DOCSLIB.ORG

Tunisia Fragil Democracy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tunisia Fragil Democracy German Council on Foreign Relations No. 2 January 2020 – first published in REPORT December 2018 Edited Volume Tunisia’s Fragile Democracy Decentralization, Institution-Building and the Development of Marginalized Regions – Policy Briefs from the Region and Europe Edited by Dina Fakoussa and Laura Lale Kabis-Kechrid 2 No. 2 | January 2020 – first published in December 2018 Tunisia’s Fragile Democracy REPORT The following papers were written by participants of the workshop “Promotion of Think Tank Work on the Development of Marginalized Regions and Institution-Building in Tunisia,” organized by the German Council on Foreign Relations’ Middle East and North Africa Program in the summer and fall of 2018 in cooperation with the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Tunis. The workshop is part of the program’s project on the promotion of think tank work in the Middle East and North Africa, which aims to strengthen the scientific and technical capacities of civil society actors in the region and the EU who are engaged in research and policy analysis and advice. It is realized with the support of the German Federal Foreign Office and the Institute for Foreign Cultural Relations (ifa e.V.). The content of the papers does not reflect the opinion of the DGAP. Responsibility for the information and views expressed herein lies entirely with the authors. The editorial closing date was October 28, 2018. Authors: Aniseh Bassiri Tabrizi, Mohamed Lamine Bel Haj Amor, Arwa Ben Ahmed, Elhem Ben Aicha, Ahmed Ben Nejma, Laroussi Bettaieb, Zied Boussen, Giulia Cimini, Rim Dhaouadi, Jihene Ferchichi, Darius Görgen, Oumaima Jegham, Tahar Kechrid, Maha Kouas, Anne Martin, and Ragnar Weilandt Edited by Dina Fakoussa and Laura Lale Kabis-Kechrid No. 2 | January 2020 – first published in December 2018 3 REPORT Tunisia’s Fragile Democracy THE AUTHORS Aniseh Bassiri Tabrizi is a research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) and a visiting fellow at the Department of War Studies, at King’s College London. Her research is concerned with security in the Middle East. She com- pleted her PhD at the Department of War Studies at King’s College London, focus- ing on the diplomatic initiative of France, Germany, and the UK (E3) on the Iranian nuclear issue. Mohamed Lamine Bel Haj Amor is the head of the inspection of the Municipality of Tunis and mission leader at the Mayor’s office of Tunis since August 2015. From 2005 to 2015, he worked as a controller of public expenditures at the Presidency of the Government. He has broad experience as a consultant and trainer in the fields of public finance, public procurement, decentralization, and local gover- nance. Arwa Ben works as a counter-terrorism project officer at the British Embassy in in Tunis, Tunisia. At the time of the workshop, she worked at the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) as part of the Security Sector Reform Project team. She is a member of the International Student Young Pugwash (ISYP) and a PhD stu- dent, researching illicit trade and arms transfers in the MENA region. Elhem Ben Aicha is an animal husbandry engineer at the National Institute of Zoosanitary Vigilance in Tunis, Tunisia, where she works on topics related to ani- mal health economics and cost benefit analysis. She is also a PhD student at the National Agronomy Institute in Tunis. Ahmed Ben Nejma has been working with different NGOs on a variety of national and international causes since 2009. He is a national trainer in the Participatory Budgeting Process, training and supporting local municipality members and local NGOs in nineteen Tunisian municipalities to implement Participatory Budgeting. Laroussi Bettaieb serves as head of the Knowledge Management Center at Skills to Success (StS), a local development organization based in Tataouine, Tunisia. StS aims to develop tangible solutions to socio-economic challenges facing southern Tunisia. Zied Boussen is the head of Pandora Consulting – a Tunisian research and train- ing center specialized in governance, public policies, and human rights. He is also a research fellow at the Arab Reform Initiative in in Tunis, Tunisia. At the time of the workshop, he worked as a researcher for Pandora Consulting. He holds an MA in International Law, with a focus on post-conflict state building and reconstruc- tion from the University of Aix-Marseille, France. Giulia Cimini is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Bologna, Italy, with a research grant from the Gerda Henkel Foundation. At the time of the work- shop, she worked as a teaching assistant in Politics at the Università L’Orientale of Naples, where she defended her PhD with a dissertation entitled “The chang- ing nature and role of political parties in post-2011 Tunisia and Morocco.” Her research focuses on political parties’ evolution, contentious politics, and security reforms in North Africa, as well as on European foreign policy and democracy assistance in the Southern Mediterranean. 4 No. 2 | January 2020 – first published in December 2018 Tunisia’s Fragile Democracy REPORT Rim Dhaouadi is a Tunis-based lawyer and researcher in international law and security studies. She has over six years of experience in the non-profit sector in Tunisia and abroad, working with international organizations such as Democracy Reporting International (DRI) and the Geneva Center for Democratic Governance of Armed Forces (DCAF). She holds an LL.M. degree in International Law from the Faculty of Law and Political Science of Aix-en-Provence, France. Jihene Ferchichi is a legal consultant at the Houerbi Law Firm in Tunisia. She is also active with civil society associations in Tunisia with a main focus on devel- oping policies related to civil, economic, and political rights. Darius Görgen is an MSc student of Physical Geography at the University of Mar- burg, Germany. At the time of the workshop, he also worked as an external con- sultant for the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on intersectoral approaches to water resource management. Oumaima Jegham is an advocacy officer at Oxfam in Tunisia. At the time of the workshop, whe was a project analyst within the budget observatory “Marsad Bud- get” team at the Tunisian NGO Al Bawsala. In her role as an analyst, she worked on analyzing, simplifying, and visualizing budgetary data to reach as many people as possible and raise awareness about public finance issues in Tunisia. She has also conducted research and advocacy activities, most notably on the current reform of the budgetary process, and on inclusive growth and tax reform matters. Tahar Kechrid is a project officer with the German Energy Agency (dena). At the time of the workshop, he was an MA candidate at the Hertie School of Gover- nance in Berlin, where he studied International Affairs with a focus on security and sustainability. In addition, he worked as a student assistant with dena. He previously worked with Search for Common Ground (SFCG) in Tunisia, where he worked directly with civil society organizations and youth councils throughout the governorates of Tunisia. Maha Kouas is an architect, urban planner, and PhD student in Urban Sociology at the University of Tunis, Tunisia, and in Urban Planning at the École Polytech- nique de Bruxelles – ULB in Belgium. Her research focuses on the development of metropolitan areas and the increase of their socio-spatial inequalities. Anne Martin was studying on the Master’s programm in Middle Eastern Poli- tics and Economics at the Philipps University of Marburg, Germany, at the time of the workshop, where she focused on social movements, contentious politics, and social inequalities in the Maghreb. In 2017/2018, she worked at the Deut- sche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on a project to pro- mote city-to-city cooperation between municipalities from Germany, Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Ragnar Weilandt is a post-doctoral researcher at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and an adjunct professor at Vesalius College Brussels, Belgium. At the time of the workshop, he was a PhD fellow at the University of Warwick and the Université libre de Bruxelles. His doctoral research focused on EU democracy promotion in Tunisia, and his broader research agenda includes the impact of Brexit on the EU, the EU’s external action towards its Southern Neighbourhood, as well as the state of civil society and democracy across the Arab world. No. 2 | January 2020 – first published in December 2018 5 REPORT Tunisia’s Fragile Democracy THE EDITORS Dina Fakoussa has been head of the German Council on Foreign Relations’ (DGAP) Middle East and North Africa Program, formerly the EU-Middle East Forum, since March 2011. She previously worked as a program and project manager on issues regarding democratization, human rights, civil conflict resolution, and strength- ening civil society in the Arab region. Laura Lale Kabis-Kechrid has been a program officer in the Middle East and North Africa program since 2015. In addition to her work on Turkish domestic and foreign policies, she is involved in projects focusing on developments in North Africa and Jordan. Table of content INTRODUCTION 7 by Laura Lale Kabis-Kechrid Chapter I: Decentralization and State-Citizen Relations LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN TUNISIA – A HOLISTIC 13 DECENTRALIZATION STRATEGY by Mohamed Lamine Bel Haj Amor WHEN WILL LOCAL TAXATION REFORM IN TUNISIA 16 COMMENCE? by Zied Boussen THE LACK OF EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION IN THE 23 TUNISIAN DECENTRALIZATION AND DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS by Ahmed Ben Nejma EFFECTIVE YOUTH
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2018 ■ Pn55
    TRANSITION 2017 POLICYPOLICY NOTES FOR THE TRUMP NOTES ADMINISTRATION THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ 2018 ■ PN55 TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA AARON Y. ZELIN Tunisia should really open its embassy in Raqqa, not Damascus. That’s where its people are. —ABU KHALED, AN ISLAMIC STATE SPY1 THE PAST FEW YEARS have seen rising interest in foreign fighting as a general phenomenon and in fighters joining jihadist groups in particular. Tunisians figure disproportionately among the foreign jihadist cohort, yet their ubiquity is somewhat confounding. Why Tunisians? This study aims to bring clarity to this question by examining Tunisia’s foreign fighter networks mobilized to Syria and Iraq since 2011, when insurgencies shook those two countries amid the broader Arab Spring uprisings. ©2018 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ NO. 30 ■ JANUARY 2017 AARON Y. ZELIN Along with seeking to determine what motivated Evolution of Tunisian Participation these individuals, it endeavors to reconcile estimated in the Iraq Jihad numbers of Tunisians who actually traveled, who were killed in theater, and who returned home. The find- Although the involvement of Tunisians in foreign jihad ings are based on a wide range of sources in multiple campaigns predates the 2003 Iraq war, that conflict languages as well as data sets created by the author inspired a new generation of recruits whose effects since 2011. Another way of framing the discussion will lasted into the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution. center on Tunisians who participated in the jihad fol- These individuals fought in groups such as Abu Musab lowing the 2003 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham E-Theses
    Durham E-Theses Integrated rural development a case study of monastir governorate Tunisia Harrison, Ian C. How to cite: Harrison, Ian C. (1982) Integrated rural development a case study of monastir governorate Tunisia, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9340/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT A CASE STUDY OP MONASTIR GOVERNORATE TUNISIA IAN C. HARRISON The copyright of this thesis tests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without bis prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD, Department of Geography, University of Durham. March 1982. ABSTRACT The Tunisian government has adopted an integrated rural development programme to tackle the problems of the national rural sector. The thesis presents an examination of the viability and success of the programme with specific reference to the Governorate of Monastir.
    [Show full text]
  • One Big #Lie from the Arab Spring to the Islamic State
    One big #lie From the Arab Spring to the Islamic State. Post Arab Spring institutional failures causes frustration, leading up to expressions of aggression, wherefore the Islamic State provides space to utter it. Master thesis by Beitske Meinema (s1910337) [email protected] MA International Relations: Global Conflict in the Modern Era Leiden University Supervisor: Dr. S. Bellucci 2018 ABSTRACT The year 2010 marks the beginning of a series of protests and uprisings in North Africa, which sparked a revolution that Western media would soon refer to as “The Arab Spring Uprisings”. The protests are mostly conducted by the youth of the MENA region who are discontent with the government. This generation realizes that due to unemployment, high inflation, poverty, human rights abuses and corruption they are caught in a vacuum, with no bright future with progress and evolution of their country and blame this on the Arab dictators. Tunisia and Morocco both experienced the Arab Spring differently in terms of violence by the state, but in both countries the protests are effective and big changes are promised. In Tunisia the Ben Ali Presidency is overthrown, while in Morocco King Mohammed VI remains king. Also, in both countries the desired democracy is established and democratic elections take place. However, the circumstances do not really change the civil lives. Unemployment remains a problem, police violence still occurs, the freedom and human rights are still violated and the rule of law does not change the situation in favour of the community. The frustrated youth seeks new ways to clear the void in their lives.
    [Show full text]
  • ISIS Tunisia
    ISIS Tunisia The ISIS insurgency in Tunisia refers to the ongoing militant and terror activity of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant branch in Tunisia. The activity of ISIL in Tunisia began in summer 2015, with the Sousse attacks, though an earlier terror incident in Bardo Museum in March 2015 was claimed the Islamic State, while the Tunisian government blamed Okba Ibn Nafaa Brigade. Following massive border clashes near Ben Guerdance in March 2016, the activity of the ISIS group was described as armed insurgency, switching from previous tactics of sporadic suicide attacks to attempts to gain territorial control. 18 March 2015 - Bardo National Museum attack, Three militants attacked the Bardo National Museum in the Tunisian capital city of Tunis, and took hostages. Twenty-one people, mostly European tourists, were killed at the scene, while an additional victim died ten days later. Around fifty others were injured. Two of the gunmen, Tunisian citizens Yassine Labidi and Saber Khachnaoui, were killed by police, while the third attacker is currently at large. Police treated the event as a terrorist attack. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) claimed responsibility for the attack, and threatened to commit further attacks. However, the Tunisian government blamed a local splinter group of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, called the Okba Ibn Nafaa Brigade, for the attack. A police raid killed nine members on 28 March. Campaign of violence: 2015: 26 June - 2015 Sousse attacks, An Islamist mass shooting attack occurred at the tourist resort at Port El Kantaoui, about 10 kilometres north of the city of Sousse, Tunisia.
    [Show full text]
  • School of Economics and Management TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY of LISBON
    School of Economics and Management TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF LISBON Department of Economics AntónioCarlos Afonso, Pestana Mohamed Barros &Ayadi, Nicolas Sourour Peypoch Ramzi Assessment of efficiency in basic and secondary education in A Comparative AnalysisTunisia of a Productregionalivity analysis Change in Italian and Portuguese Airports WP 06/2013/DE/UECE ___________________________________ ______________________ WP 006/2007/DE _________________________________________________________ WORKING PAPERS ISSN Nº 0874-4548 Assessment of efficiency in basic and secondary education in Tunisia: a regional analysis António AFONSO,† Mohamed AYADI,‡Sourour RAMZI * February 2013 Abstract We evaluate the efficiency of basic and secondary education in 24 governorates of Tunisia during the period 1999-2008 using a non-parametric approach, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis). We use four inputs: number of teacher per 100 students, number of classes per 100 students, number of schools per million inhabitants and education spending per student, while the output measures include the success rate of baccalaureate exam and the rate of non- doubling in the 9th year. Our results show that there is a positive relationship between school resources and student achievement and performance. Moreover, there was an increase in output efficiency scores in most governorates through the period from 1999 to 2008. Keywords: basic and secondary education, efficiency, DEA, Tunisia JEL Codes: C14, H52, I21 † ISEG/UTL - Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics; UECE – Research Unit on Complexity and Economics.R. Miguel Lupi 20, 1249-078 Lisbon, Portugal. UECE is supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal), email: [email protected]. ‡ UAQUAP-Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis.e-mail : [email protected], Tél :(216) 98 377 467.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia Investment Plan
    Republic of Tunisia FOREST INVESTMENT PROGRAM IN TUNISIA 1. Independent Review of the FIP Tunisia 2. Matrix: Responses to comments and remarks of the independent expert November 2016 Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Direction Ressources Hydrauliques et de Générale des la Pêche Forêts 1 CONTENTS _______________________ I. Independent Review of the Forest Investment Plan of Tunisia 3 II. Matrix: Response to comments and remarks of the independent expert 25 2 I. Independent Review of the Forest Investment Plan of Tunisia Reviewer: Marjory-Anne Bromhead Date of review: (first draft review, 18th August 2016) PART I: Setting the context (from the reviewers overall understanding of the FIP document) Tunisia is the first country in North Africa and the Middle East to benefit from FIP support1, and provides an important example of a country where climate change mitigation and climate resilience go hand in hand. Tunisia is largely “forest poor”, with forests concentrated in the high rainfall areas in the north and North West of the country and covering only 5 percent of the territory (definitions vary). However rangelands are more widespread, covering 27 percent of the land area and are also a source of rural livelihoods and carbon sequestration, while both forests and rangelands are key to broader watershed management (Tunisia is water-scarce). Tunisia, together with the North Africa and Middle East region more broadly, is one of the regions most affected by climate change, with higher temperatures, more periods of extreme heat and more erratic rainfall. REDD actions will help to control erosion and conserve soil moisture and fertility, increasing climate resilience, while also reducing the country’s carbon footprint; the two benefits go hand in hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report Volume I Main Report
    No. JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA THE DETAILED DESIGN STUDY ON THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT IN THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA FINAL REPORT VOLUME I MAIN REPORT MARCH 2001 NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. TAIYO CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. S S S CR (5) 01 – 45 ESTIMATE OF PROJECT COST Estimate of Base Cost：As of December 2000 Price Level Currency Exchange rate：US$1.0 = 1.384TD = JP¥114.75 LIST OF VOLUMES VOLUME I MAIN REPORT VOLEME II SUPPORTING REPORT VOLUME III RAPPORT DE CONCEPTION DÉTAILLÉE ARIANA FAIDA EL AMRINE-SIDI GHRIB ARIANA HMAIEM ESSOUFLA ARIANA TYAYRA BEN AROUS OULED BEN MILED-OULED SAAD BEN AROUS SIDI FREDJ NABEUL SIDI HAMMED ZAGHOUAN JIMLA ZAGHOUAN ROUISSAT BOUGARMINE BIZERTE SMADAH BIZERTE TERGULECHE BEJA EL GARIA BEJA EL GARRAG BEJA FATNASSA JENDOUBA CHOUAOULA JENDOUBA COMPLEXE AEP BARBARA LE KEF CHAAMBA-O.EL ASSEL-HMAIDIA LE KEF M’HAFDHIA-GHRAISSIA KAIROUAN CHELALGA KAIROUAN GUDIFETT KAIROUAN HMIDET KAIROUAN ZGAINIA KASSERINE DAAYSIA KASSERINE HENCHIR TOUNSI KASSERINE OUED LAGSAB KASSERINE SIDI HARRATH-GOUASSEM SIDI BOUZID AMAIRIA SIDI BOUZID BLAHDIA SIDI BOUZID BOUCHIHA SIDI BOUZID MAHROUGA MAHDIA COMPLEXE BOUSSLIM MAHDIA COMPLEXE AITHA GAFSA HENCHIR EDHOUAHER GAFSA KHANGUET ZAMMOUR GAFSA THLEIJIA GABÉS BATEN TRAJMA GABÉS CHAABET EJJAYER GABÉS EZZAHRA MEDENINE BOUGUEDDIMA MEDENINE CHOUAMEKH-R.ENNAGUEB MEDENINE ECHGUIGUIA MEDENINE TARF ELLIL VOLUME IV ÉBAUCHE DES DOCUMENTS D’APPEL D’OFFRES GOUVERNORAT ARIANA GOUVERNORAT BEN AROUS GOUVERNORAT
    [Show full text]
  • Islamist Party Mobilization: Tunisia's Ennahda and Algeria's HMS
    Islamist Party Mobilization: Tunisia’s Ennahda and Algeria’s HMS Compared, 1989-2014 Chuchu Zhang Hughes Hall College Department of Politics and International Studies University of Cambridge The dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2018 1 Declaration of Originality This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. 2 Islamist Party Mobilization: Tunisia’s Ennahda and Algeria’s HMS Compared, 1989-2014 Chuchu Zhang, Department of Politics and International Studies SUMMARY The study aims to explore how Islamist parties mobilize citizens in electoral authoritarian systems. Specifically, I analyze how Islamist parties develop identity, outreach, structure, and linkages to wide sections of the population, so that when the political opportunity presents itself, people are informed of their existence, goals, and representatives, and hence, primed to vote for them.
    [Show full text]
  • Extremism & Counter-Extremism Overview Radicalization And
    Tunisia: Extremism & Counter-Extremism On March 6, 2020, two suicide bombers attacked a security post near the U.S. embassy in Tunis. The explosion killed one policeman and injured six others. No Americans were killed in the attack. According to police, the assailants used homemade explosives. No group has claimed responsibility, but the country has struggled since the Arab Spring to prevent nationals from joining ISIS and al-Qaeda. (Sources: CNN [1], New York Times [2], Al Jazeera [3]) Overview After the 2011 Tunisian Revolution, the country experienced a surge in extremist violence at the hands of al-Qaeda and ISIS-affiliated groups. With the help of international and regional partners, Tunisia has taken strides to re-structure its security apparatus and has launched a number of programs designed to prevent violent extremism. Despite these measures, Islamist groups continue to operate and to threaten Tunisia’s stability as it transitions to democracy. (Sources: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace [4], U.S. Department of State [5]) Increased civil liberties have enabled Islamist groups within the country to recruit more freely and poor socio-economic conditions have left many Tunisians receptive to radical ideas. Thousands of Tunisians have filled the ranks of terrorist groups across the Middle East and North Africa. On July 10, 2015, U.N. experts estimated that approximately 5,500 Tunisians had traveled to Syria to fight, primarily alongside ISIS, in that country’s civil war. By December 2015, this figure is estimated to have climbed to 6,000. The Tunisian government recently indicated that there are as many as 1,500 Tunisian fighters in Libya.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia Transition Initiative (Tti) Final Report
    TUNISIA TRANSITION INITIATIVE (TTI) FINAL REPORT MAY 2011 – JULY 2014 JULY 2014 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI. 1 TUNISIA TRANSITION INITIATIVE (TTI) FINAL REPORT Program Title: Tunisia Transition Initiative (TTI) Sponsoring USAID Office: USAID/OTI Washington Contract Number: DOT-I-00-08-00035-00/AID-OAA-TO-11-00032 Contractor: DAI Date of Publication: July 2014 Author: DAI The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. TUNISIA TRANSITION INITIATIVE (TTI) CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................... 3 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ............................................................ 3 PROGRAM OBJECTIVES ............................................................. 4 RESULTS .................................................................................. 4 COUNTRY CONTEXT ........................................................................ 6 TIMELINE .................................................................................. 6 2011 ELECTIONS AND AFTERMATH ............................................ 7 RISE OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM, POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND ECONOMIC CRISES ..................................................................................... 8 STAGNATION
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Civil Society in Transitional Justice in Tunisia
    University of Carthage Faculty of Legal, Political and Social Sciences Master’s Degree in Democratic Governance Democracy and Human Rights in the Middle East and North Africa A.Y. 2016/2017 The Role of Civil Society in Transitional Justice in Tunisia After the Adoption of Transitional Justice Law Thesis EIUC GC DE.MA Author: Ali Al-Khulidi Supervisor: Wahid Ferchichi Chaker Mzoughi DE.MA Director - Tunisia 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACRONYMS CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….…....…8 1.2 Methodology………………………………………………………….……..….9 1.3 Civil Society & Tunisian Civil Society 1.3.1 What is Civil Society? ............................................................................11 1.3.2 Tunisian Civil Society……………………….........................................13 1.4 Transitional Justice and Transitional Justice in Tunisia 1.4.1 What is Transitional Justice? …………………….…………….………16 1.4.2 Tunisian Transitional Justice …………………….…………….………19 1.5 The Role of Civil Society before the Adoption of TJ Law…………….………22 1.5.1 The National Dialogue on Transitional Justice…………………...……24 1.5.2 Transitional Justice Law Adoption…………………………………….28 2. Sensitization and Files Collection………………………………………..……….31 3. Pressuring and Advocating for TJ Issues…………………………………...…...36 3.1 Pressures before the NCA………………………………………………….......36 3.2 Filing Appeals before the Court………………………………………………..38 3.3 Pressures before the TDC……………………………………………………....42 3.4 Pressures before the Assembly of People’s Representatives……………...…....44 3.5 Submitting
    [Show full text]
  • The Direct Effect of Climate Change on the Cereal Production in Tunisia
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive The direct effect of climate change on the cereal production in Tunisia: A micro-spatial analysis. Zouabi, Oussama and Kahia, Montassar University of South Toulon-VAR, LEAD, France. LAREQUA D, University of Tunis EL Manar, Tunisia., University of Tunis EL Manar, Tunisia. LAREQUAD 2014 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/64441/ MPRA Paper No. 64441, posted 18 May 2015 06:07 UTC The direct effect of climate change on the cereal production in Tunisia: A micro-spatial analysis. 1 2 Oussama Zouabi & Montassar Kahia Abstract: Unlike previous studies, this paper, by employing a cointegration technique on panel data, economically investigates the direct effect of climate change on the cereal production in the long-term via a new cereal disaggregated databases covering the period 1979-2012 for 24 governorates in Tunisia within a multivariate panel framework. The Pedroni (1999, 2004) panel cointegration test indicates that there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between the considered variables with elasticities estimated positive and statistically significant in the long-run. The results generally confirm that in the long term there is a strong positive correlation between the cereal production and the direct effect of precipitation and temperature for the whole panel. At the micro-spatial level, results of the long-run equilibrium relationship show that the cereal production is extremely dependent on rainfall in most governorates of cereals producers, especially the Northwest region of Tunisia. In fact, there are several initiatives and policies that must be undertaken by Government in an attempt to improve the long term production of cereals in the most affected governorates by the phenomenon of climate change such as the development of several important and regionally-based institutions and cooperation, providing subsidies to farmers.
    [Show full text]