; diplomacy; international relations; trade] Japan1 had always been an isolated and insular country due to its remote location. Foreign relations were limited to its relatively close neighbours in Asia. Trade agreements concluded in the 15th century with Korea and China led to the brisk exchange of goods, which was, however, accompa- nied by increased activities of Japanese pirates (wako¯) and Chinese smug- glers on the Chinese-Korean coast.2 Traders also sailed from Japan to Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogunâ•Žs
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations School of Arts and Sciences October 2012 Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Cecilia S. Seigle Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Economics Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Seigle, Cecilia S. Ph.D., "Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1" (2012). Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. 7. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Abstract In this study I shall discuss the marriage politics of Japan's early ruling families (mainly from the 6th to the 12th centuries) and the adaptation of these practices to new circumstances by the leaders of the following centuries. Marriage politics culminated with the founder of the Edo bakufu, the first shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616). To show how practices continued to change, I shall discuss the weddings given by the fifth shogun sunaT yoshi (1646-1709) and the eighth shogun Yoshimune (1684-1751). The marriages of Tsunayoshi's natural and adopted daughters reveal his motivations for the adoptions and for his choice of the daughters’ husbands. The marriages of Yoshimune's adopted daughters show how his atypical philosophy of rulership resulted in a break with the earlier Tokugawa marriage politics.
    [Show full text]
  • [Articles] a Reconsideration of the Transmission of the Katana Swords Known As “Honsaku Chōgi” and “Yamanba-Giri” HARA Fumihiko ( 1 )
    Kinko Sōsho Bulletin of The Tokugawa Reimeikai Foundation Kinko Sōsho 47 Contents March 2020 [Articles] A Reconsideration of the Transmission of the Katana Swords Known as “Honsaku Chōgi” and “Yamanba-giri” HARA Fumihiko ( 1 ) On the Subjects of the Portrait of Honda Heihachirō Folding Screen YOSHIKAWA Miho ( 35 ) Folding Screens with Birds and Flowers of the Four Seasons by Kanō Tan’yū KATO Shohei ( 57 ) The Illustrated Handscroll of True View of the Tsukiji Estate with Plants, Insects and Fish ANDŌ Kaori ( 85 ) [Introduction of Historical Material] Research Notes on “Sokui-no-ki” (II) NAMIKI Masashi ( 111 ) Kinko Sōsho 46 Contents March 2019 [Articles] Identifying Who Commissioned the Tokugawa Art Museum Collection’s Hōkoku Festival Screens KURODA Hideo ( 1 ) On the development of the Kanō Tsunenobu style: including an introduction to the Yoshino Screens (Tokugawa Art Museum Collection) USUDA Daisuke ( 23 ) A Study of the German Salt-Glazed Stoneware Water Jar in the Tokugawa Art Museum — From the viewpoint of “Oranda” ware as Daimyō properties NAGAHISA Tomoko ( 41 ) The Wartime Evacuation of the Tokugawa Art Museum Collection KŌYAMA-HAYASHI Rie ( 59 ) Kinko Sōsho 45 Contents March 2018 [Articles] Thoughts on the Illustrated Tale of Haizumi (Haizumi monogatari emaki) YOTSUTSUJI Hideki ( 1 ) History of the Katana Sword, signed “Muramasa,” and the Legend of the Muramasa Curse HARA Fumihiko ( 27 ) The Marriage of Shunkyōin Sachigimi and the Chrysanthemum-Stem Furnishings YOSHIKAWA Miho ( 59 ) “Items Connected to Hereditary Property” of
    [Show full text]
  • HIRATA KOKUGAKU and the TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon
    SPIRITS AND IDENTITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NORTHEASTERN JAPAN: HIRATA KOKUGAKU AND THE TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon Fujiwara A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2013 © Gideon Fujiwara, 2013 ABSTRACT While previous research on kokugaku , or nativism, has explained how intellectuals imagined the singular community of Japan, this study sheds light on how posthumous disciples of Hirata Atsutane based in Tsugaru juxtaposed two “countries”—their native Tsugaru and Imperial Japan—as they transitioned from early modern to modern society in the nineteenth century. This new perspective recognizes the multiplicity of community in “Japan,” which encompasses the domain, multiple levels of statehood, and “nation,” as uncovered in recent scholarship. My analysis accentuates the shared concerns of Atsutane and the Tsugaru nativists toward spirits and the spiritual realm, ethnographic studies of commoners, identification with the north, and religious thought and worship. I chronicle the formation of this scholarly community through their correspondence with the head academy in Edo (later Tokyo), and identify their autonomous character. Hirao Rosen conducted ethnography of Tsugaru and the “world” through visiting the northern island of Ezo in 1855, and observing Americans, Europeans, and Qing Chinese stationed there. I show how Rosen engaged in self-orientation and utilized Hirata nativist theory to locate Tsugaru within the spiritual landscape of Imperial Japan. Through poetry and prose, leader Tsuruya Ariyo identified Mount Iwaki as a sacred pillar of Tsugaru, and insisted one could experience “enjoyment” from this life and beyond death in the realm of spirits.
    [Show full text]
  • 2022 Cherry Blossoms
    photo © japan-guide.com photo © kumamoto-guide.jp ate n Off the Be n Path: A Different Side of Japa 2022 CHERRY BLOSSOMS GUARANTEED! SAIGO TAKAMORI HISTORY TOUR RISK FREE! Very Unique Tour Itinerary! Fly Non-Stop to Fukuoka and Return from Osaka! Cancel for Any Reason by 12/29/21! 10 Nights / 12 Days • 23 Meals (10 Breakfasts, 7 Lunches, 6 Dinners) No Penalties & No Cancellation Fees! Escorted from Honolulu • English-Speaking Local Guide April 01 – 12, 2022 • Tour Manager: Lana Ige Saigō Takamori (1828–1877) was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history. As a leader COMPLETE in the Meiji Restoration, he was instrumental in the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government) and the return of the control of the country to direct imperial rule under Mutsuhito (the PACKAGE! emperor Meiji). While this brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country, it also meant the abolishment of the privileged social status of Saigō’s beloved samurai class. $4588* Disenfranchised with his new government, Saigō escaped to Kagoshima and opened a private military INCLUDES ROUNDTRIP AIRFARE FROM academy as a way to employ the faithful samurai who had also left Tokyo to follow him. As tensions grew HONOLULU, 10 NIGHTS HOTEL, 23 MEALS, between the imperial government and the samurai class, Saigō was reluctantly persuaded by his peers to TIPS FOR LOCAL TOUR GUIDES AND lead a revolt against the government just 9 years after helping to place it in power. The rebellion lasted BUS DRIVERS, ALL TAXES & FEES just 9 months before Saigō was shot and mortally wounded.
    [Show full text]
  • Navy, Modernized 1868-1894 [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, [email protected]
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette History Faculty Research and Publications History Department 1-1-2013 Navy, Modernized 1868-1894 [Encyclopedia Entry] Michael Wert Marquette University, [email protected] Published version. "Navy, Modernized 1868-1894," in Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Publisher Link. Japan at War: An Encyclopedia by Louis G. Perez, Editor. © 2013 by ABC-Clio, LLC. All rights reserved. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara, CA. Navy, Modernized I 267 . a naval squadron led by U.S. Commodore 2. Japan's emperor, not China's, invested Matthew Perry forced the bakufu to sign Tokugawa shoguns with ruling author­ a treaty that ended national isolation by ity but did so on condition that they allowing a consul-general to reside in Japan, uphold national isolation, which per­ and Townsend Harris came to take up this force meant preserving sovereignty post in 1856. He demanded and got a and territorial integrity. shogunal audience at which he extorted 3. That point required shOguns to expel a full-blown trade pact from bakufu leader unauthorized foreigners who forced Ii Naosuke-just as China was suffering their way into Japan and the ruling defeat in the second. Opium War in 1858. warrior class to live up to its Bushido Ii signed the treaty, in a decision that counter­ ideology. manded the orders of the emperor in Kyoto, 4. Failure on those counts would justify not the emperor in Beijing. This defiant act ending bakufu rule and the warrior stirred up violent nationalistic opposition, class in the name of imperialloyalism, first among samurai from Mito domain, who and creating a new polity and a com­ murdered Ii in 1860, and later throughout moner conscript army better suited to the nation as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan Has Always Held an Important Place in Modern World Affairs, Switching Sides From
    Japan has always held an important place in modern world affairs, switching sides from WWI to WWII and always being at the forefront of technology. Yet, Japan never came up as much as China, Mongolia, and other East Asian kingdoms as we studied history at school. Why was that? Delving into Japanese history we found the reason; much of Japan’s history was comprised of sakoku, a barrier between it and the Western world, which wrote most of its history. How did this barrier break and Japan leap to power? This was the question we set out on an expedition to answer. With preliminary knowledge on Matthew Perry, we began research on sakoku’s history. We worked towards a middle; researching sakoku’s implementation, the West’s attempt to break it, and the impacts of Japan’s globalization. These three topics converged at the pivotal moment when Commodore Perry arrived in Japan and opened two of its ports through the Convention of Kanagawa. To further our knowledge on Perry’s arrival and the fall of the Tokugawa in particular, we borrowed several books from our local library and reached out to several professors. Rhoda Blumberg’s Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun presented rich detail ​ ​ into Perry’s arrival in Japan, while Professor Emi Foulk Bushelle of WWU answered several of our queries and gave us a valuable document with letters written by two Japanese officials. Professor John W. Dower’s website on MIT Visualizing Cultures offered analysis of several primary sources, including images and illustrations that represented the US and Japan’s perceptions of each other.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Interpretation of the Bakufu's Refusal to Open the Ryukyus To
    Volume 16 | Issue 17 | Number 3 | Article ID 5196 | Sep 01, 2018 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus A New Interpretation of the Bakufu’s Refusal to Open the Ryukyus to Commodore Perry Marco Tinello Abstract The Ryukyu Islands are a chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to In this article I seek to show that, while the Taiwan. The former Kingdom of Ryukyu was Ryukyu shobun refers to the process by which formally incorporated into the Japanese state the Meiji government annexed the Ryukyu as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. Kingdom between 1872 and 1879, it can best be understood by investigating its antecedents in the Bakumatsu era and by viewing it in the wider context of East Asian and world history. I show that, following negotiations with Commodore Perry, the bakufu recognized the importance of claiming Japanese control over the Ryukyus. This study clarifies the changing nature of Japanese diplomacy regarding the Ryukyus from Bakumatsu in the late 1840s to early Meiji. Keywords Tokugawa bakufu, Bakumatsu, Ryukyu shobun, Commodore Perry, Japan From the end of the fourteenth century until the mid-sixteenth century, the Ryukyu kingdom was a center of trade relations between Japan, China, Korea, and other East Asian partners. According to his journal, when Commodore Matthew C. Perry demanded that the Ryukyu Islands be opened to his fleet in 1854, the Tokugawa shogunate replied that the Ryukyu Kingdom “is a very distant country, and the opening of its harbor cannot be discussed by us.”2 The few English-language studies3 of this encounter interpret this reply as evidence that 1 16 | 17 | 3 APJ | JF the bakufu was reluctant to become involved in and American sources relating to the discussions about the international status of negotiations between Perry and the bakufu in the Ryukyus; no further work has been done to 1854, I show that Abe did not draft his guide investigate the bakufu’s foreign policy toward immediately before, but rather after the Ryukyus between 1854 and the early Meiji negotiations were held at Uraga in 1854/2.
    [Show full text]