T-Bo- Our New and ats Lead World's Vessels of the North Carolina Class When Completed Will Put United States in Ad- THE NORTH CAROLINA CLASS vance of Any Nation When Major Fighting Six Length, 684 feet; beam, 105 fei Craft tonnage, 43,200 Are Considered COST, $22,000,000 EACH Under Construction Completely Over- Arrow points 10 heavily armored funnel. shadow Famous Deutschland in Size and Speed, Besides Possessing Latest Man els in Mechanical Equipment EREWITH is another chapter in the series describing the expansion JLJlff f the United States . Previous chapters have described the forty knot battle , to cost $23fl00fi00 ; the mammoth dirigible R-3- 8, and the remrakable new flying boat, G B-- l. A recently published cable article, from our Berlin correspoundent, describing a new German in- vention by means of which submarines of 10,000 tons and capable of sup- porting armor may be possible. The announcement of this invention has a di(ct bearing upon the programmes of the nations. The fol- lowing article and the accompanying illustration tell just where the United States stands in this respect. The article also makes public the details of six battle ships of the North Carolina class, which are to cost $22000,000) each.

WASHINGTON. T). c.. Saturday. neer, Thomas Doughty, constructed a pert-scop- e first of the new fleet submarines from a piece of three inch steam pipe for the United States and bits of looking glass, by means of which THE building was to Navy, which are the most the 's commander able look biggest, over the high banks of the river and re- Improved craft of their kind now actually NEW STATES SUBMARINE! pulse an attack by 3.000 Confederates by under construction in the world, are called THE UNITED fire from the 's 11 inch guns, di- the T type, probably because a use had been Twelve Ships Length, 300 feet; beam, 27 rected through fhe periscope. So crude was the periscope, however, that foun previously for other letters of the feel; tonnage, about 2,000 as late as 1900 John P. Holland refused to alphabet. Three other fleet submarines now EACH pdopt it for his submarines. To the Ger- building at the Portsmouth Navy Yard and COST, $5,000,000 mans belongs the credit for bringing it to six for which now considera- its present efficiency. The three periscopes bids are under on the new will be American undersea boats will tion known as the enable them to keep a lookout in all direc- Though the new vessels contain many tions at once and will also provide "spares" noel features of design, the most striking in case one should be damaged. advance with to their construction The first were equipped with only regard one periscope, until, after the sinking of Is their speed and great cruising radius. the 5, the Germans began putting more Nearly 100 .feet longer than the best types on their vessels. During the early stages of German they are swift enough of the war the U-1- 5 attacked a British of , but revealed herself by the wake to keep up with the main body the fleet, of her periscope, and a well aimed shot from and their huge oil tanks give them a cruising the cruiser Birmingham smashed the pro- radius equal to that of the most modern truding "eye." The U-1- 5 dived blindly to have a of 300 feet, safety. A few moments later she attempted . They length a quick "porpoise dive" up to the surface a beam of 27 feet and a tonnage of about and down again in an effort to locate her 1. 000 tons (not official). They will carry 100 enemy. This time the Birmingham gave nen. her a broadside and a shell tore a great hole her deck. In speaking of the "most modern battle- through , '" It may fittingly be said that the United Scope of the Submarine's Work Gtates now has under construction six craft Shows Gain and Is Still Growing which, when completed, will be superior to Owing to the comparative recency of the any ship of their type afloat. They are the development of the oceangoing submarine, six battleships of the North Carolina class, longer and of nearly on thousand tons a careful study of all existing types of for- as to provide for a radiu3 of action or the gasolene motor are that it gives more particularly of a type of sufficient speed and authorized under the greater displacement than the Deutschland eign craft. approximately 10,000 miles, the vessel being power, uses a cheaper grade of fuel and is cruising radius to accompany the fleet, a building programme arc also The system of tactics had not been of 1916. but several knots faster. propelling machinery for surface entirely during that time. much less dangerous. Three out of every yet completely The operations consists of two main Diesel en- Though an American built the first prac- four strokes of the piston of a gasolene worked out. The original function of the present programme contemplates was tor- Battleship Still the Fleet's Backbone. twelve fleet submarines, three to be known gines, located in the after part of the hull, tical submarine and Americans have been motor waste power instead of producing it, submarine to serve as a "daylight as and nine a -- ooats. The first driving directly on the main shafts, and two foremost in its development, the Diesel en- while the Diesel is a two cycle engine, gain- pedo boat:" that is. to accomplish in broad In Opinion of U. S. Naval Experts in the forward of the which made the modern, ocean- on second stroke. daylight that which surface boats three ere being built by tt Electric Boat auxiliary engines part gine, possible ing jiower every were Though Secretary Daniels and his advisers of New York ant tV.ree of the boat, driving electric generators, which in type of submersible, is the invention Three of the latest expected to do under cover of darkness, Company to going periscopes improved fog or to close to an agree that the submarine proved in the world are being built by cne United States turn supply electric current two main of a German. The German Navy refused to pattern will form part of the equipment of smoke, namely, creep motors, one on each main shaft. the submarine so as there was fleet each vessel will enemy and launch a torpedo unobserved. war that it has a field in nazal warfare Government nt the Portsmouth Navy Yard, adopt long the submarines, and With the work having been started on them early in When operating submerged the vessel will only gasolene to propel it on the surface. be provided with the latest type of radio development of greater speed, which can be filled no other character of U-- l, armament of by 1920. August bis were opened for the bo propelled by the two main electric motors, The forerunner of the long line of telegraph outfit, both for surface and sub- and range action, however, the ship and are convinced that the American now current which was the of the seas work. The idea of the scope of their operations has heen broadened. remaining six, and these bids arc under taking from a powerful storage scourge merged periscope to Navy cannot afford to be without an ade- consideration. Th are to battery. It is estimated that the surface during the early part of the war. was not dates from the middle of the nineteenth cen- Owing their low visibility they are now ships expected ex- of on quate number of the most cost in the neighborhood of $5,000,000 each. speed under full power will exceed twenty launched until 1906. after Dr. Diesel had got tury, when French and Dutch inventors becoming utility in night attacks the improved types, his motor condi- them. the civil surface, though are useless for under still believe the is The designs for all the fleet submarines knots an hour and that nearly half that into practicable working perimented with During they they that battleship the D. W will be in con- tion. war, when the monitor Osage had run water attack after nightfall because tho backbone of were prepared by Admiral Taylor, speed attainable submerged - the fleet. chief constructor of the navy, who has made dition. The fuel capacity of the ship is such The advantages of the Diesel engine over aground in the Red River, her chief engi- periscope is practically blind nt night. The battleship North Carolina and her The increase in the number of torpedo five will be 6S4 105 tubes and the greater power of torpedoes sister ships feet long, with beam carried, together the larger giin power, feet and will have a displacement of has also tended to increase their utility in 43,200 tons. Her speed will be twenty-thre- e engagements with surface. ships. knots an hour and she will have an arma- ritish Clash Over of Var Craft The fleet submarines of the United States Types never a can be built Navy carry guns, which are larger ment of twelve and sixteen Washington. ExpertsI). C. Saturday. proved weapon. Ships guns those view of decision to pro- to resist this by no means effectively directed than ordinarily placed on submarines, guns. The contract price for the hull the American the British said to a Vice-Admir- al weapon." though navy is have and of each of ceed with a naval pro- ot machinery these giant craft IX giant building Sir Scott Holds War Rear Admiral Sir S. Eardiey-Wilm- of new submarine mounting a gun. on the Percy will be in the neighborhood of $22,000,000. gramme, based capital ships, the British Navy said that the success of New of T Tubes now in over the Submarines---Olde- r submarine in late war was due Type orpedo When these battleships find the six battle controversy rasing England Proved of the the Gives a Distinct now under are com- Eritish naval is of intense interest. It Superiority almost entirely to the fact that nothing had Advantage construction policy been he One to of whether perfected to resist the torpedo, but decided advantage which the new pleted, as are expected be by 1923, instantly raises the question sub-merg- they Officers Firm for Major Ships explained that as each new development in American craft will have is that her ed the United States, according to Secretary those responsible for the United States naval warfa'i--e had come it had been resisted torpedo tubes are not of the type Daniels, will be the first naval Power of the involving a total of $679,515,731. a them. It ought to tell us what they are for Its flying service has not been divorced by one means or another. He believed, he known as "fixed." This means that when world in respect to major ships and gun ot which is to go for construction, "If we are going to build battleships at from it. American flying craft are agencies of added, that the means had been found for one of these craft wishes to fire a torpedo In large part cost of 8.000.000 $30,000,000 to fleet. close and that the power. total .onnage and effective fight- are in their determination of what the the They work in cooperation resisting submarine attack, it will not be required to manoeuvre the ing the United States will be equalled right 9.000.000 $33,750,000 present exchange! and have operated and experimented to- battleship still was dominant as a naval unit. whole craft in order to aim ships of war are to the the torpedo tube, by Great Britain. type vessels required keep apiece, we shall have to build nurses for gether. Yet capital ships are being built Means Will Be as is the case with practically all other The American will be con- American in the with the them in the of and we shall for the United States of the most for- Expects Found Navy, however, Navy foreground shape Navy To Render Submarines submarines. siderably weaker than the British Navy. other nations of the world. have to prqyide safe harbors, in which to midable character, without any apprehension Ineffective Special attention is understood to have Daniels in cruisers them. For if we do not will of destruction from the air. is over been Secretary asserts, light The dispute in England is over the ques- keep they That all of England concerned the given to the problem of making the and other used for the main not be on the surface very long if there "In this country, where aircraft are under outcome of the is new submarines as pos- ships protecting of is to build controversy apparent nearly immune as body of the fleet and in conducting block- tion whether it better capital arc any submarines about." separate control, coordinated work may not from editorial comments of the London sible to depth bomb explosions. On this ading operations. We will be slightly in- ships, such as dreadngughts and battle be so easy or so effective. X jerthelei.s, it is Times and other newspapers, which are de- subject, however, navy- - officials are reticent, ferior in submarines, even when all twelve or smaller like submarines Think Submarines Instead of Battleships incredible that the Admiralty will propose voting columns to the discussion. as the method of this of cruisers, craft, if dan- attaining immunity the fleet submarines contemplated by the nd submarine chasers. Would Have Won the War for Germany the building of capital ships serious "The most important subject now before is secret. Thickness of armor, far from present programme are completed, and the from the air is to be the is the of the naval the craft from an tremendous pro- to the ger apprehended." country question protecting under water lack of fleet aviation forces will place us at The clash has assumed In order reenforce arguments construction policy of the Admiralty." the explosion, has just the opposite effect, the a with Great Britain. so great, in fact, that the Adm- against the battleship Sir Percy brought to Older BritisA Navy Officers London Tincs said "An invincible armor driven Into vessel the disadvantage portions, an incident of 1913 a he calls recently. being the after iralty programme for the construction of light blunder, Stand Firm for the Battleship navy is the very life of the nation. Yet manner of a projectile if the explosion is I Secretary Daniels Points Out it 'which he believes prevented Germany within a few the British fleet, so within close vesesls has been set aside Ho recommended in The stand against the battleship has at- very years proximity. Weakness of Our Navy large fighting from winning the war. far as capital ships are concerned, will be Another feature to which American de- Equipment until a complete survey can be accomplished. 1913 a British navy programme for the tracted innumerable supporters high in the "This means." the has said, naval service, but the" surface third instead of first among the navies of signers have paid particular attention is Secretary The is to be conducted, accord- building of submarines and airplanes, instead British large the world. of detailed "that while our force will be investigation two over- craft has its defenders, too, in large numbers. that habitabiiity. Careful and battleship to information in of battleships, but the Admiralty "When all allowance has been made for study was given all types of vessels sufficiently powerful to cope with any navy ing the Washington, by ruled. In consequence, he added. Germany In this group are some of the older naal foreign in the world in a fleet be- Committee of Defence. who take the that the the. fact that the two nations (the United during the war. and it may be safely said main engagement the British Imperial built battleships, which were not used, rather officers, position and to whom we shall, in this the fleet more com- tween our main fleet would Ger- obstacles by the submarine have States Japan) that submarines will be battleships, yet United States and Going Ahead than submarines and airplanes, which presented respect, yield pride of place are our friends, fortable for their crews than other sub- be open to torpedo attack by the enemy's Japan many hastened to construct after the war or will be overcome, and that the battleship any also handi- Construction of because of intense and in all human probability will remain our marines in the world. The emphasis laid torpedo forces. We would be With Capital Ships began. It put Germany behind so much, he wilt remain dominant its is a officials capped in information of the war. and of carrying heavy friends, this serious position by navy upon this point Is due to obtaining Meantime the United States and Japan are said, that she was unable to win the mobility capability For ourselves, we express no opinion either the belief that efficiency of the average sub- enemy's movements and maintaining the although she came near to doing it. guns. biockade of the Due to this going ahead on the theory that capital ships, The too, insist, is the against or in favor of capital ships. marine has in the past been very greatly enemy's ports. "You must admit." Sir Percy said, "that in battleship, they There is no need the Government to be which av- weakness in of this class, we would be as they always have been, will continue to be were of the navy when it comes to de- for impaired by living conditions the ships e. the war we England nearly forced to mainstay which in attacks force in naval warfa-- Both it is admitted that bustled into precipitate action may erage layman would consider unbearable. handicapped conducting against the dominating submission by starvation. fensive warfare, although prove to be mistaken. But there is In this connection It he stated that the the enemy's fleet with torpedoes." nations are going ahead with large building "You battle- the submarine has many advantages when it fatally may must admit that the German every reason should, without delay, world over American sailors have the repu-tio- n In view of this statement, it is not diff- programmes, with the result that the British no us to a comes to offensive operations. why they ship played part in reducing state in- take steps to probe the far more of well housed. icult to understand why naval men are deeply fear their fleet soon will rank third amon? of starvation. Admiral Sturdee. of the British Navy, question being new fleet world. It is to retain their the British must continue the pro- deeply than, to judge from all the available Interested in the submarines. the navies of the "You must admit that if our battleship sists that evidence, have so of doing. Submarines Under Construction shows the pre-w- ar ot maintaining- the most of surface craft in order to protect they far thought The following table present policy superiority had been double what it was gramme For the life of the country is at stake." By All the First Class Powers strength of the navies of Great Britain and powerful navy afloat that the British are so could us the trade routes. He insists that there of vessel they not have protected from star- was a the war the Economy in the Government is. of course, Much has been said in condemnation of the United States with regard to submarine keenly concerned about the type vation. never time during that one of the With : should be built. Fleet was from going to considerations. capital ships the submarine, particularly since its em- craft that "You must admit that the dominant a-- Grand prevented 30,000.000 to $40,000,000. the Vice-Admir- al Brit- He costing from In a ruthless subma- No. of Ships. Tonnage. Sis Percy Scott, of the of war was submarine. You sea because of the German submarines. ployment by Germany 9S S5.505 modern the the must if of the world did British want to be sure that the vessels thev rine warfare. It is a how- Great Britain ish Navy, the originator of naval admit our belief before the war that said that all the nations build some significant fact, 54 35.361 the cry" the that the with and had only sub- have chance of staying afloat ever, that all first class Powers are building; United States gunnery, first raised against submarine was only a toy in our away capital ships in the event of a war. The British Govern- now or battleship when the British Admiralty an- marines, the question would get back to submarines. Secretary Daniels has made When submarine craft authorized con- coming to the brink of losing the war.'' ment, after four years of war. is extremely clear his attitude in the ' are the nounced its programme of battleship where it started. following statement: projected completed table, including struction. He based his to the Bases to Submarines, he said, would find it im- hard pressed for money and rigid saving is "No nation, if it is to be prepared to en- Japan, will read as follows: objections Opposition Capital Ships a watchword hammered upon by in construction of large fighting craft on the On Air Craft as Well as Submarines possible to fight each other and. further, continually gage warfare upon the sea, can afford to No. of Ships. Tonnage. record of the war. in which submarines, not would be of no accouut in defensive warfare. Lloyd George and others of the Government neglect the submarine or to spare any pains Great Britain 117 107.475 action. Sir attack on the capital ship is would be merchant ves- in speeches in Parliament. to develop it to meet its needs. This battleships, predominated in the Percy's The result that the cau- type United States 97 73.4SI In the war we kept our battleships for based not only on the submarine, but upen sels would be armed against the submarines. In sharp contrast with this policy of has come to stay as a factor in naval war- Japan 10 8.500 in "and aircraft, and he defies anybody to cite a ves- it would be found advisable to have tion on the part of the British is that of the fare unless outlawed by International agree- four years port," Sir Percy argued, Then United with' a fleet in New Craft Several Knots Faster the Germans kept their battleships for four sel that can resist attack from the skies. His other craft to protect the merchantmen. States, which, being ment. Its abuse by the Germans in their years in the Kiel ranal. 'When they were arguments have attracted much applause The result would be submarine destroyers, of 979 vessels, has 165 under construction ruthless campaign should not blind us to Than the Famous Deutschland s. time. con- taken out they had fo be guarded with whole among British navy officers who approve which would lead to super-- To at the present The vessels under the fact that there is a large field for Its s, are eleven six battle use. When the Deutschland poked her peri- of destroyers and treated as if they of his condemnation of the capital ship. meet the super-destroyer- it would be found struction battleships, legitimate Without accepting the the- sea off New London "The not to be con- to have which could best cruisers, ten second class cruisers, one third ory of the enthusiasts that submarines alone scope out of the after were made of glass. capital ship ought advisable cruisers, sub- her epoch making voyage across the At- "Other Powers may be building battleships. demned merely because of submarines." John be combated by battleships. class cruiser, seventy destroyers, fifty on be developed to meet adequately all lantic the world looked on with incredulous They may also be making a mistake in so do- Leyland declared in approving Sir Percy's T. B. Abel!, professor in the School of marines, two , four tugs and mine reeds of , we must all agree Even well informed men found That is no business of ours. But if position. "There remains the question of at- Naval at the University ot sweepers and eleven auxiliaries. m that the submarine cannot be ignored and unazemer.t. ing. Architecture, bat- On of Daniels field own it hard to credit reports of her powei; and 'there is a risk that they are mistaken, the tack from the air. Liverpool, is a stanch defender of the top this Secretary proposes has a of Its in the conduct of new fleet to what "On this matter the United now the building of eighty-eigh- t more ves- war upon the sea which cannot be filled by size. The submarines, however, Admiralty ought explain very clearly investigating tleship. was afe not only more than one hundred feet use it has for the battleships before we build States Navy has an advantage over our own. "Until this war." he says, "the torpedo sels of capital class. any other character of ship."