DOCSLIB.ORG

The Development of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1875-1905

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Development of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1875-1905 University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 2001 After battle, tighten your helmet strings: the development of the imperial Japanese navy, 1875-1905 Kirk, Dylan Kirk, D. (2001). After battle, tighten your helmet strings: the development of the imperial Japanese navy, 1875-1905 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/20187 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/41057 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca THE UNWFJtsIlY OF CALGARY After Battle, Tighten Your Helmet Strings: The Development of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1875-1905 by Dylan Kirk A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS CENTRE FOR MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA AUGUST, 2001 0 Dylan Kirk 2001 Natianal Lii Bibliotheque natiorrale du Canada uisitions and Acquisitions el "1.81blographic Services services bibliographiques 395 womgkm Street 395. wm* O(twwON KlAW -ON K1AW CaMdo Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exc1usive pennettant a la National Ll'brary of Canada to Bibliothique nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, di.stri'bute or sell reproduire, prhr, dislribuer on copies of this thesis in microform, v&e des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la fmede microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sm format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Gwd weapons are imthments of fear; all creatures hate them. mereforefofllowers of Tao never use tb. me mse nran prefers the Zefz, me man of wmprefers the right. Weapons are instruments of*; they are not a wise man's rools. He uses them only when he has no choice. Peace md pier me deor to his heart, And victory no casefor rejoicing. ifyou delight in victory, you delight in kiIIing; rfyou delight in killing, you yarnotfir&illymrse& On hqpy OCC~SI~OI~S,precedence is given to the Zelf On sud OCC~SI~OI~Sto the right. In the army the general s&m& on the lep, The commander-in-chief on the right. This means war is conducled like afineral. When many people me kiiled, They should be mourned in heaJelt sorrow. Thal is why victory must be observed like af.nerol. -Lao4 Dao De Jing Translated by Gia-Fu Feng and Jane English Abstract A discussion of the nature of Japanese naval strategy fiom the origins of the Japanese Navy to the Second World War. It embraces the Taiwan Incident 1876, Satsurna Rebellion 1877, Tonghak Rebellion and Sino-Japanese War 1894-95, Anglo- Japanese Alliance 1902, and Russo-Japanese War 1904-5. Specifically, it addresses the problem of critical reassessment of the IJN regarding their early victories, and inability to change their basic mode of operation before the Pacific War. Acknowledgements My parents are the reason I am here. They never forced knowledge on me, but forced me to gain my own knowledge. My beloved fiande, Tomoko, who kicks my behind without fail, whether I want it or not. My fiends, including but not exclusive to Todd and Craig, for seventeen years. Ry and Ky, for listening when they did not have to. Kierin, for QBL and magia. Shane, Christine and Sorcha, for staying in touch. Eva, for her warmth. Chris, for commiseration on things thesis-related. Eun-kyong, along with Tomoko, one of the voices that kept telling me to get back to work. My thanks to the kind, generous and understanding Dr. Ferris, my advisor for four years and two degrees. He suffered long through my terrible writing style and yet found it in his heart to edit every page. To Dr. Hewwhose lectures I would prefer to a novel or a movie. To Dr. Huebert, for being both approachable and constantly challenging. Dr. Archer, now I cannot go to a historic site without checking the latrines either. To Kenneth Macksey, for writing Tank: a history of the armoured fiphtinp vehicle, which I picked up in grade three. Thanks to you, I never became an astrophysicist, paIeontologist, microbiologist, or geologist. Not nearly enough things get blown up in ANY of those disciplines for them to be interesting anyway. Did I mention my gratitude to my fiancCe, Tomoko? To Yoshida Tomoko, who had me convinced that if I did not get to work on my thesis, Co&cius would come out of the closet and give me what-for- and.. To my parents, who know why. Table of Contents .. Approval Page. ................ .. .................................................................... I I ... Abstract. .............................................................................................. 111 Acknowledgements. ................................................................................ iv Dedication. ........................................................................................... .v Table of Contents. .................................................................................. .vi .. List of Tables....................................................................................... .VII ... List of Figures.. ................................................................................... -.VIII Introduction.. ........................................................................................ -1 . Chapter One - Ongln............................................................................... -17 Chapter Two - Expression........................................................................ -32 Chapter Three - Theory........................................................................... ..49 Chapter Four - Practice............................................................................ -67 Conclusion - Downfall.. ........................................................................... -84 . Blbltography ...................................................................................... .I00 List of Tables Fleet Size Comparison Prior to the Sino-Japanese War ........................................ 48 Graph of IJN ship purchases by tormage/year ..................................................-53 Table of Russian vs . Japanese naval expenditures (Kuropatkin) .......................... -54-5 Chart of IJN vs . IJA expenditures................................................................. 57 Fleet Size Comparison Prior to the Russo-Japanese War ..................................... -66 List of Figures Plate 1. Picture from Japanese reading textbook - flag.. ....................................... 1 I Plate 2. Picture from Japanese reading textbook - troops.. .................................... 1 1 Introduction [1866] A gunboat or two cbangcd hands at this period, and altogether the various Japanese governors collected between them a small, heterogeneous fleet, the very existence of which was scarcely known outsick theit awn anm!ry. Indeed, twenty years later comparatively few pooplo knew, aod stin liwa csnQ that Jopan posses& a navy at dl' -Fred T. Jane, The ImDaial Jal~aneseNaw [1893] On her own soil [Japan] could fhce any foreign pawer. Her navy was her weak point, and of this she was fblly aware. It was a sflendid fleet of small,light auisers, and splendidly handled. Its admiral, without the los of a single vessel, had annihilated the Chinese fleet in two engagements; but it was not yet &ficiently heavy to face the combined navies of three European powers.. .2 -Lafcadio Heam, "After the War," [I9031 So was commmated perhaps tbe most decisive and complete naval victory in history. The Japanese had lost 1t 7 ofiicem and men killed ad583 wounded Three torpedo boats had been sunk and two or three other units of the flotilla disabled, but not one sbip had been in- seriously enough to mther carzying on the campaign The losses of the Russians were about 5,000 killed or drowned, and the prisoners numbered close on 6,000. Four ships and one destroyer had been captured, twelve ships, four destroyers and three auxiliaries had been sunk in action .. , and of the whole 38 units of the Baltic Fleet, only one cruiser, the Alma, and hvo destroyers, Gmiand Bmi, got through to tell the tale at Wadivostok.' -Sir Juiian Stafford Corbett, Maritime Owrations in the Russo-Ja~aneseWar. Volume II 1905 was as triumphant a year for the Japanese as 1759 and 1805 were for the British. The battle of Tsushima - accompanied by the final Japanese Army victory at Mukden - sealed the fate of the Russian Army in Manchuria and guaranteed the security of the Japanese homeland against foreign invasions fiom Asia. The Battle of Tsushima was the culmination of a naval buildup which had started long before the Sino-Japanese War, which saw Japanese ship manufacture and purchase ramped up to meet military threats. The greatest expression of this naval preparation was the three-ship MiRaa purchase completed in 1901, which gave Japan its first first-class
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Japan Between the Wars
    JAPAN BETWEEN THE WARS The Meiji era was not followed by as neat and logical a periodi- zation. The Emperor Meiji (his era name was conflated with his person posthumously) symbolized the changes of his period so perfectly that at his death in July 1912 there was a clear sense that an era had come to an end. His successor, who was assigned the era name Taisho¯ (Great Righteousness), was never well, and demonstrated such embarrassing indications of mental illness that his son Hirohito succeeded him as regent in 1922 and re- mained in that office until his father’s death in 1926, when the era name was changed to Sho¯wa. The 1920s are often referred to as the “Taisho¯ period,” but the Taisho¯ emperor was in nominal charge only until 1922; he was unimportant in life and his death was irrelevant. Far better, then, to consider the quarter century between the Russo-Japanese War and the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident of 1931 as the next era of modern Japanese history. There is overlap at both ends, with Meiji and with the resur- gence of the military, but the years in question mark important developments in every aspect of Japanese life. They are also years of irony and paradox. Japan achieved success in joining the Great Powers and reached imperial status just as the territo- rial grabs that distinguished nineteenth-century imperialism came to an end, and its image changed with dramatic swiftness from that of newly founded empire to stubborn advocate of imperial privilege. Its military and naval might approached world standards just as those standards were about to change, and not long before the disaster of World War I produced revul- sion from armament and substituted enthusiasm for arms limi- tations.
    [Show full text]
  • 「みかさ」 Get Off at Yokosuka Chuo Station
    Honcho USN Fleet Activities -Yamanaka Rd. Memorial Ship MIKASA Signal：MIKASA Park JR Yokosuka St Entrance General Parking Shoppers Plaza P For Yokohama Yokosuka Hemi St. Yokosuka Yokosuka City Hall Port Market Keihin kyuko Line Shioiri St. Yokosuka Chuo St. 世界三大記念艦 JR Yokosuka Line For Kurihama At the battle against the Baltic Fleet heading north off Tsushima, the Commander-in-Chief, ■Keihin Kyuko Line use ADM Heihachiro Togo, commander of the Combined Fleet hoisted the “Z” signal flag, which 「みかさ」 Get off at Yokosuka Chuo Station. Take shuttle bus and get off World - Renowned indicated ”The rise and fall of the Empire depends on this battle. Let every man do his utmost.” at MIKASA PARK(7minutes), or walk(15minutes) Brief Memoir of the Memorial Ship “MIKASA ■JR Line use Get off at Yokosuka Station. Memorial Ship MIKASA The Japanese-Russo War was a defensive war in which the Japanese nation was Take a local bus and get off at Ohdaki-cho bus stop. About 7minutes walk. compelled to face with fateful crisis due to Russian expansion to the Far East and Take a cycle bus and get off at MIKASA Park. fought desperately to secure its national sovereignty. Japan’ s Combined Fleet, ■Yokohama-Yokosuka use Toll road Take exit of Yokosuka IC, get on Honcho-Yamanaka under the Commander-in-Chief, Admiral Heihachiro Togo, annihilated the Russian Toll Road and get on to Route 16. Make a left turn at the road Worldʼs Three Great Memorial Ships Baltic Fleet in the Battle of Tsushima and attained a historical victory. This victory sign to the Mikasa Park.
    [Show full text]
  • COCKEREL Education Guide DRAFT
    VICTOR DeRENZI, Artistic Director RICHARD RUSSELL, Executive Director Exploration in Opera Teacher Resource Guide The Golden Cockerel By Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov Table of Contents The Opera The Cast ...................................................................................................... 2 The Story ...................................................................................................... 3-4 The Composer ............................................................................................. 5-6 Listening and Viewing .................................................................................. 7 Behind the Scenes Timeline ....................................................................................................... 8-9 The Russian Five .......................................................................................... 10 Satire and Irony ........................................................................................... 11 The Inspiration .............................................................................................. 12-13 Costume Design ........................................................................................... 14 Scenic Design ............................................................................................... 15 Q&A with the Queen of Shemakha ............................................................. 16-17 In The News In The News, 1924 ........................................................................................ 18-19
    [Show full text]
  • The Kokuryūkai and the Russo-Japanese
    Anti-Russian Secret Actions – The Kokuryūkai and the Russo-Japanese War by Frank Jacob INTRODUCTION The image of a country is mainly a construction of its popular perception.1 Many stereotypes2 are just the consequence of prejudices or single experiences, which have been made public and are responsible for the creation of resentment with regard to a particular country. Russia. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Russia became Japan’s number one enemy for a possible forthcoming war. This image was mainly created and supported by the nationalist circles, led by the Amur society (Kokuryūkai),3 which was founded to enforce a war against Russia. This society tried to influence Japanese politicians as well as public opinion by reporting about Russia and frequently demanding a more aggressive course against the tsarist enemy. Russia’s expansive course in East Asia was stigmatized as a threat to Japanese imperial aspirations with regard to the Asian mainland, especially for its influence in Korea. A war was declared to be suitable, and for the Kokuryūkai’s planning a war seemed to be sure. Its leader, Uchida Ryōhei (1873–1937),4 published 1 For this topic see Anderson 2006. 2 For a general introduction see Qeybullayeva 2010. 3 The works on the Kokuryūkai in Western languages are Jacob 2013 and Jacob 2014. 4 For a detailed biography of Uchida the before mentioned works of Jacob are recommended. Saggi/Ensayos/Essais/Essays N. 11 – 05/2014 111 pamphlets and books5 that underlined the anti-Russian ideology of the society and helped broaden support for a war against the tsarist empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Do You Know This Red Deer Mason?  He Was the First Mason Initiated in Red Deer
    The Beacon - Central District Masonic Newsletter March 2012 page 1 March 2012 Issue #34 A Beacon is not a destination - It just helps to light the way Do you know this Red Deer Mason? He was the first Mason Initiated in Red Deer. He was initiated on Wednesday July 18th, 1894. The Lodge operated under dis- pensation from the Grand Lodge of Manitoba and practiced the “Canadian Rite” The initiation fee was $30.00 which included the apron. The meeting took place in Bruch’s Hall located upstairs on the NE corner of Gaetz Ave. & Ross St.. Dues were $3.00 /year and rent for the hall was $30./year with free light (oil lamps) and heat (box stove), max. 15 meetings. The last meeting of this Lodge was held Oct. 21st, 1896 How do you get to your See page 7 for the answer and more details Lodge? Well Done Britannia Inside This Issue Page # D.D.G.M. 2 Masonry In The Mountains 3 Hey, Reil 4 From The District 5 - 12 Open Letter from Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario 13 Masonic Musings From Hong Kong 14 So Mote It Be 17 Freemasonry & the P2 Scandal 20 The Apron 23 The Last Word - O.E.S. 25 Concordant Bodies 29 The Beacon - Central District Masonic Newsletter March 2012 page 1 The Beacon - Central District Masonic Newsletter March 2012 page 2 RW Bro. Grant Dixon Mailing address: Box 8957, Sylvan Lake, AB T4S 1S6 District Deputy Grand Master, Central District Phone: 403-848-4333 Email: [email protected] Grand Lodge of Alberta, AF&AM District Challenge - Each Lodge is assigned a Lodge to visit during the Masonic Year and present an
    [Show full text]
  • Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei
    Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei By ©2016 Alison Miller Submitted to the graduate degree program in the History of Art and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Maki Kaneko ________________________________ Dr. Sherry Fowler ________________________________ Dr. David Cateforis ________________________________ Dr. John Pultz ________________________________ Dr. Akiko Takeyama Date Defended: April 15, 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Alison Miller certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Mother of the Nation: Femininity, Modernity, and Class in the Image of Empress Teimei ________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Maki Kaneko Date approved: April 15, 2016 ii Abstract This dissertation examines the political significance of the image of the Japanese Empress Teimei (1884-1951) with a focus on issues of gender and class. During the first three decades of the twentieth century, Japanese society underwent significant changes in a short amount of time. After the intense modernizations of the late nineteenth century, the start of the twentieth century witnessed an increase in overseas militarism, turbulent domestic politics, an evolving middle class, and the expansion of roles for women to play outside the home. As such, the early decades of the twentieth century in Japan were a crucial period for the formation of modern ideas about femininity and womanhood. Before, during, and after the rule of her husband Emperor Taishō (1879-1926; r. 1912-1926), Empress Teimei held a highly public role, and was frequently seen in a variety of visual media.
    [Show full text]
  • Tactics Are for Losers
    Tactics are for Losers Military Education, The Decline of Rational Debate and the Failure of Strategic Thinking in the Imperial Japanese Navy: 1920-1941 A submission for the 2019 CN Essay Competition For Entry in the OPEN and DEFENCE Divisions The period of intense mechanisation and modernisation that affected all of the world’s navies during the latter half of the 19th and first half of the 20th century had possibly its greatest impact in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). Having been shocked into self- consciousness concerning their own vulnerability to modern firepower by the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry’s ‘Black Fleet’ at Edo bay on 8 July 1853, the state of Japan launched itself onto a trajectory of rapid modernisation. Between 1863 and 1920, the Japanese state transformed itself from a forgotten backwater of the medieval world to one of the world’s great technological and industrialised powers. The spearhead of this meteoric rise from obscurity to great power status in just over a half-century was undoubtedly the Imperial Japanese Navy, which by 1923 was universally recognised during the Washington Naval Conference as the world’s third largest and most powerful maritime force.1 Yet, despite the giant technological leaps forward made by the Imperial Japanese Navy during this period, the story of Japan’s and the IJN’s rise to great power status ends in 1945 much as it began during the Perry expedition; with an impotent government being forced to bend to the will of the United States and her allies while a fleet of foreign warships rested at anchor in Tokyo Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • In and About Amoy
    Mm, A 52. CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 Date Due ' AUG Ir-UDOj fl £ W44;e« y.SftAIW'-trCWTr' MYSILj. ^3RF?=R^^IC aii||i«iw Pf^Wuf- —-^i^^yfi^ ^j^nj'i "1SI9#"""""^ PRINTED IN {Qf NO. Z3233 Library Cornell University I DS 796.A52P68 i A.mqi:some,,aaiiail in and aboirt, 616 3 1924 023 488 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023488616 IN AND ABOUT AMOY IN AND ABOUT AMOY Some historical and other facts connected with one of the first open ports in China BY REV. PHILIP WILSON PITCHER, M.A. Member of the American Refd. Chorch Mission Amoy, China SECOND EDITION. ILLUSTRATED mi THE METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE IN CHINA SHANGHAI AND FOOCHOW TO A.F.M.P. CONTENTS. Foreword. Chapter I. Thk Geockaphical Location of Amoy. 5 Physical features. Climatic conditions. Political divisions. Principal cities and towns. 6 II. The Island and City op Amoy. 13 The island. The harbor of Amoy. The city of Amoy. III. Historical Amoy. 21 1. Domestic Affairs. During the Sung dynasty. The Princes of Sung. Buccaneers. During the Ming dynasty. Kox- inga. During the Ts'ing dynasty. The Tai- ping rebellion. The Boxer movement. The Fanners. 2. Foreign Relations. 42 Arrival of the Portuguese. Arrival of the Spaniards, Arrival of the Dutch. Arrival of the English. The visit of the American Battleship fleet.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergenceof the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868–1922, S
    Naval War College Review Volume 59 Article 18 Number 3 Summer 2006 Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergenceof the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868–1922, S. C. M. Paine. Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Paine., S. C. M. (2006) "Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergenceof the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868–1922,," Naval War College Review: Vol. 59 : No. 3 , Article 18. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol59/iss3/18 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Paine.: Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergenceof the Imper BOOK REVIEWS 155 defense were functionalists, and Eisen- of the Japanese political system and the hower viewed their primary role as one evolution of both interservice rivalries of keeping the Pentagon programs and civil-military relations in the de- within the budget, which was important cades preceding World War II. He bases for carrying out his conservative fiscal his history on an impressive reading of goals. On strategic matters, Eisenhower Japanese and English-language primary dealt directly with the chairman of the and secondary sources to produce a Joint Chiefs of Staff and thus usurped story with political implications far be- an important portion of the secretary of yond the history of one service.
    [Show full text]
  • The Settlement Process of the Place Name of the Sea of Japan in the Modern Japan and Korea Geography Education
    The settlement process of the place name of the Sea of Japan in the modern Japan and Korea geography education SHIM Jeongbo* INTRODUCTION For a long time, many studies on place name of the East Sea area have dealt with pre- modern old maps. From the perspective, the current study focuses on geography textbooks that well present the geographical perceptions of people at the modern times, the transitional period of modern times and today. Old maps have national, military, confidential, and artistic characteristics. Although the maps are precious data to understand people's perceptions on regions at the time, ordinary people could not access to them because of their rarity. On the other hand, geography textbooks in the modern times in large quantity have national, social, popular, open, and practical characteristics. Therefore, it is better to focus on geography textbooks in order to examine the place name notation tendency of the East Sea of Korea and Japan. THE SETTLEMENT PROCESS OF THE PLACE NAME OF SEA OF JAPAN IN THE GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION OF THE MODERN JAPAN In Japan, modern education system was organized due to the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Schools were established, and textbooks were published. Figure 1 presents the place name notation of the East Sea in the geography textbook of elementary school and middle school of Japan. As we can see Figure 1, it is an aboriginal place name of Japan (the North Sea) and a foreign place name (Sea of Japan) were appeared at the same time in early Meiji era, and then they were used in school.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Naval Aviation in Modern Japan
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE A Battle against Tradition: The Rise of Naval Aviation in Modern Japan Jens Sagen Foreword The maritime victory off Tsushima in May 1905 during the Russo-Japanese War was a milestone in modern naval history. The victory marked the beginning of a new era for the Imperial Japanese Navy. It also manifested a theory among officers all over the World of large vessels and giant guns as being the most important factors in naval warfare, a view which permeated international naval thinking at the turn of the century. The means applied and the results achieved in this decisive naval engagement paved the way for this theory focusing on large ships and giant guns in Japan, and eventually formed the foundation of the doctrinal core of the Imperial Navy and subsequently ruled out any alternatives as means of securing victory at sea. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether or not the development of the Imperial Japanese Naval Air Wing, which began less than five years after the Japanese defeat of Russia, was crippled by a doctrine based on experience gained in the golden days of ships of the battle line. First, the paper will examine the emergence of a conventional Japanese naval battle doctrine, and subsequently answer the question of why the Imperial Navy became a surface-oriented force, and how it planned to engage an enemy and emerge victorious. Second, looking at what factors promoted this conventional doctrine, the paper will pose an answer to the question of why the surface doctrine remained prominent and virtually unchallenged, and, subsequently, how deeply this doctrine permeated officers of the naval air wing.
    [Show full text]
  • The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900
    07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 1 11/19/08 12:53:03 PM 07-02574 China Relief Cover.indd 2 11/19/08 12:53:04 PM The China Relief Expedition Joint Coalition Warfare in China Summer 1900 prepared by LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory This essay reflects the views of the author alone and does not necessarily imply concurrence by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) or any other organization or agency, public or private. About the Author LTC(R) Robert R. Leonhard, Ph.D., is on the Principal Professional Staff of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and a member of the Strategic Assessments Office of the National Security Analysis Department. He retired from a 24-year career in the Army after serving as an infantry officer and war planner and is a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. Dr. Leonhard is the author of The Art of Maneuver: Maneuver-Warfare Theory and AirLand Battle (1991), Fighting by Minutes: Time and the Art of War (1994), The Principles of War for the Informa- tion Age (1998), and The Evolution of Strategy in the Global War on Terrorism (2005), as well as numerous articles and essays on national security issues. Foreign Concessions and Spheres of Influence China, 1900 Introduction The summer of 1900 saw the formation of a perfect storm of conflict over the northern provinces of China. Atop an anachronistic and arrogant national government sat an aged and devious woman—the Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi.
    [Show full text]