DOCSLIB.ORG

Quarterly Progress Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

USAID TADAEEM PROJECT QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT January 1 – March 31, 2021 Submitted: April 30, 2021 CONTRACT NUMBER: AID-OAA-1-14-00065, AID-664-TO-17-00002 DELOITTE CONSULTING, LLP This publication was produced by Deloitte Consulting LLP for review by the United States Agency for International Development. The information provided does not represent the views or positions of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. Government. LIST OF ACRONYMS Acronym Definition CAPI Computer Assisted Personal Interviews CFAD Centre de formation et d’Appui à la Decentralization CPS Citizen Perception Survey CPSCL Caisse des Prêts et de Soutien des Collectivités Locales CSO Civil Society Organization GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System KPI Key Performance Indicator MALE Ministère des Affaires Locales et de l'Environnement OAT Ordre des Architectes de Tunisie ONAS Office National de l'Assainissement PPP Public-Private Partnership SONEDE Société Tunisienne d’Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux STEG Société Tunisienne d’Electricité et du Gaz TADAEEM Tunisia Accountability, Decentralization and Effective Municipalities USAID United States Agency for International Development TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 1 OBJECTIVE 2: Municipal Institutional and Service Delivery Performance Improved ................................ 3 Result 2.1: Improved Institutional Capacity of Local Governments to Effectively Engage with and Respond to Citizens .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Result 2.2: Improved and Sustainable Delivery of Services .......................................................................... 5 Citizen Perception Survey ............................................................................................................................... 9 Municipal Own Revenue Generation .......................................................................................................... 10 Tunis GIS ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 Result 2.3: Improved Citizen Perceptions of Local Government Responsiveness ............................... 14 OBJECTIVE 3: Regional and National Service Delivery Mechanisms Improved to Respond to Needs of Citizens ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15 Result 3.1: Improved Performance of Key Ministry Functions Related to Regulating or Delivering Services at the Local Level ................................................................................................................................. 15 Municipal Service Manuals and Guidelines ................................................................................................. 16 National Household Waste Management Strategy ................................................................................. 17 Demolition and Construction Waste Management Strategy ................................................................ 18 Parks and Green Spaces ................................................................................................................................. 19 Result 3.3: Improved Citizen Perceptions of National Government Responsiveness ........................ 20 E-Construction ................................................................................................................................................. 20 OBJECTIVE 4: Municipal, Regional, and Ministry's Communication and Coordination Improved to Respond to COVID-19 and Other Crises.......................................................................................................... 21 Result 4.1: Improved Coordination and Communication Performance of Municipalities, Regions and Ministry in Responding to COVID and Other Crises ................................................................................. 21 Equip Municipalities, Governorates and MALE to Communicate and Coordinate During Crises ............................................................................................................................................................................. 21 Enable Municipalities and the Ministry to Implement E-Construction Permits ................................ 22 ANNEX 1. TADAEEM SUCCESS STORIES ....................................................................................................... 23 ANNEX 2. TADAEEM ONE-PAGER HIGHLIGHTS ....................................................................................... 25 ANNEX 3. TADAEEM EVENTS AND TRAININGS ....................................................................................... 27 ANNEX 4. TADAEEM ACTIVITY LOCATION BY TYPE AND PARTICIPANTS .................................. 29 ANNEX 5. TADAEEM INDICATOR PERFORMANCE TRACKING TABLE (IPTT) ............................. 31 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of the project is to improve the relationship between Tunisian citizens and their civic and government institutions (particularly with underserved populations) through improved communication, coordination, and collaboration between citizens and their government. This is expected to contribute to an increase in the legitimacy of the political system. This will be achieved through more citizen participation in governmental decision-making, leading to increased responsiveness and improved performance of the Tunisian government at specific levels, focusing on municipal performance. In March, the Tunisia Accountability, Decentralization and Effective Municipalities (TADAEEM) project ended the employment of approximately 65 percent of the staff and realigned the work plan with the remaining available level of effort and closeout plan. This quarter, most of the activities have been focused on building on achievements, consolidating proven municipal service improvement methodologies and developing sustainable e-governance tools for national counterparts to disseminate nationally. Progress was also made on the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) $5 million post-COVID equipment procurement to enable all municipalities, governors’ offices and the Ministry of Local Affairs and the Environment (MALE) to enhance their resilience by strengthening their communication and coordinate capability during crises and creating an enabling environment for all 350 municipalities to launch the online e- construction permit to reduce in-person construction permit applications, improve social distancing, increase transparency, efficiency and effectiveness. The following results were achieved during this quarter: • 62 elected and staff women from 23 municipalities participated in women leadership skills building training and dialogue program. As a result, a network between elected women is created. • All the communication and coordination system equipment as a part I-Post COVID effort for 350 municipalities, 24 governorates, the national training center (CFAD), and the Ministry of Local Affairs and Environment (MALE) were imported and cleared the long customs process. The installation, testing, and training will begin at the beginning of the next quarter. • The scope of work and Request for Proposals (RFPs) for procuring equipment to enable the implementation of the e-construction permit system in all 350 municipalities as a part of Post- COVID Part II were completed. The evaluation of proposals and contract award will be in the next quarter • The first three of four releases for the e-construction permit platform have been completed and the project began demonstrations and testing it in the municipalities. Integration with the Architect Board database has been completed. Release four will be demonstrated and tested, and demonstrations for business and engineering communities will be conducted at the beginning of the next quarter • The scope of work and Request for Quotations (RFQs) for equipment grants for 33 municipalities to improve their public services have been completed. The evaluation of proposals and contract award will be at the beginning of the next quarter. The equipment to implement the second round of public service improvements plans in 33 municipalities were delivered. However, the data collection for Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) was left for each municipality to perform. The project will continue to follow up with partner municipalities to collect impact data as they compile their KPIs. Page | 1 • Dissemination of public service management methodology and sharing of lessons learned, results, and positive deviances with non-partner municipalities was completed for public lighting, roads and waste management services. Public lighting modules were shared online with 315 participants from 99 municipalities, road modules with 201 participants from 63 municipalities and waste management modules with 17 participants from seven municipalities. The dissemination was stopped due to staff reduction. • The property and business survey grant to improve the database for the municipal own-source collection and management improvements in 10 municipalities was awarded. Onsite assessment of database and technology application
Recommended publications
  • Tunisia Summary Strategic Environmental and Social

    Tunisia Summary Strategic Environmental and Social

    PMIR Summary Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP PROJECT: ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE MODERNIZATION PROJECT COUNTRY: TUNISIA SUMMARY STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA) Project Team: Mr. P. M. FALL, Transport Engineer, OITC.2 Mr. N. SAMB, Consultant Socio-Economist, OITC.2 Mr. A. KIES, Consultant Economist, OITC 2 Mr. M. KINANE, Principal Environmentalist, ONEC.3 Mr. S. BAIOD, Consultant Environmentalist ONEC.3 Project Team Sector Director: Mr. Amadou OUMAROU Regional Director: Mr. Jacob KOLSTER Division Manager: Mr. Abayomi BABALOLA 1 PMIR Summary Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment Project Name : ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE MODERNIZATION PROJECT Country : TUNISIA Project Number : P-TN-DB0-013 Department : OITC Division: OITC.2 1 Introduction This report is a summary of the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) of the Road Project Modernization Project 1 for improvement works in terms of upgrading and construction of road structures and primary roads of the Tunisian classified road network. This summary has been prepared in compliance with the procedures and operational policies of the African Development Bank through its Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) for Category 1 projects. The project description and rationale are first presented, followed by the legal and institutional framework in the Republic of Tunisia. A brief description of the main environmental conditions is presented, and then the road programme components are presented by their typology and by Governorate. The summary is based on the projected activities and information contained in the 60 EIAs already prepared. It identifies the key issues relating to significant impacts and the types of measures to mitigate them. It is consistent with the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) developed to that end.
  • December 2020 Contract Pipeline

    December 2020 Contract Pipeline

    OFFICIAL USE No Country DTM Project title and Portfolio Contract title Type of contract Procurement method Year Number 1 2021 Albania 48466 Albanian Railways SupervisionRehabilitation Contract of Tirana-Durres for Rehabilitation line and ofconstruction the Durres of- Tirana a new Railwaylink to TIA Line and construction of a New Railway Line to Tirana International Works Open 2 Albania 48466 Albanian Railways Airport Consultancy Competitive Selection 2021 3 Albania 48466 Albanian Railways Asset Management Plan and Track Access Charges Consultancy Competitive Selection 2021 4 Albania 49351 Albania Infrastructure and tourism enabling Albania: Tourism-led Model For Local Economic Development Consultancy Competitive Selection 2021 5 Albania 49351 Albania Infrastructure and tourism enabling Infrastructure and Tourism Enabling Programme: Gender and Economic Inclusion Programme Manager Consultancy Competitive Selection 2021 6 Albania 50123 Regional and Local Roads Connectivity Rehabilitation of Vlore - Orikum Road (10.6 km) Works Open 2022 7 Albania 50123 Regional and Local Roads Connectivity Upgrade of Zgosth - Ura e Cerenecit road Section (47.1km) Works Open 2022 8 Albania 50123 Regional and Local Roads Connectivity Works supervision Consultancy Competitive Selection 2021 9 Albania 50123 Regional and Local Roads Connectivity PIU support Consultancy Competitive Selection 2021 10 Albania 51908 Kesh Floating PV Project Design, build and operation of the floating photovoltaic plant located on Vau i Dejës HPP Lake Works Open 2021 11 Albania 51908
  • Tunisia 2019 Human Rights Report

    Tunisia 2019 Human Rights Report

    TUNISIA 2019 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Tunisia is a constitutional republic with a multiparty, unicameral parliamentary system and a president with powers specified in the constitution. During the year the country held parliamentary and presidential elections in the first transition of power since its first democratic elections in 2014. On October 6, the country held open and competitive parliamentary elections that resulted in the Nahda Party winning a plurality of the votes, granting the party the opportunity to form a new government. President Kais Saied, an independent candidate without a political party, came to office on October 23 after winning the country’s second democratic presidential elections. On July 25, President Caid Essebsi died of natural causes and power transferred to Speaker of Parliament Mohamed Ennaceur as acting president for the three months prior to the election of President Saied on October 13. The Ministry of Interior holds legal authority and responsibility for law enforcement. The ministry oversees the National Police, which has primary responsibility for law enforcement in the major cities, and the National Guard (gendarmerie), which oversees border security and patrols smaller towns and rural areas. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. Significant human rights issues included reports of unlawful or arbitrary killings, primarily by terrorist groups; allegations of torture by government agents, which reportedly decreased during the year; arbitrary arrests and detentions of suspects under antiterrorism or emergency laws; undue restrictions on freedom of expression and the press, including criminalization of libel; corruption, although the government took steps to combat it; societal violence and threats of violence targeting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons; and criminalization of consensual same-sex sexual conduct that resulted in arrests and abuse by security forces.
  • Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2018 ■ Pn55

    Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2018 ■ Pn55

    TRANSITION 2017 POLICYPOLICY NOTES FOR THE TRUMP NOTES ADMINISTRATION THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ 2018 ■ PN55 TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA AARON Y. ZELIN Tunisia should really open its embassy in Raqqa, not Damascus. That’s where its people are. —ABU KHALED, AN ISLAMIC STATE SPY1 THE PAST FEW YEARS have seen rising interest in foreign fighting as a general phenomenon and in fighters joining jihadist groups in particular. Tunisians figure disproportionately among the foreign jihadist cohort, yet their ubiquity is somewhat confounding. Why Tunisians? This study aims to bring clarity to this question by examining Tunisia’s foreign fighter networks mobilized to Syria and Iraq since 2011, when insurgencies shook those two countries amid the broader Arab Spring uprisings. ©2018 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ NO. 30 ■ JANUARY 2017 AARON Y. ZELIN Along with seeking to determine what motivated Evolution of Tunisian Participation these individuals, it endeavors to reconcile estimated in the Iraq Jihad numbers of Tunisians who actually traveled, who were killed in theater, and who returned home. The find- Although the involvement of Tunisians in foreign jihad ings are based on a wide range of sources in multiple campaigns predates the 2003 Iraq war, that conflict languages as well as data sets created by the author inspired a new generation of recruits whose effects since 2011. Another way of framing the discussion will lasted into the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution. center on Tunisians who participated in the jihad fol- These individuals fought in groups such as Abu Musab lowing the 2003 U.S.
  • Durham E-Theses

    Durham E-Theses

    Durham E-Theses Integrated rural development a case study of monastir governorate Tunisia Harrison, Ian C. How to cite: Harrison, Ian C. (1982) Integrated rural development a case study of monastir governorate Tunisia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9340/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT A CASE STUDY OP MONASTIR GOVERNORATE TUNISIA IAN C. HARRISON The copyright of this thesis tests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without bis prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD, Department of Geography, University of Durham. March 1982. ABSTRACT The Tunisian government has adopted an integrated rural development programme to tackle the problems of the national rural sector. The thesis presents an examination of the viability and success of the programme with specific reference to the Governorate of Monastir.
  • We Thank You Much for Your Interest Allow Us Please

    We Thank You Much for Your Interest Allow Us Please

    Dear Sir; We thank you much for your interest to our packed Extra Virgin O live Oil. Allow us please this historical overview, it’s reminds us Tunisian olive oil origin and therefore Tunisian civilization … it shows how Tunisian olive oil is glorious. For thousands of years, olive oil has been prominent in all great civilizations that have prospered in Tunisia. Olive tree was cultivated by Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans and Arabs, in a tradition that has been passed down from father to son ever since. Olive cultivation in Tunisia dates back to the 8th century BC, even before the founding of Carthage by Queen Dido. Phoenicians were the first introducing this crop to North Africa and especially to Tunisia. In Carthaginian period, olive cultivation started to spread on account of several advantages granted to olive-growers. Romans continued the expansion of olive -growing stepped-up irrigation, olive oil extraction technique. as evidenced by Excavations at Sufeitula (present-day Sbeitla) and Thysdrus (El Jem, territorially and administratively attached to Mahdia Governorate from where we introduce you «Zeten Bottled Extra Virgin Olive Oil») We hope you allow us introducing fo r you Bottled Tunisian Extra Virgin Olive Oil witch is obtained naturally at First Cold Extraction and witch labeled ZETEN. Brand: ZETEN Producer: SOCHO ZETEN S.A. Origin: Tunisia, Al -Mahdia Town Quality: Extra Virgin Olive Oil according to IOC standards with acidity ≤0.45% Taste & Smell: Sweet Spice Nicely, Fruity Flavor, Absolutely Perfect « Audience
  • Pinus Halepensis Mill.) Stands in Northern Africa Be Oriented Towards Wood Or Seed and Cone Production? Diagnosis and Current Potentiality

    Pinus Halepensis Mill.) Stands in Northern Africa Be Oriented Towards Wood Or Seed and Cone Production? Diagnosis and Current Potentiality

    Review Article ii FF o o r r e e s s t t doi: 10.3832/ifor2965-012 Biogeosciences and Forestry vol. 12, pp. 297-305 Should the silviculture of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in northern Africa be oriented towards wood or seed and cone production? Diagnosis and current potentiality Wahbi Jaouadi (1-2), The aim of this work is to review studies on the silviculture of Aleppo pine (Pi- Souheila Naghmouchi (3), nus halepensis Mill.) in North Africa and the Mediterranean basin over a period (4) of 50 years. The study presents a synthesis of: (i) silviculture; (ii) wood pro- Moodi Alsubeie ductivity and growth; (iii) cone and seed production; and (vi) the socio-eco- nomic role of Aleppo pine. The results show that the production of the Aleppo pine is enhanced by the potential of the site, which is closely related to the bioclimatic stage and soil fertility. For instance, production increased from 0.4 to 4 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in an Aleppo pine stand with a dominant height varying be- tween 9.7 and 22.8 m. Previous studies confirmed that the average maximum volume in annual growth of Aleppo pine is 3.3 m3 ha-1 yr-1 for 40-year old stands at good-fertility sites. The lowest values (<0.5 m3 ha-1 yr-1) were recorded for the fourth and last class of productivity in >100-year old stands. There is high demand for Aleppo pine seeds in North Africa, making their pro- duction profitable, and this represents an important sector for the sustainable development and improvement of living-standards of the local populations.
  • Directory of Higher Education Institutions (Higher Education and Research) Vv

    Directory of Higher Education Institutions (Higher Education and Research) Vv

    Ministry of Higher Education www.universites.tn Directory of Higher Education Institutions (Higher Education and Research) Updated : July 2006 vv Document realized by « le Bureau de Communication Numérique » of the Ministry of Higher Education This document can be downloaded at this address : http://www.universites.tn/annuaire_ang.pdf Summary - Ez-zitouna University ......................................... 1 - Tunis University ................................................ 2 - Tunis El Manar University .................................... 4 - University of 7-November at Carthage .................. 6 - La Manouba University ........................................ 9 - Jendouba University ........................................... 11 - Sousse University .............................................. 12 - Monastir University ............................................ 14 - Kairouan University ........................................... 16 - Sfax University ................................................. 17 - Gafsa University ................................................ 19 - Gabes University ............................................... 20 - Virtual University ............................................... 22 - Higher Institutes of Technological Studies ............. 23 - Higher Institutes of Teacher Training .................... 26 Ez-Zitouna University Address : 21, rue Sidi Abou El Kacem Jelizi - Place Maakel Ezzaïm - President : Salem Bouyahia Tunis - 1008 General Secretary : Abdelkarim Louati Phone : 71 575 937 / 71 575
  • S.No Governorate Cities 1 L'ariana Ariana 2 L'ariana Ettadhamen-Mnihla 3 L'ariana Kalâat El-Andalous 4 L'ariana Raoued 5 L'aria

    S.No Governorate Cities 1 L'ariana Ariana 2 L'ariana Ettadhamen-Mnihla 3 L'ariana Kalâat El-Andalous 4 L'ariana Raoued 5 L'aria

    S.No Governorate Cities 1 l'Ariana Ariana 2 l'Ariana Ettadhamen-Mnihla 3 l'Ariana Kalâat el-Andalous 4 l'Ariana Raoued 5 l'Ariana Sidi Thabet 6 l'Ariana La Soukra 7 Béja Béja 8 Béja El Maâgoula 9 Béja Goubellat 10 Béja Medjez el-Bab 11 Béja Nefza 12 Béja Téboursouk 13 Béja Testour 14 Béja Zahret Mediou 15 Ben Arous Ben Arous 16 Ben Arous Bou Mhel el-Bassatine 17 Ben Arous El Mourouj 18 Ben Arous Ezzahra 19 Ben Arous Hammam Chott 20 Ben Arous Hammam Lif 21 Ben Arous Khalidia 22 Ben Arous Mégrine 23 Ben Arous Mohamedia-Fouchana 24 Ben Arous Mornag 25 Ben Arous Radès 26 Bizerte Aousja 27 Bizerte Bizerte 28 Bizerte El Alia 29 Bizerte Ghar El Melh 30 Bizerte Mateur 31 Bizerte Menzel Bourguiba 32 Bizerte Menzel Jemil 33 Bizerte Menzel Abderrahmane 34 Bizerte Metline 35 Bizerte Raf Raf 36 Bizerte Ras Jebel 37 Bizerte Sejenane 38 Bizerte Tinja 39 Bizerte Saounin 40 Bizerte Cap Zebib 41 Bizerte Beni Ata 42 Gabès Chenini Nahal 43 Gabès El Hamma 44 Gabès Gabès 45 Gabès Ghannouch 46 Gabès Mareth www.downloadexcelfiles.com 47 Gabès Matmata 48 Gabès Métouia 49 Gabès Nouvelle Matmata 50 Gabès Oudhref 51 Gabès Zarat 52 Gafsa El Guettar 53 Gafsa El Ksar 54 Gafsa Gafsa 55 Gafsa Mdhila 56 Gafsa Métlaoui 57 Gafsa Moularès 58 Gafsa Redeyef 59 Gafsa Sened 60 Jendouba Aïn Draham 61 Jendouba Beni M'Tir 62 Jendouba Bou Salem 63 Jendouba Fernana 64 Jendouba Ghardimaou 65 Jendouba Jendouba 66 Jendouba Oued Melliz 67 Jendouba Tabarka 68 Kairouan Aïn Djeloula 69 Kairouan Alaâ 70 Kairouan Bou Hajla 71 Kairouan Chebika 72 Kairouan Echrarda 73 Kairouan Oueslatia 74 Kairouan
  • Analysis of the Tunisian Tax Incentives Regime

    Analysis of the Tunisian Tax Incentives Regime

    Analysis of the Tunisian Tax Incentives Regime March 2013 OECD Paris, France Analysis of the Tunisian Tax Incentives Regime OECD mission, 5-9 November 2012 “…We are working with Tunisia, who joined the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters in July 2012, to review its tax incentives regime and to support its efforts to develop a new investment law.” Remarks by Angel Gurría, OECD Secretary-General, delivered at the Deauville Partnership Meeting of the Finance Ministers in Tokyo, 12 October 2012 1. Executive Summary This analysis of the Tunisian tax incentives regime was conducted by the OECD Tax and Development Programme1 at the request of the Tunisian Ministry of Finance. Following discussions with the government, the OECD agreed to conduct a review of the Tunisian tax incentive system within the framework of the Principles to Enhance the Transparency and Governance of Tax Incentives for Investment in Developing Countries.2 As requested by the Tunisian authorities, the objective of this review was to understand the current system’s bottlenecks and to propose changes to improve efficiency of the system in terms of its ability to mobilise revenue on the one hand and to attract the right kind of investment on the other. The key findings are based on five days of intensive consultations and analysis. Key Findings and Recommendations A comprehensive tax reform effort, including tax policy and tax administration, is critical in the near term to mobilize domestic resources more effectively. The tax reform programme should include, but not be limited to, the development of a new Investment Incentives Code, aimed at transforming the incentives scheme.
  • Leishmania Major in Tunisia by Microsatellite Analysis

    Leishmania Major in Tunisia by Microsatellite Analysis

    RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatio-temporal Genetic Structuring of Leishmania major in Tunisia by Microsatellite Analysis Myriam Harrabi1,2*, Jihène Bettaieb1, Wissem Ghawar1, Amine Toumi1, Amor Zaâtour1, Rihab Yazidi1, Sana Chaâbane1, Bilel Chalghaf1, Mallorie Hide3, Anne-Laure Bañuls3, Afif Ben Salah1 1 Institut Pasteur, Tunis, Tunisia, 2 Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte-Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia, 3 UMR MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS5290-Universités Montpellier 1 et 2), Centre IRD, Montpellier, France * [email protected] Abstract In Tunisia, cases of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major are increasing and spreading from the south-west to new areas in the center. To improve the current knowledge on L. major evolution and population dynamics, we performed multi- locus microsatellite typing of human isolates from Tunisian governorates where the disease is endemic (Gafsa, Kairouan and Sidi Bouzid governorates) and collected during two peri- OPEN ACCESS ods: 1991–1992 and 2008–2012. Analysis (F-statistics and Bayesian model-based approach) of the genotyping results of isolates collected in Sidi Bouzid in 1991–1992 and Citation: Harrabi M, Bettaieb J, Ghawar W, Toumi A, – Zaâtour A, Yazidi R, et al. (2015) Spatio-temporal 2008 2012 shows that, over two decades, in the same area, Leishmania parasites evolved Genetic Structuring of Leishmania major in Tunisia by by generating genetically differentiated populations. The genetic patterns of 2008–2012 iso- Microsatellite Analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9(8): lates from the three governorates indicate that L. major populations did not spread gradually e0004017. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004017 from the south to the center of Tunisia, according to a geographical gradient, suggesting Editor: Gabriele Schönian, Charité University that human activities might be the source of the disease expansion.
  • MPLS VPN Service

    MPLS VPN Service

    MPLS VPN Service PCCW Global’s MPLS VPN Service provides reliable and secure access to your network from anywhere in the world. This technology-independent solution enables you to handle a multitude of tasks ranging from mission-critical Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), quality videoconferencing and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) to convenient email and web-based applications while addressing traditional network problems relating to speed, scalability, Quality of Service (QoS) management and traffic engineering. MPLS VPN enables routers to tag and forward incoming packets based on their class of service specification and allows you to run voice communications, video, and IT applications separately via a single connection and create faster and smoother pathways by simplifying traffic flow. Independent of other VPNs, your network enjoys a level of security equivalent to that provided by frame relay and ATM. Network diagram Database Customer Portal 24/7 online customer portal CE Router Voice Voice Regional LAN Headquarters Headquarters Data LAN Data LAN Country A LAN Country B PE CE Customer Router Service Portal PE Router Router • Router report IPSec • Traffic report Backup • QoS report PCCW Global • Application report MPLS Core Network Internet IPSec MPLS Gateway Partner Network PE Router CE Remote Router Site Access PE Router Voice CE Voice LAN Router Branch Office CE Data Branch Router Office LAN Country D Data LAN Country C Key benefits to your business n A fully-scalable solution requiring minimal investment