Taxonomic Index

Home , Polygynandry

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49985-9 — The Biology of Reproduction Giuseppe Fusco , Alessandro Minelli Index More Information

Taxonomic Index

Entries for suprageneric taxa are given here in Latin form, but may occur in the text in anglicized form, as (e.g.) amphipods rather than Amphipoda.

Abies, 209, 366 Alcyonium, 381 Acanthocephala, 125, 142, 155, 216, 385, 409 Alectoris, 204 Acanthus, 124 Alegoria, 219 Acari, 109, 213, 217, 410 Aleurodidae, 178, 180, 396 Acer, 200, 235, 369 Alliaceae, 188 Achatina, 129 Alligator,80 Achnantes, 348 Allium, 95, 187, 285 Acholla, 314 Allocosa, 120 Acipenser,80 Alosa,77 Acoela, 98, 125, 136, 384, 409 Alsophila, 192 Acoelomorpha, 213, 215, 224, 384, 409 Alytes, 225, 227 Acrocordidae, 214 Amaranthaceae, 188 Acropora, 318 Amaryllidaceae, 188 Actinia, 381–382 Amblypygi, 396, 410 Actinopterygii, 412 Ambystoma, 110, 193, 288–289 Actinosphaerium,16 Amoeba,49 Adactylidium, 218, 273 Amoebozoa, 108, 408 Adelgidae, 184 Amphibia, 80, 110, 143, 212–213, 218, 403, 412 Adineta,40 Amphioxus, 167 Adoxaceae, 188 Amphipoda, 119, 213, 399, 411 Aedes, 326 Amphiprion, 129, 131 Aeolosomatidae, 392 Amphisbaenia, 214 Aepypodius, 204 Amsinckia, 169 Aeshnidae, 212 Anablepidae, 213, 403 Africatenula, 386 Anabrus, 199 Agamidae, 214 Ananas, 234–235 Agaricus, 377–378 Anatidae, 204 Agave,75–76 Angiospermae, 82, 146, 230, 233, 366, 413 Agnatha, 136, 412 Anguidae, 214 Aiptasia, 380 Anguilla, 80, 159 Alatina, 381 Anguilliformes, 129 Alauda, 204 Aniliidae, 214 Alces, 202 Animalia, 408

437

Taxonomic Index

Anisoptera, 212 Araucariaceae, 157 Annelida, 100, 125, 136, 175, 216, 218, 224, Archaea, 408 391, 410 Archamoebae, 408 Anolis, 122, 312 Archiacanthocephala, 216 Anomopoda, 217 Archidium, 205 Anoplostoma, 395 Archipsocopsis, 219 Anostraca, 110, 134, 182 Archoophora, 220 Anseriformes, 204 Archosauria, 136, 412 ant, see Formicidae Arctica,34 driver, see Dorylus Ardea,81 Antechinus,77 Arilus, 314 Antennaria, 286 Ariolimax,76 Anthocerotophyta, 123, 360, 413 Arisaema, 124, 329, 369 Anthozoa, 215, 380, 409 Arixenia, 219, 398 Anura, 136, 151, 213–214, 412 Armadillidium, 330–331 Aphelinidae, 184 armadillo, see Dasypus Aphelocoma, 229 Artemia, 110, 177, 182, 305 Aphelopus, 104 Arthropoda, 79, 100, 117, 125, 143, 175, 211, Aphididae, 110, 184, 396 216, 224, 395, 410 Aphidoidea, 65, 175, 286 Ascaphus, 403 Aphis, 177, 398 Ascaris,79 Apicomplexa, 108, 111, 254, 344, 408 Ascidiacea, 102, 167, 217, 401, 412 Apis, 31, 218, 322 Ascocoryne, 379 Apistogramma, 329 Ascomycota, 109, 373, 375, 408 Aplacophora, 136 Ascoseirales, 230, 351 Aplidium, 402 Ascothoracida, 396 Apoda, 213, 412 ash tree, see Fraxinus Aporrectodea, 392 Asparagus, 118 Appendicularia, 142, 401, 412 Aspergillus, 115, 294, 340, 373 Apristurus, 403 Asphondylia, 142 Apseudes, 125 Aspidiotus, 110 Aptenodytes, 140, 222 Aspidoscelis, 185 Apteryx, 140–141 Aspidosiphon, 100, 393 Apus, 81, 204 Asplanchna, 155, 386 Aquila, 204 Aster, 370 Ara, 306 Asteraceae, 170, 188 Arabidopsis, 168 Asterias, 400 Araceae, 188 Asterina, 133 Arachnida, 153, 216, 218, 396, 410 Asterocladiales, 351 Aramigus, 110 Asteroidea, 104, 136, 213, 217, 222, 400, 412 Araneae, 199, 410 Atemnidae, 153 Araschnia,73 Atherinidae, 403

438

Taxonomic Index

Atheriniformes, 334 Bikonta, 408 Atlantic salmon, see Salmo Bilateria, 409 Atriplex, 372 Biorhiza, 66, 180 Auchenacantha, 155 Bivalvia, 109, 117, 125, 132–133, 136, 143, 167, Aulacantha, 248 216, 389–390, 410 Aurearenophyceae, 343, 414 black-headed gull, see Chroicocephalus Aurelia, 49, 381 blackberry, see Rubus Australocypris, 142 Blaps, 313 Austrognathia, 203 Blastophaga, 119 Austroperipatus, 394 Blattodea, 182, 212, 217, 411 Austropotamobius,80 Blechnum, 364 Aves, 81, 412 Blepharisma, 338 Avicenniaceae, 368 Boidae, 214 Bolidophyceae, 343, 414 Bacillariophyceae, 414 Bonellia, 155, 326–327, 392–393 Bacillus [Eubacteria], 87–88 Bonelliidae, 393 Bacillus [Insecta], 110, 182, 193, 283–284, 289 bonnethead shark, see Sphyrna Bacteria, 42 Boops, 130 Balaena,82 Bopyridae, 125 Balanoglossus, 101 Boraginaceae, 188 Balanophoraceae, 188 Borneostyrax, 219 bamboo, see Bambuseae Bothrioplana, 176 Bambuseae, 205 Bothriurus,77 Bangiomorpha, 106 Botrylloides, 401–402 Barbula, 362 Botryllus,67–68, 402 Barentsiidae, 388 Brachionus, 155 bark beetle, see Scolytinae Brachiopoda, 99, 117, 125, 136, 218, 389, 410 Barynotus, 181 Bracon, 321, see Habrobracon Basidiomycota, 109, 373, 376, 408 Braconidae, 104, 179 Basommatophora, 133 Branchiopoda, 223, 396, 398, 411 Bassiana, 334 Branchiura, 142 Bdelloidea, 109, 286, 385, 409 Brassicaceae, 170, 188 bed bug, see Cimex Brevipalpus, 186, 330 beech, see Fagus Bridelia, 369 Bellerochea, 348 Bromeliaceae, 233 Belostoma, 229 Bromius, 178 Belostomatidae, 228 Brotulidae, 213 Betulaceae, 170, 188 brown algae, see Phaeophyceae Bicknell’s thrush, see Catharus Bryobia, 186 Bicyclus,72 Bryophyta, 201, 205, 230, 360, 413 Biddulphia, 348 Bryozoa, 97, 99, 104, 125–126, 136, 142, 213, Bidens, 234 215, 218, 223, 388, 409

439

Taxonomic Index

Buccinum, 221 Castor, 202 Bufo, 80, 132 Casuarinaceae, 188 Bulbochaete, 355 Catenulida, 98, 125, 220, 386–387, 409 bull shark, see Carcharias Catharus, 172 Bungarus, 312 Caudofoveata, 389–390, 410 Burmanniaceae, 188 Caulerpa, 354 Bythitidae, 213 Caulobacter,39 Cecidomyiidae, 65, 137, 142, 180, 183, Cactaceae, 188 286 caddisflies, see Trichoptera Cedrus, 105–106 Caecidotea, 214 Cepaea, 390 caecilian, see Apoda Cephalocarida, 125, 396 Caenorhabditis, 79, 134, 197, 304, 310, 317– Cephalochordata, 136, 167, 401, 411–412 318, 395 Cephalodiscidae, 401 Cakile, 235 Cephalopoda, 136, 143, 154, 218, 385, 389, 410 Calcarea, 215 Ceratias, 155 Calla, 200 Ceratioidei, 119, 155 Calligrapha, 110 Ceratodon, 156, 362 Callinectes, 204 Ceratopteris, 328 Calliphoridae, 137, 331 Cerebratulus, 167 Callithrix, 28, 31, 171, 295–296 Cereus, 79, 133, 381 Calocera, 379 Ceriantharia, 380 Campanulaceae, 170 Cerobasis, 181 Campeloma, 109 Cestoda, 97, 215, 220, 386, 409 campion, see Silene Cetacea, 103, 171 Cancer, 204 Cetomimidae, 118 Candida, 109, 115 Chaetognatha, 101, 125, 127, 136, 218, Cannabis, 117, 120, 125, 371 400 Canoblaps, 313 Chaetomorpha, 358 Capitella, 129 Chaetonotida, 384 Capitellidae, 392 Chaetopeltidales, 357, 413 Carassius, 80, 192 Chaetopteridae, 97 Carausius, 103 Chaetopterus, 167 Carcharias, 222 Chaetospania, 397 Cardinium, 330 chaffinch, see Fringilla Caretta, 211, 325 Chalcidoidea, 179 Carica, 372 Chamaeleonidae, 214 cartilaginous fishes, see Chondrichthyes Chara,49 Carybdea, 381 Charales, 360 Caryophyllaceae, 170 Charophyceae, 413 Cassidinae, 399 Charophyta, 413 Castanea, 369 Cheilostomata, 389

440

Taxonomic Index

Chelicerata, 136, 397, 410 Cirripeda, 134, 142, 396, 411 Chelonoidis, 17, 80 Cirsium, 371 Chelydra, 325 Citellina, 155 chicken, see Gallus Citrus, 105, 189, 191, 209, 286 Chilodonella, 346 Cladium, 369 Chilopoda, 198, 396, 411 Cladocera, 217–218, 286, 396, 411 chimpanzee, see Pan Cladonema, 381 Chironomidae, 137 Cladophora, 55, 338, 358 Chironomus, 121 Cladophorales, 358, 413 Chlamydomonadales, 357, 413 Cladopsammia,69 Chlamydomonas, 49, 113, 254, 340, 354, 357 cleaner wrasse, see Labroides Chlorella, 92, 356 Clemelis, 197 Chlorodendrophyceae, 357, 413 Cleome, 125 Chlorogonium, 357 Clinidae, 213 Chlorokybophyceae, 343, 413 Clitellata, 125, 216, 391, 410 Chlorophyceae, 413 Clitumnus, 181 Chlorophyta, 354, 413 Clonorchis, 221 Choanoﬂagellata, 343, 350 clownﬁsh, see Amphiprion Choanozoa, 408 Clupea,80 Chondrichthyes, 80, 136, 213, 218, 412 Clupeiformes, 129 Chordata, 117, 175, 217, 412 Cnemidophorus, 184–185 Chroicocephalus, 140 Cnidaria, 79, 97–98, 104, 117, 125, 136, 142, Chromadorea, 216 167, 215, 218, 223, 286, 380, 409 Chromalveolata, 343, 408 Cobitis, 130 Chrysaora, 380, 382 Coccidae, 180 Chrysolina, 219 Coccidea, 408 Chrysomelidae, 110, 178, 399 Coccolithophyceae, 343, 408 Chrysomya, 331 Coccotrypes, 180 Chrysophyceae, 343, 414 cockroach, see Blattodea Chytridiomycota, 373, 408 coconut Cicadales, 413 common, see Cocos Cicadophyta, 123 sea, see Lodoicea Cichlidae, 403 Cocos, 233 Cicindela, 312 coelacanth, see Latimeria Ciconia, 81, 140 Coelacanthiformes, 412 Cidaridae, 400 Coeloplana, 98, 383 Ciliata, 17, 37–38, 42, 90, 114, 250, 292, 340, Coelotes, 398 345, 408 coho salmon, see Oncorhynchus Cimbex, 178 Coleoptera, 110, 142, 164, 182, 217, 312, 411 Cimex, 79, 143, 154, 199 Collembola, 136, 153, 411 Ciona, 15, 170 Colubridae, 214 Cirratulidae, 97 Columba, 181, 222

441

Taxonomic Index

Columbidae, 204, 221 Cryptophyta, 343 Comephoridae, 213 Ctenodrilidae, 97 common reed, see Phragmites Ctenophora, 98, 125, 136, 142, 218, 383, 409 Conchostraca, 134 Ctenoplana, 98, 383 Coniferae, 365, 413 Ctenopoda, 217 Coniferophyta, 124 Ctenostomata, 389 Conjugatophyceae, 358, 413 Cubozoa, 97, 381, 409 Conochiloides, 386 cuckoo, see Cuculus Conosa, 408 Cuculus, 229 Convolutriloba, 384 Cucumaria, 28, 129, 295 Convolvulaceae, 170 Cucumis, 125, 371 Copepoda, 143, 396, 398–399, 411 Cucurbitaceae, 188 Copidosoma, 29, 104 Culicidae, 212, 326 Copula, 381 Cunina, 104, 382 Corallium,68 Cunochtantha, 104 Coranus, 314 Cupressaceae, 145, 149, 157 Corbicula, 193 Cupressus, 149, 194, 290–291 Cordylidae, 214 Cura, 387 Cordyline,95 Curculionidae, 40, 110, 178, 181, 396 Coris, 129, 131 Cyanea, 381 Corophium, 338 Cycadales, 148 Corotoca, 219 Cycas, 156–157 Corvus, 81, 140 Cyclamen,82 Corylus,82 Cycliophora, 99, 125, 213, 215, 224, 387, 409 Coturnix, 204 Cyclostomata, 412 Craniota, 402, 412 Cyclostomatida, 215 Craspedacusta, 382 Cygnus, 140 Crassostrea, 390 Cymothoidae, 125 Craterellus, 378 Cynipidae, 65, 179, 184, 286 Craterostigmomorpha, 398 Cynipini, 184 Crepidula, 129, 327, 390 Cynoches, 235 Crinoidea, 136, 217, 221, 400, 412 Cynopterus, 235 Crocodylia, 412 Cyprididae, 396 Crocuta, 120 Cypridoidea, 142 crow, see Corvus Cyprinidae, 194 Crustacea, 104, 110, 136, 182, 213, 217–218, Cypriniformes, 129 223, 312, 396–397, 399, 411 Cyprinodontidae, 143, 153 Cryptantha, 169 Cyrillaceae, 188 Cryptista, 408 Cryptobranchidae, 403 Dacrymyces, 379 Cryptomonadales, 408 Dahlica, 182 Cryptoniscidae, 125 daisy anemone, see Cereus

442

Taxonomic Index

damselflies, see Zygoptera Digenea, 104, 127, 132, 136, 155, 215, 220, Danaus, 159 286, 386, 409 dandelion, see Taraxacum Dikarya, 408 Dangeardinella, 356 Dinocras, 125 Danio, 335 Dinoflagellata, 345, 408 Daphnia, 72, 286, 332, 335, 397 Dinophilidae, 393 Darevskia, 185 Dinophilus, 167, 333, 392 Darwinulidae, 110, 396 Dinophyceae, see Dinoflagellata Dascyllus, 131 Dioecocestus, 386 Dasypus, 101, 103, 105, 202, 275 Diplectrum, 201 date palm, see Phoenix Diplodus, 130 Datisca, 370 Diplolaboncus, 142 Dawsonia, 205 Diplomonadida, 408 Decapoda, 134, 217, 223, 411 Diplopoda, 182, 228, 396, 411 Decaspermum, 117 Diplosoma, 402 Delosperma, 367 Diplozoon, 155, 387 Demospongiae, 215 Diplura, 411 Dendrobaena, 177 Dipnoi, 136, 412 Dendrochirotida, 400 Dipodascus,49 Dendrocygnidae, 204 Diptera, 164, 212, 217, 222–223, 310, 412 Dentalium, 167 Dipteronia, 369 Dentex, 130 Discoporella,69 Derbesia,54 Ditylum, 348 Dermaptera, 217, 398, 411 Dodecaceria, 97, 391 Deroceras,76 dogfish, see Scyliorhinus Desmidiales, 413 Dolania,77 deuteromycetes, 115, 373 Doliolum,58 Deuterostomia, 409, 412 Dorvilleidae, 97, 392 Dianthus, 368 Dorylus, 204 Diaptomus, 314 Dracunculus, 395 Diatomeae, 347, 414 dragonfly, see Anisoptera Dicentrarchus, 335 hawker, see Aeshnidae Dicrostonyx, 315 Drosophila, 25, 31, 79, 142–143, 178, 181, 193, Dictyochophyceae, 343, 414 218, 306–308, 317–318, 336 Dictyoptera, 411 Drosophilidae, 137 Dictyostelea, 350, 408 Dryinidae, 104, 121, 179 Dictyostelium, 71, 91–92, 338, 350 Dugesia, 192 Dictyota,54 Dunaliella, 356 Dicyema, 167 dunnock, see Prunella Dicyemida, 99, 142, 167, 215, 383, 409 eagle, see Aquila Didemnum, 402 Ecballium, 235, 372

443

Taxonomic Index

Ecdysozoa, 410 Eoacanthocephala, 216 echidna, see Tachyglossus, Zaglossus Ephedra, 148, 366 Echiniscidae, 394 Ephelota,90 Echinococcus, 104, 386–387 Ephemeroptera, 77, 83, 212, 411 Echinodermata,80,101,104,117,125,140,175, Epinephelus, 130, 203 213, 217–218, 222–223, 400, 412 Epiperipatus, 394 Echinoidea, 136, 167, 217, 412 Epulopiscium,88 Echinotheridion, 154 Equisetina, 413 Echiura, 100, 136, 155, 392–393, 410 Equisetum, 230–231, 363 Ectocarpales, 351 Equus, 202 Ectocarpus, 351 Erinaceus, 202 Ectopleura,28 Eriocampa, 179 Ectoprocta, 409 Erpobdella,77 eel, see Anguilla Erpobdellidae, 211 Eirene,62 Erythronium, 105 Eiseniella, 392 Escherichia, 39, 238, 258 Elaeis, 369 Eubacteria, 408 Elapidae, 214 Eucestoda, 104 Elasmobranchia, 140 Euchlanis,64 elephant seal, see Mirounga Eucypris, 110, 175, 182 Elephas, 202 eudicots, 232 Eleutheria, 380 Eudorina, 92, 275–276, 356–357 Eleutherodactylus, 214 Euglena, 52, 250 Ellobius, 315 Euglenozoa, 17, 408 Elysia, 154 Eukaryota, 408 Embiidina, 399 Eulophidae, 186 Embiotocidae, 213 Eunectes,80 Embryophyta, 413 Eunice, 158 emperor penguin, see Aptenodytes Euphausiacea, 399 Empididae, 199 Euphyllophyta, 362 Emys,80 Euplotes, 338, 346 Encephalartos, 366 Eurema, 330 Enchytraeidae, 176, 392 Eurya, 124 Enchytraeus, 392 Eustigmatophyceae, 343, 414 Encyrtidae, 104, 184 Exobasidium, 379 Enoplida, 216 Eylais, 153 Entamoeba, 89, 108, 343 Enterococcus, 258 Fabaceae, 170, 233 Enterocytozoon, 379 Fagus, 205, 209 Enteropneusta, 101, 401, 412 Fasciola, 197, 221, 283 Entoprocta, 97, 99, 125, 128, 142, 215, 224, Felis,81 388, 409 ferns, see Marattiopsida, Polypodiopsida

444

Taxonomic Index

Ficus, 82, 119, 235 Gargaphia, 399 fig, see Ficus Gasterosteus,77 Figitidae, 184 Gastropoda, 109, 117, 125, 127, 133, 136, 143, Filicales, 109, 413 213, 216, 218, 221, 286, 389–390, Filices, 174 410 fire ant, little, see Wasmannia Gastrotheca, 225 firefly, see Lampyridae Gastrotricha, 98, 125, 128, 136, 142, 175, 216, Firmicutes, 128 224, 286, 384, 409 fish Gekkonidae, 185, 214 needle, see Nerophis, Syngnathus Geophilomorpha, 198, 398 Fitchia, 314 Geoscaphus, 219 flamingo, see Phoenicopteridae Geranium, 368 Florida jay, see Aphelocoma Gerbillus, 312 Florideophyceae, 230 Geum, 370 fluke, see Digenea Giardia, 108, 248, 343 Foraminifera, 254, 344, 409 Ginkgo, 118, 146, 148, 156, 233, 305, 365 Formicidae, 222 Ginkgoales, 413 Fragaria, 305 Ginkgophyta, 123 Franklinothrips, 184 Giraffa, 81, 202, 306 Fraxinus, 134, 137, 370, 372 Glandirana, 309 Fringilla, 140 Glaucophyta, 343, 413 frog Globulariaceae, 188 Darwin’s, see Rhinoderma Glomerella, 376 green, see Pelophylax Glomerida, 153 Frullania, 314 Glomeromycota, 109, 115, 375, 408 Fucales, 230, 351 Glomus, 375 Fuchsia, 371 Gnathostomulida, 98, 125–126, 384, 409 Fucus, 48, 93, 351 Gnetales, 366, 413 Fuligo,70 Gnetophyta, 123 Funaria, 362 Gnetum, 148, 366 Fungi, 372, 408 Gobiidae, 132 fungus gnat, see Sciara Gonatopus, 179 Furcifer, 403 Gonium, 357 Fusarium, 373 Goodeidae, 213, 403 Gorilla,82 Galinsoga,83–84 Gracilaria, 27, 31 gall midge, see Cecidomyiidae Grammatophora, 349 Galliformes, 204 Grammitis,49 Gallus, 181 Grantia, 167 Gambusia, 207 Greenland shark, see Somniosus Gammarus, 328, 331 Gregarinia, 408 Garcinia, 117 grouper, see Serranidae

445

Taxonomic Index

Gruiformes, 204 Heterocypris, 110 Gurania, 369 Heteroderidae, 395 Gymnolaemata, 215 Heterokonta, 408, 414 Gymnomorpha, 125 Heterokrohnia, 400 Gymnophthalmidae, 185 Heteronotia, 185 Gymnophthalmus, 185 Heteropeza,74–75, 183, 332 Gymnospermae, 82, 146, 364, 413 Heteroptera, 398–399, 411 Gyps,81 Heterorhabditis,67 Gyrinicola,19 Hexacorallia, 213 Gyrodactyloida, 104 Hexactinellida, 215 Gyrodactylus, 78, 103–104, 387 Hexapoda, 397, 399, 411 Hieracium, 187, 190–191, 286 Habrobracon, 321 Hippocampus, 120, 227 Haemopis, 392 Hippolyte, 129 Haemosporidia, 408 Hirudinea, 393, 410 Halictoxenos, 104 Hirudo, 128 Haplogonatopus, 179 Histiostoma,19–20, 278 Haptophyta, 408 Histriobdella, 167 Harpactea, 155 hoary stock, see Matthiola Harpactor, 314 Holothuroidea, 136, 213, 217–218, 400, 412 Hedera, 82, 209 Homo, 26, 31, 49, 51, 75, 84, 103, 122, 140, 208, Helicobacter, 259 242, 262, 267, 304, 379 Heliconius, 205 Homoptera, 110, 180, 395–396, 411 Heliothrips, 184 Homoscleromorpha, 215 Heliozoa, 408 honey bee, see Apis Helix, 79, 390 honeyeater, see Meliphagidae Hemichordata, 117, 125, 136, 401, 412 hop, see Humulus Hemidactylus, 185 horsetail, see Equisetum Hemimerus, 219, 398 houseﬂy, see Musca Hemioniscidae, 125 hummingbird, see Trochilidae Hemiptera, 142, 217, 411 human, see Homo Hemiramphidae, 213, 403 Humulus, 314, 371 Hemiteles, 179 Hyacinthaceae, 188 Henria, 183 Hydra, 33, 97, 133, 238 Hepaticae, 123, 360, 413 Hydrobates, 140 Hepialidae, 204 Hydrodictyon, 339, 355 Hercinothrips, 184 Hydroida, 104 hermit crab, see Pagurus Hydrophilidae, 399 Hesionidae, 392 Hydrozoa, 97, 104, 215, 380, 409 Hesperoyucca,77 Hyla,80 Heterocephalus, 29, 171–172 Hymenaster, 400

446

Taxonomic Index

Hymenophyllaceae, 364 Labrador dog, 238 Hymenophyllum,49 Labrisomidae, 213 Hymenoptera, 104, 164, 178, 278, 395, 399, 412 Labroides, 129 Hypericaceae, 188 Labrus, 131 Hypericum, 286 Lacertidae, 185, 214 Hypermastigina, 343, 349, 408 Lamellibrachia,34 Hypoplectus, 129 Lamiaceae, 165 Hypothenemus, 180 Laminaria, 352 Hypsistozoa, 401 Laminariales, 351 lamprey, marine, see Petromyzon Icerya, 125 Lampyridae, 119, 162, 395 Iceryini, 178, 180 Lamyctes, 181 Ichneumonidae, 179 Larix,82 Iguanidae, 214 Larrea,39 Impatiens, 174 Larus,81 Inobiidae, 403 Lasaea, 109 Insecta, 104, 136, 182, 213, 217–218, 222, 411 Lasius, 179 Iris, 367 Latimeria, 211, 213 Ischnura, 122, 272 legumes, see Fabaceae Isoetes, 123, 362 Leiopathes, 34, 79 Isohypsibius, 394 Leipoa, 228 Isopoda, 119, 125, 133, 151, 176, 182, 213, 217, lemming, see Dicrostonyx, Myopus 222–223, 312, 396, 399, 411 Lepidodactylus, 185 Isoptera, 212, 411 Lepidophyma, 181, 185 Lepidoptera, 83, 142, 164, 182, 205, 310, Jaera, 312 412 Janthina, 143, 391 Lepidosauria, 136, 412 Jenynsidae, 213 Lepiotaceae, 109 Julida, 182 Leposoma, 185 Julidae, 399 Leptospermum, 370 Juniperus, 233, 365 Leptospironympha, 349 Leptostraca, 399 Kentropyx, 185 Leptosynapta, 400 Keratella, 385 Lepus, 202 Kinorhyncha, 100, 117, 125, 136, 142–143, Lethocerus, 228 175, 394, 410 lichens, 378 kiwi, see Apteryx Ligularia, 370 Klebsormidiophyceae, 343, 413 Lilium,95 Kluyveromyces, 339 Limax,76 Komodo dragon, see Varanus Limnognathia, 384 Kryptolebias, 127, 130 Limnonectes, 403

447

Taxonomic Index

Limoniaceae, 188 Macrostomum, 126 Lineus, 388 Magnoliophyta, 124 Linum, 169 Magnoliopsida, 413 Liopelma, 315 Malacostraca, 218, 399 Liquidambar,96 malleefowl, see Leipoa Lithobius,80 Malpighiaceae, 188 Lithognathus, 130 Malurus, 201 Littorinidae, 143 Malus, 209 Lobosa, 108, 408 Mammalia, 81, 104, 136, 201, 204, 210, 213, Lodoicea, 233 218, 224–225, 312, 412 loggerhead, see Caretta Mangifera, 235 Loligo,77 mangosteen, see Garcinia Lonchoptera, 178 Mantodea, 199, 212, 396, 399, Lophiiformes, 155 411 Lophotrochozoa, 409 maple, see Acer Loricifera, 100, 117, 125, 183, 216, 248, 394, Marattiopsida, 413 410 Marava, 219, 397 lotus, see Nelumbo Marchantia, 304 Loxodonta,82 Marchantiophyta, 413 Loxosomatidae, 388 Margelopsis, 382 Loxothylacus, 104 Marsupialia, 210, 213 Luidia, 62, 104 Mastotermes, 212, 399 Lumbricidae, 176, 392 Matthiola, 165 Lumbriculus,45 mayﬂy, see Ephemeroptera Luscinia, 204 Medusozoa, 409 Lycophytina, 123, 413 Megalomycteridae, 118 Lycosidae, 398 Melanoides, 390 Lymantria, 161 Melastomataceae, 188 Lymantriidae, 161 Meleagris, 181, 204 Lymnaea, 127 Meliphagidae, 164 Lysiphlebus, 179 Meloidogyne, 109, 395 Lysmata, 129, 134 Menetia, 186 Lythrum, 169 Menexenus, 181 Lythrypnus, 131–132 Menidia, 334 Mercurialis, 118, 134, 370 Macaca, 202 Mermis, 329 Macrocentrus, 104 Mertensia, 383 Macrodasyida, 142, 384 Mesostigmatophyceae, 343, 413 Macromitrium, 362 Metacarcinus, 203 Macropus, 336 Metamonada, 108, 408 Macrostomida, 220 Metazoa, 379, 408 Macrostomorpha, 387 Methanosarcina,70

448

Taxonomic Index

Metridium, 380 Mycetozoa, 343, 350 Miastor, 183 Mycophila, 183 Microbotryum, 340 Mycoplasma, 247 Microcaecilia, 224 Mycteroperca, 130 Micrognathozoa, 98, 384, 409 Myopus, 298, 315 Micromalthus, 74, 178, 180, 184, 219, 286 Myrianida, 102 Microphthalmus, 392 Myriapoda, 136, 396, 411 Micropilina, 389–390 Myrmecia, 248 Microsporidia, 254, 331, 379, 408 Myrtaceae, 188 millipedes, see Diplopoda Myrtus, 235 Mirapinnidae, 118 Mysida, 399 Mirounga, 172 Mystacocarida, 142 mistletoe, see Viscum Mytilus, 26, 274 Misumena,77 Myxinoidea, 402 mites, see Acari Myxogastrea, 350, 408 Mixotheca,49 Myzostoma, 167 Mollusca, 79, 99, 117, 125, 175, 213, 216, 218, Myzus,49 223, 389, 410 monarch butterﬂy, see Danaus Nactus, 185 Monobryozoon, 388 Naididae, 97, 392 monocots, 232 Najas, 163 Monodelphis,77 naked mole-rat, see Heterocephalus Monogenea, 155, 215, 220, 387, 409 Nanoarchaeum, 247 Monogononta, 178, 216, 278, 286, 385, 409 Narcissus, 170 Monopis, 220 Nasonia, 322 Monoplacophora, 389–390, 410 Nausithoe, 380 Monorhaphis,79 Nautilus, 77, 391 Monostroma, 157 Neanthes, 228 Monotremata, 140, 210, 221 Nectariniidae, 164 Montacuta, 134, 143 Nectonema, 394 Mormon cricket, see Anabrus Nectophrynoides, 214, 403 mosquito, see Culicidae Nectria, 379 Muntiacus, 312 Nelumbo, 232 Mus, 81, 202, 302, 312 Nemasoma, 182 Musa, 235 Nematoda, 79, 100, 109, 117, 125–126, 136, Musca, 79, 298 142, 154, 175–176, 197, 213, 216, 218, Musci, 123, 360, 413 222–223, 286, 314, 394, 410 Muscidae, 137 Nematomorpha, 100, 117, 125, 394, mussel, see Mytilus 410 Mustelidae, 171 Nematus, 179 Mustela, 171 Nemertea, 97, 99, 125–126, 136, 151, 213, 216, Mutela, 62, 389 221, 224, 388, 409

449

Taxonomic Index

Nemertini, 409 Onychophora, 100, 117, 125, 136, 143, 213, Nemertodermatida, 98, 125, 384, 216, 224, 394, 410 409 Oomycetes, 408 Nemodermatales, 351 Ooperipatellus, 394 Neodermata, 220 Ooperipatus, 394 Neoophora, 220 Opalina, 252–253 Neotrogla, 121, 156 Opalinea, 408 Nephasoma, 393 Ophiopluteus, 104 Nephelium, 370 Ophiuroidea, 104, 217, 222, 400, 412 Nephila, 395 Ophryotrocha, 392 Nereidae, 392 Opiliones, 410 Nereis, 167 Opisthobranchia, 125, 154, 390 Nerophis, 227 Opisthokonta, 408 Neurospora, 39, 340 Opuntia, 134 Nicotiana, 105 Orchidaceae, 165, 189, 204, 233, 286 nightingale, see Luscinia Oreina, 219 Nimbaphrynoides, 403 Oribatida, 109 Noctuidae, 161 Ornithorhynchus, 210–211 Nosema, 330 Orthonectida, 99, 215, 383, 409 Nothobranchius,77 Orthoptera, 182, 199, 212, 310, 312, 411 Nucella, 221 Oscheius, 395 Nucifraga, 234 Osedax, 392 Nyctotherus, 249 Osmunda, 364 Nymphaea, 105, 164, 235 Osteichthyes, 80, 136, 218 Nymphaeaceae, 188 Ostracoda, 110, 142, 175, 182, 314, 396, 398, Nymphon, 142, 228 411 Ostrea, 79, 389 obstetric toad, see Alytes ostrich, see Struthio Ochnaceae, 189 Otiorhynchus, 41, 181 Ochrophyta, 408, 414 Otocryptos, 314 Octopus,79 Otomesostoma, 167 Odonata, 153, 212, 411 Ovis, 202 Oedogoniales, 355, 413 Oxalis, 124 Oedogonium, 354 Oxymonas, 349 Oikopleura, 142, 401 Oxyurida, 178 Oligarces, 183 Ozopemon, 120, 180 Oligochaeta, 97, 127, 176, 286, 393, 410 Onagraceae, 189 Pachycereus, 134, 372 Oncorhynchus, 75, 201 Pagellus, 130 Onoclea,22 Pagrus, 130 Ononis, 124 Pagurus, 152 Onthophagus, 121 Palaeacanthocephala, 216

450

Taxonomic Index

Palola, 158 Peracarida, 213, 399 Palpigradi, 396 Perciformes, 129 Pamphiliidae, 399 Perdix, 204 Pan, 202 Peripatidae, 394 Pancrustacea, 411 Peripatopsidae, 394 Pandalus, 134 Peripatopsis, 394 Panolis, 161 Peritelus, 181 Panthera, 81, 202 Perla, 125 Pantinonemertes, 388 Perophora, 402 Papaveraceae, 170 Petrarcidae, 396 Papilio, 122, 337 Petromyzon, 326 Papilionaceae, 165 Peziza, 375 Parabrotulidae, 213 Phaeophyceae, 229, 350, 414 Paragordius, 394 Phaeothamniophyceae, 343, 414 Paramecium, 37, 114, 338, 340, 346–347 Phasmatodea, 110, 182, 396, 411 Paranais,39 Phillyrea, 370 Parascaris, 248 Philodina,53 Parastacidae, 338 Philoscia, 133 Parastacus, 338 Phoebastria,81 Parietaria, 368 Phoenicopteridae, 222 partridge, see Alectoris, Perdix Phoenix, 232, 234 Paridae, 204 Pholcus,83 Parus,81 Phoridae, 121 Passalurus, 155 Phoronida, 97, 99, 125–126, 136, 143, 389, 410 Passer,81 Phoronozoa, 410 Passeriformes, 204 Phoxinus, 192 Patella, 133 Phragmites,95 Patellina, 114 Phthiraptera, 411 Pauropoda, 153, 397, 411 Phylactolaemata, 126, 216 pear, see Pyrus Phyllocardium, 356 Pediaspidini, 184 Phyllodromica, 182 Pedicellinidae, 388 Phyllostachys, 206 Pedinophyceae, 357, 413 Phyllostomidae, 312 Pegantha, 104 Physalia,30 Pelagia, 382 Physarum, 351 Pelagophyceae, 343, 414 Phytoseiidae, 180 Pelomyxa, 252 Picea, 209, 366 Pelophylax, 194–195 Picophageae, 343, 414 Peltaster, 400 pigeon, see Columba Penicillata, 397 pill millipede, see Glomerida Pennatula,68 Pinaceae, 145, 157 Pentactella, 129 Pinales, 413

451

Taxonomic Index

pincushion millipede, see Pselaphognatha Polygonum, 146 pineapple, see Ananas Polyplacophora, 136, 218, 390, 410 Pinguiophyceae, 343, 414 Polypodium, 21, 104, 363 Pinus, 34, 82, 105, 134, 157, 209, 234, 365–366 Polysiphonia, 352–353 Pipa, 225 Polytomella, 356 Pipunculidae, 121 Polytrichum, 361–362 Pisione, 392 Pomphorhynchus, 155 Pisionidae, 393 Populus, 39, 44, 82, 96, 118, 235, 305, 371 Placentalia, 210, 224 Porifera, 79, 98, 136, 167, 213, 215, 218, 221, Placozoa, 97–98, 125, 383, 409 223, 380, 409 Plantae, 408, 413 Portuguese man o’ war, see Physalia Plasmodium, 49, 89, 149, 344 Posidonia, 163 Platanus,82 Potamopyrgus, 109 Platygaster, 104 potato, see Solanum Platygastridae, 104, 184 Potentilla, 305, 370 Platyhelminthes, 224, 384, 386, 409 Potorous, 312 platypus, see Ornithorhynchus Pottia, 362 Plecoptera, 83, 212, 411 Priapulida, 100, 117, 125, 394, 410 Pleodorina, 356–357 primrose, see Primula Pleurocapsales, 88 Primula, 169 Pleurodeles, 334 Pristionchus, 395 Poa, 286, 368 Pristiphora, 179 Poaceae, 170, 189, 205 Prosorhochmus, 388 Podarcis,80 Protemnodon, 312 Podocoryne, 381 Proteobacteria, 184 Podospora,39 Protopterus, 248 Poecilia, 143–144, 192, 305 Protosiphon, 339 Poeciliidae, 213, 403 Protostomia, 409 Poeciliopsis, 175, 192, 194 Protura, 399, 411 Pogonomyrmex, 113 Prunella, 172 Pogonophora, 100, 143, 393, 410 Prunus, 209 polecat, see Mustela Pselaphognatha, 153 Polipodiopsida, 413 Pselliopus, 314 Polyblastus, 219 Pseudomorpha, 219 Polycarpon, 124 Pseudoscorpiones, 153, 216, 223, 397, 410 Polycelis, 192 Pseudoscourﬁeldiales, 357, 413 Polychaeta, 97, 117, 132–133, 142, 167, 213, Pseudosmittia, 177 216, 221, 223, 228, 391, 410 Pseudostaurosira, 348 Polycladida, 220, 387 Pseudotsuga, 209 Polyctenidae, 398 Psiguria, 369 Polydrusus, 181 Psocoptera, 156, 181, 217, 396, 411 Polygonaceae, 189 Psolus, 400

452

Taxonomic Index

Psorophora,84 Rhabditidae, 395 Psychidae, 178, 395 Rhabditis, 395 Psychodidae, 137 Rhabditophora, 79, 99, 104, 125–126, 167, 175, Pteridaceae, 364 213, 220, 386, 409 Pteridium,39 Rhabdocoela, 215 Pteridophyta, 201 Rhabdonema, 348 Pterobranchia, 101–102, 401, 412 Rhabdopleura, 401 Pteromalidae, 184 Rhabdopleuridae, 401 Pteronidea, 179 Rhacomitrium, 362 Pterygota, 399 Rhamnaceae, 189 Ptinus, 192 Rhamnus, 235 Puccinia, 373 Rhinoceros, 211 Pucciniales, 378 Rhincodon,80 Pucciniomycotina, 408 Rhinoderma, 120, 225 Pulmonata, 125, 127, 154, 390 Rhizocephala, 104, 411 Pycnogonida, 142, 228, 396, 399, Rhizophoraceae, 368 410 Rhizopus, 48, 374 Pycnoscelus, 182 Rhodochorton,49 Pygospio, 221 Rhodophyceae, 230, 352, 413 Pyramimonadophyceae, 413 Rhombozoa, 409 Pyrosoma, 129 Rhopalaea,15 Pyrosomida, 126 Rhopalosiphum, 110, 175 Pyrrhosoma, 122 Rhorus, 198 Pyrus, 209, 233–234 Ricinulida, 396 Python, 181 Ricinus, 125 Rivulus, 127 quail, see Coturnix Rocconata, 314 Quercus, 31, 209, 235 Rosa, 82, 209, 234 Rosaceae, 170, 189, 305 Radiolaria, 409 Rotariella, 114 rainbow wrasse, see Coris Rotifera, 102, 117, 125, 136, 142, 155, 216, 218, Rajidae, 211 224, 278, 286, 385, 409 Ramphotyphlops, 186 Rubus, 234–235 Rana, 151, 309 Rumex, 118, 308, 314, 368, 371 Ranunculus, 191 Rumina, 74, 133 Raphidophyceae, 343, 414 Runstroemia, 379 Ratites, 204 Ruppia, 163 red algae, see Rhodophyceae Rutaceae, 189 redwood, see Sequoiadendron Remipedia, 125, 396 Sabellidae, 97 Reptilia, 80, 218, 412 Sabussowia, 155 Reuterella, 181 Saccharomyces, 16, 39–40, 49, 248, 339

453

Taxonomic Index

Saccharomycetaceae, 339 Sciurus,81 Saccharomycetina, 109 Scolelepis, 155 Saccinobaculus, 349 Scolopendromorpha, 198, 398 Saccocirrus, 167 Scolytinae, 178 Sacculina, 121 Scorpiones, 213, 217, 223, 396, 410 Saga, 182 Scyliorhinus, 211 Sagittaria, 370 Scylla, 203 Salamandra, 80, 214, 222–223 Scyphozoa, 215, 380, 409 Salix, 304, 371 Scytosiphonaceae, 351 Salmo, 80, 159, 161 seabass, see Dicentrarchus salmon seadevil, see Ceratioidei Atlantic, see Salmo seahorse, see Hippocampus coho, see Oncorhynchus Sebastidae, 213 Salmonella, 259 Seisonidea, 385, 409 Salmonidae, 194 Selaginella, 123, 362–363 Salpida, 218 Sepia, 77, 79, 391 Salpingoeca, 350 Sequoia, 209 Salvia, 165 Sequoiadendron, 34, 209 Samia, 309 Serinus,81 Sappinia, 114 Serpulidae, 97, 392 Sarcopterygii, 412 Serranidae, 126, 129, 201, 203 Sarpa, 130 Serranus, 129 Sasa, 366 shark Saturniidae, 161 bonnethead, see Sphyrna Saururaceae, 189 bull, see Carcharias Scalidae, 143 Greenland, see Somniosus Scalpellum, 134 Siboglinidae, 100, 143, 393, 410 Scaphopoda, 167, 389–390, 410 Siboglinum, 143, 393 Scarus, 131 Signiforidae, 186 Scelionidae, 179, 184 Silene, 118, 232, 309, 370–371 Schistosoma, 60, 104, 132, 155, 386 Simo, 182 Schizocladiophyceae, 343, 414 Sinantherina, 386 Schizomida, 410 Sinea, 314 Schizopepon, 370 Sipuncula, 100, 117, 136, 151, 392–393, 410 Schizophyllum, 338 Sipunculus, 100, 393 Schizosaccharomyces, 248, 339 Sirenidae, 403 Schizostachyum, 206 skate, see Rajidae Schlotheimia, 362 skylark, see Alauda Schmidtea, 29, 192 Solanaceae, 170, 189 Sciara, 315–316 Solanum, 95, 135 Sciaridae, 137, 180 Solenobia, 178 Scincidae, 186, 214 Solenogastres, 117, 125, 218, 389–390, 410

454

Taxonomic Index

Solidago, 370 Struthio, 81, 204 Solifuga, 396, 410 Stygiomedusa, 383 Somniosus,78 Stylonychia, 338 Sorex, 312 Stylophora,69 sorrel, see Rumex Suctoria, 90 Spadella, 127, 400 suicide tree, see Tachigali Sparidae, 126 Sulfolobus,88 Sparisoma, 131 sunbird, see Nectariniidae Sparus, 131 Suriname toad, see Pipa Spatangidae, 400 Sus, 202 Spermatophyta, 199, 201, 230, 362, 413 swan, see Cygnus Spermatopsida, 413 swift, see Apus Sphaeropleales, 357, 413 swordtail, see Xiphophorus Sphaerularia, 394 Sycanus, 314 Sphagnum,49 Syllidae, 97, 392 Sphenodon, 80, 325 Symbranchiformes, 129 Sphenodontida, 412 Symphodus, 131 Sphyrna, 181 Symphyla, 153, 397, 411 Spicara, 131 Symplegma, 402 spider, see Araneae Synaptidae, 400 Spinacia, 125, 329–330, 369, 371 Synchromophyceae, 343, 414 Spionidae, 97 Synchytrium, 373 Spirogyra, 48, 354, 358 Syndermata, 79, 98, 109, 125, 216, 385, 409 Spisula, 167 Syngnathus, 227 splendid fairywren, see Malurus Syringoderma, 351 Spongilla,28 Syringodermatales, 351 Sporozoa, see Apicomplexa spotted hyena, see Crocuta Tabellaria, 348 Squamata, 214, 312, 412 Taccaceae, 189 Stegodyphus, 223–224, 303, 398 Tachigali,77 Stenolaemata, 104, 389 Tachinidae, 121, 197 Stenostomum,39 Tachyglossus, 210, 312–313 Sterna, 17, 160 Taenia, 387 stickleback, see Gasterosteus Taeniopygia, 181, 197 Stomatopoda, 399, 411 Talpa, 202 Stomiiformes, 129 Tanaidacea, 125, 134, 396, 399 stoneﬂy, see Plecoptera Tantulocarida, 138, 411 stork, see Ciconia tapeworm, see Cestoda storm petrel, see Hydrobates Taraxacum, 43, 187, 283 Strepsiptera, 104, 121, 155, 213, 217, 411 Tardigrada, 100, 117, 125, 176, 394, 410 Streptophyta, 354, 413 Taxus, 118, 146, 233, 365 Strigamia, 199 Tecomyia, 183

455

Taxonomic Index

Teiidae, 185 Trachemys, 325 Teleostei, 140, 213, 412 Tracheophyta, 208, 230, 413 Tenthredinidae, 186, 399 Trachilina, 104 termite, see Isoptera Tradescantia, 242 tern, see Sterna Tramini, 110 Testudinata, 136, 412 Trebouxia, 356 Tetrahymena, 38, 250, 292–293, 335 Trematoda, 409 Tetrapoda, 403 Trialeurodes, 178 Tettigoniidae, 199 Trichinella, 395 Thalassoma, 129 Trichobolus, 376 Thalia, 401 Trichogramma, 179 Thaliacea, 102, 126, 129, 218, 401, Trichogrammatidae, 184 412 Trichomonadea, 408 Themiste, 393 Trichomonas, 108, 248, 254, 343 Theridiidae, 154 Trichoniscus, 182 Theridion, 398 Trichoplusia, 162 Thermosbaenacea, 399 Trichoptera, 212, 310 Thomisidae, 77 Tricladida, 386, 409 Thor, 134–135 Trictena, 204 Thoracica, 396 Tridacna,79 Thorax, 223 Trilliaceae, 189 Thrinax, 179 Trimma, 131–132, 328 thrips, see Thysanoptera Tripedalia, 381 Thuja, 209 Triplectides, 220 Thymelaea, 372 Tripsacum, 283 Thymelaeaceae, 189 Triticum, 233 Thysanoptera, 178, 273, 411 Trochilidae, 204 Tidarren, 76, 154 Troglodytes, 140 Tigriopus, 335 Tropidacris, 309 Timema, 110 Tropidophiidae, 214 Tipulidae, 137 Trypanosoma, 108, 254 Tityus, 396 Tsuga, 105, 209 Tjalﬁella, 383 tuatara, see Sphenodon toad, see Bufo Tunicata, 102, 125, 136, 218, 401, obstetric, see Alytes 412 Suriname, see Pipa Turbanella,98 Tokudaia, 315 Turbellaria, 215, 286 Tomopteridae, 97 turkey, see Meleagris Tomopteris, 142 Turritopsis, 34, 58, 60 Tortricidae, 161 Tursiops,81 Toxoplasma, 108, 343 Typhlopidae, 186, 214 Tracheloraphis, 347 Tyto,81

456

Taxonomic Index

Ulothrix,49 Warramaba, 182 Ulva, 54, 354, 359 Wasmannia, 194 Ulvales, 358, 413 water bug, see Belostomatidae Ulvophyceae, 413 water flea, see Daphnia Unikonta, 408 Wedlia, 132 Unionicola, 153 weevil, see Curculionidae Urginea,95 Welwitschia, 148, 366 Urinympha, 349 wheat, see Triticum Urnaloricus, 183 whitefly, see Aleurodidae Urochordata, 101, 401, 412 Withiidae, 153 Urodela, 136, 143, 214, 403, Wolbachia, 184, 186, 330 412 wren, see Troglodytes Uropygi, 20, 397 Ursus,81 Xanthophyceae, 91, 343, 349, 414 Urticaceae, 189 Xantusiidae, 181, 185, 214 Ustilaginales, 340, 378 Xenosauridae, 214 Ustilaginomycotina, 408 Xenoturbella, 386 Utricularia,95 Xenoturbellida, 101, 136, 386 Xiphophorus, 130, 314, 320 Vallisneria, 164 Xiphosura, 142, 396, 410 Vampyroteuthis, 391 Xyleborus, 120, 180 Varanus, 74, 181 Xyrichtys, 131 Vaucheria, 91, 349 Vaucheriales, 343 yeast, bread, see Saccharomyces Vertebrata, 101, 104, 125, 218, 402, 412 Zaglossus, 210, 313 Vespula, 179 zebra finch, see Taeniopygia Vezdaea, 379 zebrafish, see Danio Viburnum,33 Zenillia, 197 Viola, 124, 174, 177 Zeppelina,97 Viperidae, 214 Zoarcidae, 213 Viridiplantae, 354, 413 Zoothamnium,70 Viscum, 314 Zootoca, 214 Vitis, 82, 209, 371 Zoraptera, 142, 411 Vittaria, 109 Zorotypus, 142 Volvocales, 111, 413 Zygnematales, 357, 413 Volvox, 29, 67, 78, 83, 92, 304, 356–357, Zygnematophyceae, 358, 413 362 Zygomycota, 373, 408 Vulpes,81 Zygoptera, 212

457

Subject Index

accessory glands, 137 ameiotic, 290 acrosomal clonal, 290 filament, 141, 166 andromonoecy, 135, 370 reaction, 141, 166 androspore, 93 acrosome, 141 anemochory, 235 adelphophagy, 222, 223, 231 anholocycle, 65 adulthood, 78 anisogamete, 55, 111 aecidium, 378 anisogamety, 111 aeciospore, 93, 378 anisogamy, 111 aedeagus, 138, 153 anisospore, 55 agamogenesis, 187 anisospory, 55 agamont, 383 anther, 147 agamospermy, 181, 187 antheridiogen, 328 agamospory antheridiophore, 144 Braithwaite type, 186 antheridium, 114, 122, 144, 145, 360–361, 376 Döpp–Manton type, 186 antherozoid, 112, 148, 361, 363 age antifertilisin, 166 at production of first flower, 209 anti-Müllerian factor (AMF), 336 maximum, 79 aplanospore, 91–92, 356 ageing, 33, 35 apogamy, 187 albumen, 141 apomeiosis, 187 Aldrovandi Ulisse, 8 apomixis, 43, 175–176, 187, 284 allogamy, 271 gametophytic, 187, 190, 286 allosperm, 155 polyploid, 177 amitosis, 250, 251, 293 pseudogamic, 191 amphigony, 149, 150, 271 sporophytic, 187, 189, 191 diploid, 175 apophallation, 76 polyploid, 177 apospory, 189, 286 uniparental, 16 Appert Nicolas, 10 amphimixis, 271 archegoniophore, 144 amphitoky, 176 archegonium, 122, 144, 145, 149, 361 ancient asexual scandals, 108 architomy, 45, 96, 96, 391 androdioecy, 134, 370 aromatase, 328 androgamone, 166 arrhenotoky, 176 androgenesis, 150, 193, 193, 284, 289, 291 ascocarp, 376

458

Subject Index

ascogon, 376 peribranchial, 402 ascogonium, 115 pyloric, 402 ascospore, 93, 376 terminal, 402 assortment vascular, 402 of homologous chromosomes, 260 bulb, 95 of non-identical sister chromatids, bulbil, 45, 95, 360 260 autochory, 235 carpel, 147 autogamy, 38, 113, 168, 187, 275, 347 carpogonium, 352 automixis, 176, 187, 275, 277, 278 carpospore, 93, 347 polyploid, 177 carposporophyte, 230, 352 autospore, 92, 356 cell auxospore, 93, 349 antipodal, 146 axoblast, 384 central, 146 axoneme, 142 egg, 111, 146 azygospore, 92 generative, 145 germ, 135 bacteriophage, 247 Hfr, 258 baeocyte, 88 multinucleate, 248 Barr body, 316 non-self, 32 basidiospore, 93, 377 set-aside, 62 basidium, 377 somatic, 135 Bidder’s organ, 132 sperm, 111, 145 biological cycle, 23 sterile, 144, 145 bipinnaria, 103 synergid, 146 blastozooid, 60 tube, 145 bombykol, 160 vegetative, 145 brachiolaria, 103 vitelline, 220 breeding area, 160 cercaria, 60 breeding system, mixed, 134, chasmogamy, 124 300 chimera, 27, 294 brood pouch, 213 chimerism, 28, 242, 294, 296 suctorian ciliates, 90 chiropterochory, 235 bud, 45 chorion, 141 adventitious, 95 chromatin marking, 251 hibernating, 95 chromosome budding, 15–16, 88, 90, 97, 238, 339, 343, 372 bacterial, 247 aggregated stolonial, 402 breakage sequence, 293 by stolons, 402 fragmentation, 313 endogenous, 90 sex, 240 exogenous, 90 CIRBP, 326

459

Subject Index

cleistogamy, 124, 172, 174 cycle, 61, see life cycle clitellum, 391 asexual (cellular slime mould), 70 clonal complex, 259 lysogenic, 257 clonality lytic, 256 intragenerational, 102 sexual (cellular slime mould), 71 clone, 44, 238 social, 71 clonotype, 239 vegetative (cellular slime mould), 71 cocoon, 21, 211 cyclomorphosis, 72, 72 coenobium, 356, 358 cytokinesis, 89 cohort, 19 cytomer, 345 colony, 30 communication, 160 deferent duct, 137 by light ﬂashes, 162 dermatophagy, 221–222 chemical, 160 deuterotoky, 176 tactile, 162 development, deﬁnition, 24 vocal, 160 dichogamy, 368 complementary sex determiner (csd), dicliny, 369 322 dioecy, 54, 116, 116, 362, 371 conidiophore, 91, 373 diplospory, 187, 286 conidiospore, 91 meiotic, 187, 283 conidium, 91, 373 mitotic, 187, 190 conjugant, 37, 114, 292, 346 disparlure, 161 conjugation, 258, 360 dissogeny, 83 bacteria, 257, 258 dissogony, 83, 207, 383, 387 ciliates, 37, 114, 292 distyly, 168–169 heterothallic, 360 Dmrt, 318 homothallic, 360 Dmrt1, 317, 337 lateral, 360 dormancy, 232 scalariform, 346 dosage compensation, 315 constriction complex, 89 doublesex, 317 copulation, 152 doublesex/mab-3 related, 318 cortisol, 328 doubly uniparental inheritance, 274 cotyledon, 232 drift, epigenetic, 251 courtship, 158 DUI, 274 crop milk, 221 duodichogamy, 369 cross-fertilization, 272 crossing over, 264 ecological developmental biology, 31 frequency, 264 egg, 111, 139, 146 meiotic, 264 alecithal, 220 mitotic, 244, 245 amictic, 64 unequal, 269 case, 212 cryptic female choice, 171 centrolecithal, 220

460

Subject Index

compound, 220 euspermatozoon, 143 ectolecithal, 220 ex-conjugant, 38, 292, 346 endophytic deposition, 212 exosporulation, 87 isolecithal, 220 macrolecithal, 220 F factor, 258 mictic, 64 fecundity, 200 oligolecithal, 220 lifetime, 200 reduced, 175, 278 female resting, 64 amictic, 64 subitaneous, 64 amphigenic, 330 telolecithal, 220 androgenic, 331 trophic, 29 founder, 333 unreduced, 175, 284, 286 gynogenic, 331 ejaculate, 199 mictic, 64 ejaculatory duct, 138 monogenic, 330 embryo female aphid sac, 146 amphiparous, 66 trophic, 29 androparous, 66 embryony founder, 65 adventitious, 189 gynoparous, 66 nucellar, 190 sexuparous, 65 endodiogeny, 90 virginoparous, 65 endomitosis, 240, 280, 283 fertilisin, 166 endonuclease, restriction, 259 fertilization, 149, 166, 270 endoreduplication, 323 anisogamous, 111 endosperm double, 149, 167, 231, 271, 367 primary, 230, 365 external, 149, 157 secondary, 167, 231, 367 in-situ, 152, 156 endospore, 88 internal, 151, 158, 396 endosporulation, 87–88 isogamous, 111 endosymbiosis, 14 mixed system, 126 secondary, 249 oogamous, 111 endozoochory, 234 filament, 147 ephippium, 65 Fisher-Muller model, 107 ephyra, 97 fission epigenetic binary, 16, 87, 89, 96 drift, 251 multiple, 87, 88, 96 variation, 251 fitness, 107 episome, 247, 258 flower, 146 epizoochory, 234 flowering cycle, bamboo, 40 estrogen, 328, 336 follicle eusociality, 29, 399 Graafian, 218

461

Subject Index

follicle (cont.) Gassendi Pierre, 8 primary, 218 Gay-Lussac, Louis-Joseph, 10 secondary, 218 geitonogamy, 165 tertiary, 218 gemmule, 380 follicular gene atresia, 140 conversion, 246, 261, 264, 269 cell, 218 conversion, mitotic, 244 epithelium, 218 duplication, 269 fragmentation, 87, 94 transposition, 242 fruit, 233 generatio æquivoca,9 accessory, 233 generation, 18 composite, 235 change, 20 compound, 235 demographic, 20 dehiscent dry, 235 genetic, 20 false, 233 heteromorphic, 54, 54 indehiscent dry, 235 isomorphic, 54, 54 multiple, 235 non-overlapping, 19 simple, 235 offspring, 18 true, 233 parental, 18 fungus populational concept, 19 heterothallic, 368 telescoped, 78 homothallic, 373, 375, 377 genet, 43, 96 pseudo-homothallic, 376 genetic balance, 306 gametangiogamy, 114 chimerism, 242 gametangium, 51, 114, 144, 357, 376 mosaicism, 242 gamete, 106, 113 genetic system, 236 duplication, 280–281 kleptogenetic, 289 production in animals, 135 non-Mendelian, 273 release, 149 genital release, synchronous, 157 pore, 137 gametogamy, 113 pouch, 400 gametogenesis, 135, 138 genome gametogony, 344 mitochondrial, 248 gametophyte, 49, 122 nuclear, 248 bisporic, 366 paternal, loss, 180 development, 229 plastid, 249 tetrasporic, 367 genome loss gamont, 51, 114, 344, 346 paternal, 323 gamontocyst, 345 genomic gamontogamy, 51, 114, 114 imprinting, 175, 252 gamy, 111 germarium, 221

462

Subject Index

germline, 135 protogynous, 128 segregation, 136 rudimentary, 132 gonad, 137 sequential, 126, 128, 369 bipotential, 335 simultaneous, 126 undifferentiated, 335 simultaneous protandrous, 134 gonidium, 29, 358 sufficient, 126 gonimoblast, 353 sufficient simultaneous, 125 gonochorism, 54, 116 unbalanced, 133, 133 gonopod, 138, 338 heterochromosome, 301 gonopore, 137 dominant, 306 gonozooid, 29 neo-X, 310 gynandromorphism, 337 neo-Y, 310 gynecophorous groove, 155 heterodichogamy, 369 gynodioecy, 134, 371 heterogamety, 301, 318 gynogamone, 166 heterogony, 176 gynogenesis, 150, 191, 192, 286 heteroplasmy, 243 gynomonoecy, 135, 370 intercellular, 243 gynosome, 156 intracellular, 243, 249 heterospore, 55, 55, 116 haploidization, 294 heterospory, 55 haplotype, 264 heterostyly, 168 harem, 171 heterozygosity, 270 Harvey William, 8 average, 272 haustorium, 233 hibernacle, 95 Hayflick limit, 36 high-frequency recombination, 258 hectocotylus, 151, 154, 391 histophagy, 223, 224 hemianamorphosis, 78 histotrophy, 223 hemiclone, 194, 287 holocycle, 65 hercogamy, 168 hologamy, 113 herkogamy, 168 homospore, 55, 55, 116 hermaphrodite homospory, 55 aphallic, 133 horizontal gene transfer (HGT), euphallic, 133 14–15 hemiphallic, 133 hormogone, 88 hermaphroditism, 54, 116, 122, 125, 126, 396 hormone alternating, 128, 328 juvenile, 333 fishes, 130 hybridogenesis, 150, 194, 195, 287 insufficient, 126 hydatid, 386 insufficient simultaneous, 21, 127 hydrochory, 235 protandrous, 128 hydrogenosome, 249 proterandrous, 128 hymenium, 376 proterogynous, 128 hypertranscription, 317

463

Subject Index

hypha insemination, 149 anastomosis, 294 by dermal impregnation, 155 ascogenous, 376 external, 151, 151 dikaryotic, 373 hypodermic, 154 fertile, 376 internal, 152 heterokaryotic, 51 non-reciprocal, 126 monokaryotic, 115, 373 reciprocal, 126 receptive, 378 integument, 232 hypotranscription, 317 internally eliminated sequence, 293 idiomorph, 339 interphase, 53 IES, 293 intersex, 116, 338 immortal jellyfish, 59 intersexuality, 122, 338 immortality, 35 isogamete, 55, 111 imprinting isogamety, 111 genomic, 252 isogamy, 111 inbreeding, 272 isospore, 55 depression, 273 isospory, 55 incompatibility, 168 iteroparity, 75 incubation, 213, 226 facultative, 77 pouch, 120 individual, 25, 31 karyogamy, 113, 270 defined by immune response, 32 karyokinesis, 89 genetic, 28, 43 karyotype, 301 genetic uniformity, 26 kleptogenesis, 289 genetic uniqueness, 26 intersexual, 306 lactation, 208 intraorganismal genetic heterogeneity, larva 26 amphigenic, 183 multiple kinds, 31 androgenic, 183 physiological, 28, 43 chordoid, 388 plant, 43 fusion, 28 inheritance ghost, 183 caryonidal, 341 gynogenic, 183 cytoplasmic, 250, 335 pandora, 387 doubly parental, 274 prometheus, 388 epigenetic, 237 trophic, 29 maternal, 273 larval amplification, 102 non-Mendelian, 250 larvipary, 220, 383 plastid, 274 lateral gene transfer (LGT), 14 synclonal, 341 lecithotrophy, 210, 214, 397

464

Subject Index

life cycle, 21, 23, 23 mating anisosporous, 55 extra-pair, 171 diplo-homophasic, 48 oedipal, 19–20 diplontic, 48 strategy, 172 haplodiplontic, 48, 57 mating system, 171 haplo-homophasic, 48 mixed, 126, 174, 271, 291 haplontic, 48 multiple, 172 heterogenic, 66, 66 mating type, 112, 338 heterogonic, 40, 63, 63, 177, 333 bifactorial, 376 heterophasic, 48 determination, 340 heterosporous, 55 locus, 338 homosporous isosporous, 55 switching, 339 metagenetic, 57, 58, 102, 275 unifactorial, 376 monogenerational, 22, 23, 61 matriphagy, 218, 224, 273 multigenerational, 22, 23, 64 matrotrophy, 210, 213, 219, 221, 227 parasexual, 293 maturity, reproductive, 78 simple, 47 megagametangium, 144 with alternation of generations, megagametophyte, 55, 116, 145, 364 23, 47, 57 megalarva, cystigenous, 183 with alternation of solitary and colonial megasporangium, 146, 364 generations, 67 megaspore, 55, 93, 116, 146, 364 with alternation of unicellular and megasporocyte, 146 multicellular generations, 69 megasporophyll, 146, 364 with reproductive options, 73, 74 megasporophyte, 55 linkage disequilibrium, 267 meiosis locular ﬂuid, 230 initial, 48 loss of heterozygosity, 269 intermediate, 48 terminal, 48 mab-3, 317 meiospore, 48, 52, 57, 91, 92, 372 macrogamete, 111 merogamy, 113 macrogametocyte, 345 merogony, 344 macrogamont, 347 merozoite, 344 macronucleus, 292 metacercaria, 61 male metagenesis, 61 primary, 134 metamorphosis, 61 secondary, 134 metasexuality, 173, 284 tertiary, 134 microchimerism, fetal, 29 mammalochory, 235 microchromosome, 293 marita, 60, 387 microgametangium, 144 marsupium, 120, 214, 399–400 microgamete, 111 mate choice, 171 microgametocyte, 345

465

Subject Index

microgametophyte, 55, 116, 145, 364 Needham, John Turbeville, 10 microgamont, 347 nematogen, 383 micronucleus, 292 nucleomorph, 249 micropyle, 149 nucleus microsporangium, 146, 364 aneuploid, 294 microspore, 55, 92, 116, 146, 364 gametic, 113 microsporocyte, 146 germinal, 292 microsporophyll, 146, 364 migrant, 292 microsporophyte, 55 somatic, 292 migration, 159 sperm, 145 milk, 221 stationary, 292 miracidium, 60 mitosis, 89, 254 onchosphere, 386 anisotomic, 90 oocyst, 345 checkpoint, 53 oocyte, 138 closed, 253 oogamete, 111 equal, 90 oogamety, 111 extranuclear, 253 oogamy, 111 intranuclear, 253 oogenesis, 138, 139 isotomic, 90 oogonium, 138, 355 open, 253 ookinete, 345 semiopen, 253 oophagy, 220, 222 unequal, 90 oosphere, 111, 148, 361 mitospore, 45, 57, 91–92, 372 oosporangium, 360 mitotic ootheca, 21, 212, 219 phases, 53 ootid, 278 segregation, 250, 271 oozooid, 60 model, ﬁreworks, 276 organ monocliny, 369 Bidder’s, 132 monoecy, 54, 116, 122, 369–370 copulatory, 152 monogamy, 171 intromittent, 152 monosporangium, 353 Ribaga’s, 154, 199 morphallaxis, 97 organizational form, 21 mosaicism, 242, 294 ornitochory, 234 genetic, 26, 242 orthomitosis, 253–254 multilevel selection theory, 32 outbreeding, 272 multiplication,vegetative, 86 outcrossing, 272 mutagen, 241 ovary, 137, 147 mycelium, dikaryotic, 376 oviduct, 137 mycetoma, 222 oviparity, 211 myrmecochory, 235 ovocell, 111

466

Subject Index

ovogenesis, 138 occasional, 176 ovotestis, 127, 138, 338 polyploid, 278 ovule, 111, 146 pseudogamous, 287 pupal, 183 paedogenesis, 74, 78, 83, 181, 183, 207 reptiles, 185 Pando, 44, 60 sperm-dependent, 287 pandora, 387 sperm-independent, 287 pan-genome, 256 spontaneous, 176 paracycle, 65 thelytokous, 176, 177, 396 parasexuality, 293, 295, 372 with random fusion, 174 parasite, reproductive, 330 parthenospore, 92, 357 parasitic castration, 121 partner search, 158 parasitism, sexual, 30 parturial moult, 400 paraspermatozoon, 143 parturition, 202 parasporangium, 353 Pasteur Louis, 10 paratomy, 96, 96, 392 paternal parental care, 225 genome loss (PGL), 289, 323 ﬁshes, 226 leakage, 193, 273, 287 parental investment, 196 PBPI, 274 parity, 75 penis, 138, 153 parthenita, 60, 387 periodomorphosis, 83, 84, 399 parthenogenesis, 13, 150, 174, 187, 278, 284 phage, 247, 256 accidental, 176, 181 phase ameiotic, 13, 40, 52, 175, 284–285 adult reproductive, 78 amphitokous, 176, 177 adult vegetative, 78 apomictic, 175, 285 aggregation, 71 arrhenotokous, 176, 178, 179, 320 dikaryotic, 51 automictic, 176, 278 diploid, 48 cyclical, 184 haploid, 48 deuterotokous, 176 monokaryotic, 270 diploid, 175, 278 trophic, 70 facultative, 74, 176 phenotypic plasticity, 71, 237, 324 geographical, 180 pheromone, 158 haploid, 175, 278, 320 attraction, 160 hemiclonal, 287 sex, 160 hybrid, 184 picnidium, 378 induced, 176 pistil, 147 infectious, 184 placenta, 224 larval, 183 placentotrophy, 224 meiotic, 13, 175, 277, 278, 281 plant obligate, 176 anemophilous, 163

467

Subject Index

plant (cont.) integumentary, 103 annual, 76, 85 nucellar, 105 biennial, 76, 85 simple, 103, 148 chiropterophilous, 164 substitutive, 103 entomophilous, 164 polygamy (animals), 171 malacophilous, 164 polygamy (plants), 372 monocarpic, 76–77 polygynandry, 171 ornithophilous, 164 polygyny, 171, 172 perennial, 76, 85 polyphenism, 72, 121 planuloid, 382 caste, 237 plasmid, 245 seasonal, 72, 72, 237 conjugative, 258 polyspermy, 166 F, 258 polytenization, 323 plasmodium, 240, 248 potential biparental plastid inheritance (PBPI), multinucleate, 89 323 plasmogamy, 113, 270 Pouchet, Félix-Archimède, 10 plasmotomy, 252, 253 pregnancy, 29, 208 plasticity, 71, 237, 324 pre-megalarva, 183 pleuromitosis, 253–254 premeiotic ploidy, 48 doubling, 283 poecilandry, 121 endomitosis, 283 poecilogony, 73 prespore, 87 constitutive, 73 prion, 12 cyclical, 73 process facultative, 73 parasexual, 255 obligate, 73 pseudosexual, 255 poecilogyny, 126 sexual, 14, 254 polar body, 139 proglottid, 97 pollination, 157, 162 prometheus, 388 anemogamous, 162 promiscuity, 171 chiropterogamous, 164 pronucleus, 270 entomogamous, 164 propagation by cutting, 94 hydrogamous, 163 propagule, 16 malacogamous, 164 multicellular, 90, 94 mixed system, 165 unicellular, 90 ornithogamous, 164 prophage, 247, 257 water-assisted, 164 protandry zoogamous, 164 seasonal, 128 polyandry, 171, 172 prothallium, 364 polyembryony, 62, 100, 102, 105, 190, 275 protonema, 360 cleavage, 105 protoscolex, 386

468

Subject Index

pseudoarrhenotoky, 180, 323 asexual, monocytogenous, 91 pseudocopulation, 152, 391, 393–394 asexual, polycytogenous, 91 pseudodioecy, 362 asymmetric asexual, 15 pseudogamy, 187, 191, 287 biparental sexual, 17 pseudopenis, 156 clonal, 15, 241 pseudovagina, 138, 156 cost, 197 pupiparity, 220 deﬁnition, 7 demographic concept, 7, 17 quiescence, 232 facultative asexual, 15 hemiclonal, 194 r/k reproductive strategies, 201 innovative concept, 11, 17 ramet, 44, 96 obligate asexual, 15 reaction rejuvenating power, 40 acrosomal, 166 sexual, 16, 106 cortical, 166 sexual uniparental, 173 recombination, 264 sexual with clonal outcome, 11 ameiotic, 286 sexual, no evidence, 108 general, 265 symmetric asexual, 15 generalized, 265 uniparental, 13, 87 genetic, 243, 260 vegetative, 14, 86 homologous, 265 reproductive in broad sense, 106 adult phase, 208 in self-fertilization, 13 apparatus, 137 interchromosomal, 261, 265, 294 incompatibility, 168 intrachromosomal, 261, 294 organ, 135 intragenic, 269 parasite, 330 loss of heterozygosity, 269 system, 137 mitotic, 243, 286 retrotransposon, 12 site-speciﬁc, 266 rhizome, 95 transpositional, 266 aerial, 95 Red Queen model, 107 rhombogen, 384 Redi, Francesco, 9 root sprout, 96 redia, 60 runner, 94 regeneration, 45, 98 Runt, 307 whole-body, 45 rejuvenation through sexual reproduction, 37 schizogony, 89, 89, 343–344, 379 reproduction schizont, 344 agamic, 86 schizotomy, 96 asexual, 13, 14, 39, 57, 86, 98 Schulze, Franz, 10 asexual, facultative, 74 scolex, 97 asexual, genetics, 237 Scute, 307

469

Subject Index

scyphistoma, 97 homogametic, 301 scyphopolyp, 97 in gametophytic vs. sporophytic phase, 123 secondary sexual character, 297, 336 number, 112 seed, 146, 231 paradox, 107 albuminous, 233 pheromone, 160 dispersal, 200, 234 role reversal, 120 exalbuminous, 233 sex condition, 112 segregation combined sexes, 54 mitotic, 247, 271 female, 112 of homologous chromosomes, 260 indeterminate, 54, 112 stochastic, 244 male, 112 self-fertilization, 17, 127, 150, 172, 173, 275, separate sexes, 54 276–277 sex determination facultative, 74 environmental, 237, 298 intragametophytic, 275 genetic, 298, 301 self-incompatibility, 168 genotypic, 297 selﬁng, 173, 275 maternal, 298 self-pollination, 169, 174 mechanism, 298 facultative, 74 primary, 335 self-sterility, 168 secondary, 331 locus, 170, 341 sex pheromone, 348 semelparity, 76 sex-condition determination system, 300 facultative, 77 sex-determination system, 297, 299 traumatic, 76 body size-dependent, 329 semen, 199 chromosomal, 301 seminal complementary, 321 ﬂuid, 198 cytoplasmic factor, 330 receptacle, 138 environmental, 324 semipupa, 75 genic, 319 senescence, 32, 33, 35 haplodiploid, 178, 320 clonal, 37, 38, 39 maternal, 331 replicative, 39 metagamic, 324 seta, 361 mixed, 298, 320, 333 sex, 14 multiple allele, 319 chromosome, 301 nutrition-dependent, 329 chromosome, heteromorphic, 302 parasite-dependent, 330 chromosome, homomorphic, 302 photoperiod-dependent, 328 condition, 112 polyfactorial, 320 cryptic, 115 polygenic, 320, 334 development, 318 progamic, 333 hemizygous, 305 random, 335 heterogametic, 301 social, 326

470

Subject Index

syngamic, 324, 333 competition, 119, 171 temperature-dependent, 324 transfer, 149, 152 UV, 310 spermalege, 154 water pH-dependent, 329 spermatangium, 352 with multiple heterochromosomes, 311 spermatheca, 137, 155 X0, 309 spermatid, 138 XY, 305 spermatium, 112, 352, 378 Z0, 309 spermatocyte, 143 ZW, 305 spermatogenesis, 138, 139 Sex-lethal (Sxl), 307, 319 spermatogonium, 138 sexual spermatophore, 143, 152, 396 dichroism, 336 spermatozeugma, 143, 144 differentiation, 298, 335 spermatozoid, 112, 148 dimorphism, 336 spermatozoon, 112, 138 immaturity, 38 apyrene, 143 lability, 327 eupyrene, 143 leakage, 254, 290 spermogon, 378 maturity, 38, 208 spontaneous generation, 7 parasitism, 30 sporangiophore, 146, 374 process, 254 sporangiophorous vacuole, 379 secondary characters, 117 sporangium, 70, 146, 356, 364 selection, 118 spore, 91 shufﬂing, 267 sporocyst, 60, 103 Sisa, 307 sporogenesis, 135 soldier sporogony, 344 aphid nymph, 29 sporophyll, 146 wasp larva, 29 sporophyte, 49, 122 somatic line, 135 development, 230 somatogamy, 115 female, 55 soredium, 379 male, 55 Spallanzani, Lazzaro, 10 sporoplasm, 379 spawning, 149 sporozoite, 344 species sporulation, 87, 91 monocyclic, 65 multiple, 88 monovoltine, 84 Sry, 306 multivoltine, 84 stamen, 147 polycyclic, 65 stigma, 148 polyvoltine, 84 stolon (animal), 97, 392 univoltine, 84 stolon (plant), 94 sperm, 112, 141 strobilation, 97, 402 allocation, 198 strobilus, 146, 365 bundle, 143 style, 148

471

Subject Index

stylopization, 121 Unpaired, 307 subandroecy, 330, 371 uredosorus, 378 subgynoecy, 371 uredospore, 93, 378 swarming, 158 syncytium, 248 vagina, 137 syngamy, 50, 106, 149, 260, 270, 339 lateral, 138 synkaryon, 270 van Helmont, Jean Baptiste, 8 syzygy, 345 variation, epigenetic, 251 vegetative phase tapetum, 230 adult, 209 teleutospore, 93, 378 juvenile, 209 teliospore, 93, 378 Virgil, 8 telomerase, 36 vitellarium, 137, 221 telomere, 36 vitellogenesis, 214 testis, 137 primary, 218 testis-determining factor, 306, 319 secondary, 218 testosterone, 328, 336 vitellogenin, 218 tetraspore, 93, 352–353 viviparity, 212, 397 tetrasporophyte, 353 insects, 214 thelytoky, 176 vivipary, 210 thermoneofemale, 334 thermoneomale, 334 X:A ratio, 307 transduction, 256, 257 X-linked signal elements (XSE), 307–308 generalized, 257 xenogamy, 168 specialized, 257 transformation, 42, 256, 257 yolk, 140, 214 translocation, reciprocal, 313 transposition, 242 zona pellucida, 141 transposon, 11–12, 240, 266 zoochory, 234 trichogyne, 352, 376 zooid, 29, 68, 355, 386 trioecy, 133, 134, 372 zoomeiospore, 92, 357 tristyly, 168 zoomitospore, 92, 358 trophozoite, 345 zoospore, 91–92, 343, 356 TRPV4, 326 zygogamy, 114 tuber, 95 zygosporangium, 51, 114, 374 turion, 95 zygospore, 50, 92, 343 tychoparthenogenesis, 176 zygote, 106

472