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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Integrated rural development a case study of monastir governorate Tunisia Harrison, Ian C. How to cite: Harrison, Ian C. (1982) Integrated rural development a case study of monastir governorate Tunisia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9340/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT A CASE STUDY OP MONASTIR GOVERNORATE TUNISIA IAN C. HARRISON The copyright of this thesis tests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without bis prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD, Department of Geography, University of Durham. March 1982. ABSTRACT The Tunisian government has adopted an integrated rural development programme to tackle the problems of the national rural sector. The thesis presents an examination of the viability and success of the programme with specific reference to the Governorate of Monastir. An IBS programme is justified as a strategy equipped to tackle the complex matrix of problems encountered in the rural sector of a developing country, A model for such a programme is defined/being based on five components; economic, social, institutional, infrastructural and spatial. The problems encountered in .the Tunisian rural sector are extremely varied and highly complex, including limited physical resources, abundant human resources and a poorly developed economic base. The national government has made various unsuccessful attempts to solve the problems prior to adopting an IRD strategy in 1973. Against a -background of limited resources, the implementation of the IRD programme in Monastir has focused on three aspects; the creation and consolidation of employment, vocational training and the improvement of rural living standards. Progress in these areas has met with mixed success. Close investigation at the village level, however, reveals a generally successful implementation of rural development, particularly evident in the increasing popularity of the village as a plaoe in which to live. One of the major problems with the implementation of the rural development programme has been the allocation of priorities and the failure to discern major objectives. This has been particularly true in the development of agriculture where superficial temporary measures and uneconomic prestige projects have been applied instead of attempts being made to tackle fundamental causes of the problems. Overall,however, the Tunisian rural development programme as studied in Monastir Governorate Illustrates the viability and potential success of IRD as a strategy for rural development. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although, no study of this nature is possible without the assistance of a large number of people, I would like to take this opportunity to particularly thank those without whom this thesis would undoubtedly have foundered at some point along the way. Professor W.B. Fisher was my supervisor and his experienced advice has certainly made life easier. Invaluable assistance has been provided by Dr. R. I. Lawless whose expert advice and ready ear always seemed to be available when needed. Important moral support was provided by Dr. A* Findlay in the early days of the thesis and Dr. J. Townsend was an invaluable guide through the mass of literature on rural development. I would also like to thank all the staff of the Geography Department, Durham University, for helping to make my years- there so rewarding and enjoyable. In Tunisia,. M. Labidi of the governorate of Monastir freely made available much information of great value; and the Avery and Dobson families together helped make the field work an extremely enjoyable and interesting experience. Special thanks must also go to Najib who patiently endured . many long days of translating interviews. To all those others who have contributed and assisted with the study, but who, if listed together here,would fill several pages, please accept my thanks. Finally, I would like to thank the Area Studies Committee of the Social Science Research Council for funding the three years of study and last, but by no means least, Mrs. B. Hale for the arduous and unenviable task of deciphering my handwriting and typing this thesis. CONTENTS Page Abatract i Acknowledgements ii Contents iii List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Abbreviations xiv CHARTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO INTEGRATES RURAL DEVELOPMENT 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Origins of IRD 12 2.3 Ideology 14 2.3.1 Sectoral Integration 15 2.3.2 Spatial Integration 16 2.3.3 Project/Area Approach 18 2.3.4 Integrated Planning 21 2.4 Objectives 27 2.5 Economic Component 28 2.5.1 Agriculture 29 2.3*2, Secondary Sector Development 32 2.5*3 Implementation 34 2.6 Social Component 36 2.6.1 Education and Training 36 2.6.2 Health and Family Planning Programmes 38 2.6.3 Housing and Basic Amenities 39 2.6.4 Community Development Programmes 40 2.7- Infrastructure Component 41 2.8 Institutional Component 41 2.8.1 Leadership 45 2.8.2 Political Element - 46 2.9 Spatial Component ' 46 2.10 IRD Implementation 47 2.11 Problems Associated with IRD 48 2.12 Conclusion 50 CHAPTER THREE THE TUNISIAN RURAL PROBLEM 51 3*1 Introduetion 51 3.2 Agriculture (Production) 52 3*2.1 Physical Resources 52 3.2.2 Agricultural Production 61 Cereal Cultivation 61 Arboriculture 64 c) Market Gardening 65 d) Livestock Rearing 66 .Page 3.3 Agriculture (Economy) 67 3.3.1 Land Structure 67 a) Colonial Heritage 67 b) Early Years of Independence 68 c) The Cooperative Era 70 d) Land Ownership in the 1970s 72 3.3.2 Agricultural Extension 75 3.3.3 Credit 77 3.3.4 Price Control and Subsidies 79 3.3.5 Research and Training 80 3.3*6 State Agencies 81 3.4 Agriculture in the National Economy 82 3.4.1 GDP 82 3.4.2' Employment 82 3.4.3 External Trade 83 3.4.4 Aid 88 3.4.5 National Plans 89 3.5 National Spatial Structure 94 3.6 Rural Demography 98 3.6.1 Crude Birth and Death Rates 98 3.6.2 family Planning 101 3.6.3 Population Structure ' 102 3.6.4 Migration 103 3.7 Rural Society 105 3.7.1 Education 105 3.7.2 Employment 106 3.7.3 Income and Expenditure 110 3.7.4 Health 113 3.7.5 Habitat 113 3.8 Conclusion 114 CHAPTER FOUR THE TUNISIAN RURAL DEVELOPMENT 116 PROGRAMME 4.1 Introduction 116 4.2 PDR During the IV P.lan (1973-76) 119 4.2.1 'Programme Normal' 119 4.2.2 Supplementary Projects 122 4.3 PDR During the V Plan (1977-81) 122 4.4 Institutional Framework of the PDR 126 4.4.1 Territorial Administration 126 a) Delegations and Delegates 127 b) Sectors and Sector Chiefs 128 c) The Govemorate and the Governor 129 d) The Governor's Staff 130 e) field Units 131 f) Municipalities 132 g) The Governorate Council 132 4.4.2 Political Organisation 133 4.4.3 Social Institutions 137 4.5 Tunisian Rural Development Within the Institutional framework 138 4.6 Conclusion 140 V CHAPTER FIVE RESOURCE EVALUATION OP MONASTIR GOVERNORATE 142 5.1 Introduction 142 5*2 Physical Resources 143 5.2.1 Relief 143 5.2.2 Geology 144 5.2.3 Soils 146 5.3 Climate 147 5.4 Hydrology 153 .5.4.1 Surface Water 153 5.4.2 Subterranean Water 154 5.4.3 Imported Water 159 5.4.4 Water Requirements 161 5.5 Population . 167 5*5.1 Demographic Characteristics 169 5.5.2 Population Distribution 171 5.5.3 Migration 173 5.5.4 Education and Literacy Levels 175 5*5.5 Political Awareness 178 5.6 Employment and Unemployment 179 5.7 Economic Resources 182 5.7.1 Agriculture 182 a| Dryland Farming 183 b) Arboriculture .187 c) Market Gardening 189 d) Animal Husbandry 192 5.7.2 Land Ownership 194 5.7.3 Pishing 196 5.7.4 Industry 198 5.7.5 Tourism 202 5.8 Conclusion 206 CHAPTER SIX THE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME: MONASTIR GOVERNORATE 208 6.1 Introduction 208 6.2 Economio Component 208 6.2.1 Employment Creation and Consolidation 209 a) Agriculture 210 b) Irrigated Panning 210 c) Arboriculture 213 d) Animal Husbandry 215 e) Pishing 220 f) Industry 225 g) OTTEEFP 237 6.2.2 Vocational Training 240 6.2.3 Marketing and Credit 244 6.3 The Social Component 245 6.3.1 Housing 246 6.3.2 Health 250 6.3.3 Education 256 6.3.4 Community Development 258 6.4 Infrastructure Component 261 6.4.1 Transport 261 6.4.2 Water and Electricity 264 6.5 Spatial Component 267 6.6 Conclusion 271 vi: CHAPTER SEVEN THE. IMPACT OP RURAL DEVELOPMENT: FIVE VILLAGES IN MONASTIR , 273 GOVERNORATE 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Data Base 275 7.3 The Study Area 277 7.4 Employment Structure 279 7.4.1 Under-and Unemployment.
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