Migrations: Interdisciplinary Challenges 1st International Conference

Remnants of the fishing boat grounded in the Tripiti beach of Gavdos island (Crete) in April 2015. It carried approximately 200 migrants (K.B., August 2019). 17-18 October 2019 Amphitheater D3-7A Gallos University Campus University of Crete, Rethymnon

Migrations: Interdisciplinary Challenges

17-18 October 2019

The objective of this interdisciplinary con- ference is two-fold. Firstly, it keenly aims to contribute to the establishment of an interdisciplinary dialogue on Migration. This will be achieved with the participation of internationally prominent scholars and researchers representing a diverse array of fields: Anthropology, History, Prehis- toric Archaeology, Linguistics, Education Sciences, Sociology, Political Science, Psy- chology, Social Medicine, and Philosophy. Secondly, it aims to promote inter-disci- plinary exchanges and synergies between senior and younger scholars, from Greece and abroad.

3 4 Program / Day 1

17 October Directions in Scientific Research on Migration: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives On Day 1, internationally distinguished scholars present their scientific work on migration, in a series of keynote presentations that will address migra- tion issues and related challenges from the prehistoric times to the present. The aim is to facilitate and steer dialogue and exchanges beyond disciplinary and spatial boundaries.

Greetings Professor Panagiotis Tsakalidis, Rector of the University of Crete Mr Stavros Arnaoutakis, Governor of the Region of Crete Ms Μaria Lioni, Vice-Governor of the Regional Unit of Rethymnon, Region of Crete Mr George Marinakis, Mayor of the City of Rethymnon

Session 1 9.00-9.50 Migration in Pre-historic Times Chair: Nena Galanidou (University of Crete)

Mina Weinstein-Evron (The University of Haifa) The Mount Carmel Caves at the crossroads of prehistoric human dispersals

Catherine Perlés (Université Paris Nanterre) The rehabilitation of a ‘demonised’ concept: Neolithic expansion and migrations 5 9.40-9.50 Discussion

Session 2 9.50-11.10 Migration challenges in the 20th century Chair: Antonis Anastasopoulos (University of Crete)

Eftihia Voutira (University of Macedonia) Forced Migration: The Emergence and Evolution of a ‘Novel’ Academic Field Lina Venturas (Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences) States, International Organizations and Migration: A century of dense interactions

Christos Lionis (University of Crete) Maria Papadakaki (Hellenic Mediterranean University) Community participation in primary health care: engaging stakeholders and migrants

10.50-11.00 Discussion

11.00-11.10 Coffee break Session 3 11.10-12.00 Language, Education and Migration Chair: Elena Anagnostopoulou (UCRC)

Artemis Alexiadou (Humboldt University of Berlin, Leibniz-Centre General Linguistics, ZAS) Language and Migration

Christine Hélot (Université de Strasbourg) The Education of Newcomers in France: From a Policy of Erasure to a Pedagogy of Empowerment

11.50-12.00 Discussion

Session 4 12.00-12.50 Migration and Nationalism in the 21st century 6 Chair: Anastassios Matsopoulos (University of Crete)

Evthymios Papataxiarchis (University of the Aegean, Refugeeobservatory.gr) The rise and fall of the new patriotism of “solidarity to the refugees”. Lessons from Mytilene

Anna Triandafyllidou (Ryerson University, Toronto) Nationalism in the 21st Century: Neo-tribal or Plural?

12.40-12.50 Discussion 12.50-13.50 1st Roundtable Chair: Maria Kousis (UCRC)

13.50-14.30 Lunch break Session 5 14.30-15.20 National Discourses and Identity Chair: Dimitris Milonakis (University of Crete)

Marco Giugni (University of Geneva) Deliberative Citizenship: Claims-Making and Deliberation by Muslim Actors in Britain, France, and Switzerland

Karen Phalet (KU Leuven) in collaboration with Fenella Fleischmann (Utrecht University) Religion and civic integration: A cross-national comparison of Muslim immigrant youth in Europe

15.10-15.20 Discussion Session 6 15.20-16.10 Identity, Education and Youth Chair: Sophia Triliva (University of Crete)

Wassilis Kassis (University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland) Christos Govaris (University of Thessaly) Do migrant and refugee high school students have specific school-resil- ience patterns in order to satisfy basic psychological needs? Lucy Avraamidou (Groningen University) 7 Becoming a science person: Identities in/out of place and the politics of recognition

16.00-16.10 Discussion

16.10-16.20 Coffee break Session 7 16.20-17.10 Challenging Topoi in the 21st century Chair: Dimitris Stavrou (UCRC)

Robin Cohen (Kellogg College, University of Oxford) New Perspectives on Displacement: Utopias, Archipelagos and Social Ecotones

Konstantinos Papageorgiou (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) From duties to refugees to duties to immigrants 17.00- 17.10 Discussion

17.10-18.00 2nd Roundtable Chair: Stavroula Tsinorema (UCRC)

Program / Day 2

18 October Migration to and from Greece across disciplines: periods of crises On Day 2, younger and more senior scholars and researchers from the humanities, the social and education sciences will present their current research on migrations to and from Greece, from the early post war pe- 8 riod to the recent economic and refugee crises. Using Greece as a case that involves multiple challenges, the aim is to facilitate interdisciplin- ary dialogue.

Session 1 9.00-9.50 Migration, Culture and Cosmopolitanism Chair: Michael Damanakis (University of Crete)

Evangelia Kateri (University of Crete) Evangelos C. Karademas (University of Crete) Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being among Immi- grants Living in Greece

Kostas Koukouzelis (University of Crete) Reclaiming cosmopolitanism: migrants’ protests and border controls

9.40-9.50 Discussion Session 2 9.50-10.40 The emergence of complex mobility patterns in Greece since the 2008 crisis Chair: Panayiota Mini (University of Crete)

Manolis Pratsinakis (Onassis Fellow, University of Oxford) The ‘social’ in migration decision-making: Greece’s changing emigration environment at times of crisis

Aspa Chatzidaki (UCRC) Greek state schools in Germany; teachers’ language ideologies in the light of new migration

10.30-10.40 Discussion

10.40 -10.50 Coffee break Session 3 10.50 -12.00 Governing Mobilities/Migrants and Refugees Chair: Stella Giakoumaki (University of Crete)

Maria Stratigaki (Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences) Migrants and refugees in the City of Athens: Challenges, policies, social 9 integration

Vassilis Arapoglou (UCRC) Regina Mantanika (University of Crete) From ‘First Reception’ to integration (?) The governance of migrant mobility and transformations of statecraft in Greece since the late 90’s

Angeliki Dimitriadi (Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy, ELIAMEP) Governing migrant mobility to and from Greece through divergent prac- tices of first reception: evidence from the CeasEVAL project

11.50-12.00 Discussion

12.00-13.00 3rd Roundtable Chair: Aspa Chatzidaki (UCRC)

13.00-13.40 Lunch

Session 4 13.40-14.30 Integration of Migrants and refugees Chair: Vasiliki Petousi (University of Crete)

Angelo Tramountanis (National Centre for Social Research, EKKE) The Greek integration policy for migrants and refugees: historical con- text, contemporary challenges, and future prospects

Nikolaos Papadakis (UCRC) The challenge of Multi-culturalism: Theoretical insights and policy implications

14.20-14.30 Discussion

Session 5 14.30 -15.40 The 2015 Refugee Crisis Chair: Nikolaos Papadakis (UCRC)

Stefania Kalogeraki (University of Crete) Attitudes towards immigrants and Syrian refugees during the refugee 10 crisis: The case of Greece

Dimitris Parsanoglou (Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences) Crisis upon crisis: theoretical and political reflection on Greece’s re- sponse to the ‘refugee crisis’

Dimitriοs Kotroyannos (University of Crete) Stylianos Ioannis Tzagkarakis (University of Crete) Aspects of refugees’ socio-economic integration prospects in insular Greece: Outcomes from the case study in Crete and Mytilene islands 15.30-15.40 Discussion Session 6 15.40 - 16.30 Migration and crises related discourses Chair: Maria Chnaraki (Drexel University, World Council of Cretans)

Maria Xenitidou (University of Crete) Negotiating mobility and belonging in the contexts of Grexit & Brexit: a study of discourses in Greece & the UK

Maria Paschou (University of Crete) Angelos Loukakis (University of Crete) Maria Kousis (UCRC) Political claims analysis on the refugee crisis in the Greek public sphere 2015-16

16.20-16.30 Discussion

16.30-16.40 Coffee break Session 7 16.40-17.30 Greek Emigration of the early post-war period Chair: Elias Kourkoutas (University of Crete)

Yannis Papadopoulos (Institute for Mediterranean Studies/FORTH) Migration from Greece to Brazil during the early Post WWII period: a successful example of international migration management?

Nikos Fokas (Eötvös Loránd University, ELTE, Budapest) G bor Jelenfi (E University) á ötvös Loránd 11 Róbert Tardos (Eötvös Loránd University) Cognitive maps, social distance and national stereotypes in times of crisis: The case of Greece and Hungary

Discussion

17.30- 18.15 4th Roundtable Chair: Konstantinos Kafetsios (Aristotle University Thessaloniki & UCRC, University of Crete) 19 October

11.00 am Field trip at the Museum of Ancient Eleutherna and the related ar- chaeological site, with a presentation by N. Chr. Stampolidis, Profes- sor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Crete and Director of the Museum of Cycladic Art.

Eleutherna on Crete: The “Homeric” necropolis of Orthi Petra Professor N. Chr. Stampolidis

It is quite strange that a place of silence, a necropolis to speak eloquent- ly about life in the Early Iron Age. Especially about the contacts of Eleu- therna not only with other Cretan cities but also about people and places in the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean such as Cyprus, Phoenicia, Egypt etc. These contacts can be detected through the archaeological material and context and speak directly or indirectly for sea routes and trade connections as well as for the migrations within the Mediterranean in the Early Iron Age.

Museum of Ancient Eleutherna: http://en.mae.com.gr/museum.html Orthi Petra Cemetery: http://en.mae.com.gr/orthi-petra-cemetery.html

12 Abstracts / Day 1

Session 1 Catherine PERLÈS Mina WEINSTEIN-EVRON Emeritus Professor, Université Paris Nan- Professor, Zinman Institute of Archaeolo- terre gy, University of Haifa The rehabilitation of a ‘demonised’ con- The Mount Carmel Caves at the cross- cept: Neolithic expansion and migrations roads of prehistoric human dispersals During decades, in the mid-twentieth The Mount Carmel cultural and evolution- century, the introduction of a farming ary sequence extends at least 500,000 economy— the Neolithic— in Europe years, from the Lower Paleolithic to his- was viewed as the result of migrations torical times. In spite of the apparent oc- from the Near East: “Ex oriente lux”! Sci- cupational continuity, prehistoric human entific and nationalistic considerations remains are rare in the early part of the led to a drastic rejection of the idea of mi- sequence. Human remains become more grations and, in every country, scholars abundant in the Middle Paleolithic, espe- strove to find evidence in favour of a local cially in its later part. Their anatomic af- transformation, initiated and sustained filiation (Homo sapiens or Neanderthal), by autochthonous groups of former hunt- in the various sites and layers and their er-gatherers. The questioning of what dating are the basis of current scenarios had, by the eighties, become the domi- of human dispersals into or through the nant paradigm, started with the results area, regarding both early modern hu- of genetic analyses on modern Near East- mans (Misliya Cave, 194-177 ka BP; Skhul ern and European populations. However, Cave, 140/135-100 ka BP) and Neander- only genetic data directly extracted from thals (Tabun Cave, ca. 160 ka BP; Kebara ancient skeletons (aDNA), two or three Cave, ca. 60 ka BP), as well as their in- decades later, provided indisputable evi- ter-relationships. Lithic studies may im- dence of the presence of Near Eastern in- ply dispersal of a new population into the dividuals in the European Early Neolithic. Levant at the boundary between the Low- Nevertheless, prehistoric archaeologists er and Middle Paleolithic (ca. 250 ka BP); still reject the term ‘migration’ and now the early dispersal/s of H. sapiens out of prefer to talk of ‘colonisation’, possibly Africa is also advocated by aDNA studies. to down-scale, more or less consciously, 13 The two earlier dates (Misliya Cave, Tabun the importance of migrationist influx- Cave) and the reconstructed course/s of es. Despite this semantic shift, no one dispersal have been recently echoed in can contest nowadays that the impetus the finds from Apidima Cave, Greece, in- for change came from Near Eastern col- dicating a wider Eastern Mediterranean onists, and that the spread of a farming context. Refined interpretations may economy results from complex process- highlight the more intricate picture and es involving colonisation, acculturation, the contribution of likely encounters be- and adoption of a Neolithic way-of-life tween these early modern humans and by former hunter-gatherers. Agent-based local Levantine populations. modelling of the progressive extension of the farming economy now integrate all these factors as well as environmental perspective, initiated by Barbara Harrell factors, and allow for a far more subtle – Bond’s work, which formed the prece- and diversified perspective than the tra- dent for Forced Migration Research and ditional dichotomy between migration/ Refugee Studies. Forced Migration as an autochthonous development. Neverthe- academic field is characterised by multi- less, many approaches to colonisation disciplinarity (law, international politics, rest on underlying models of sudden, dis- psychology and anthropology). To the ex- crete historical episodes, happening at tent that the subject matter of research a well-defined time, with a well-defined are people on the move, personal engage- origin and point of arrival. Although such ment and intensive field research are the episodes can be documented, they prob- hallmarks of the field. Thus, it is no acci- ably constitute exceptions rather than dent that the two matriarchs of Forced the rule. Especially for the Mediterranean Migration happened to be renowned basin, one should instead envision a con- social anthropologists, namely the late stant flux of movements in all directions Elizabeth Colson, Professor Emerita, Uni- that started well before the Neolithic, versity of Berkeley and Barbara Harrell continued during the Neolithic and never – Bond, Professor Emerita, University ended afterwards. of Oxford. The legacies of both of these imminent anthropologists are currently being explored through new publications, Session 2 mainly tributes assessing the impact of their work in what has become a major Dr. Dr. Eftihia VOUTIRA issue of public concern, i.e. migrants and Professor in the Anthropology of Forced refugees. A salient issue to be addressed Migration, Department of Balkan, Slavic is the classic question of engagement: and Oriental Studies, University of Mace- Who helps the helpers engaged in human- donia itarian assistance and can humanitarian aid be humane? Forced Migration: The Emergence and Evolution of a ‘Novel’ Academic Field Lina VENTURAS This presentation adopts an anthropo- Professor, Department of Political Sci- logical perspective, in order to address ence and History, Panteion University of the emergence and evolution of Forced Social and Political Sciences Migration as an institutionalised academ- ic field, conceptualised and implement- States, International Organizations and 14 ed at the Refugee Studies Programme, Migration: A century of dense interac- University of Oxford in 1992, under the tions charismatic leadership of the late Bar- bara Harrell – Bond. The paper traces the In the long processes of state- and na- genealogy of Forced Migration Research tion-building, sovereignty came to entail as originally practiced in Oxford in the the right of states to shape the constitu- early 1990s. It also follows its evolution tion of their population by both encour- in other institutions in the global South, aging and forbidding entry into their e.g. American University in Cairo, Refu- territory. Human mobility was gradually gee Law Project and Makerere University incorporated into the domain of govern- in Kampala, Uganda. The main aim of this ment policies. Modern Western states de- paper is to explore the refugee centered veloped, albeit in an uneven manner, sys- tematic policies to control borders and to governance powers exercised beyond the steer population movements during the state related to those within it in order to nineteenth century. Although states were regulate human mobility. never by any means the only actors inter- vening in the regulation of human mobil- Christos LIONIS ity, they played a major role in installing MD, PhD, FRCGP, FESC, FWONCA, Professor rules and procedures which upheld the of General Practice and Primary Health distinction between inside and outside Care, School of Medicine, University of in territorial terms and between insiders Crete and outsiders in social and political terms, Maria PAPADAKAKI thus according differential access to BSW, MPH, PhD, Assistant Professor, De- membership, belonging and rights. Inter- partment of Social Work, School of Health national organizations began intervening Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean Univer- in migration and refugee issues in the era sity of international institution-building that followed World War I. From then onwards, attempts to manage human mobility and Community participation in primary refugee rehabilitation involved multiple health care: engaging stakeholders and actors: state and local authorities, inter- migrants national organizations, non-governmen- According to Philipson, community par- tal agencies, and the migrants / refugees ticipation is a concept that derives from themselves and led to a proliferation of a social justice perspective and denotes state and intergovernmental bureaucra- that participation of communities and cies, of national and international laws, groups, who experience poverty and so- official regulatory practices and tech- cial exclusion, is essential in the design niques of surveillance and identification. and implementation of health care ser- By controlling financial resources and vices. In a chapter of a recently edited information, by using their recognized book, McFarlane and Lionis focused on authority to measure, analyze and com- the concept of community participation pare, and by socializing or co-opting state in primary health care as a description of representatives and local elites, interna- partnerships with migrants and refugees tional organizations influenced decision and other key stakeholder groups rele- making and engineered change within vant to health care utilization, delivery their member states in the domains of and planning. The same chapter offered human mobility and refugee relief and tools and methodologies for inter-stake- rehabilitation. During this period the ac- holder collaboration for practice man- 15 tors and apparatuses forementionned agement. This presentation offers an struggled over terms and definitions as overview of key techniques that could well as over eligibility criteria and policies be utilized to engage stakeholders in of inclusion / exclusion characteristic in future programmes to be designed and the field of governing human mobility implemented for efficient migrants’ and and refugee protection. This paper will refugees’ health care. The authors will follow the century-long history of the share the experience gained from two complex interweaving of international, EU funded collaborative projects, namely national and local humanitarian, political, RESTORE and EUR-HUMAN and will pres- economical and security concerns and ent successfully implemented method- power imbalances in order to explore how ologies, including Normalisation Process Theory, Participatory Learning and Ac- ‘as a second language’ and, on the oth- tion as well as Structured Democratic er, leaving learners to sink or swim in Dialogue. The systematic identification, the mainstream classrooms. I will also appraisal, synthesis and consolidation of question the denomination used to refer the aforementioned methodologies could to these learners as ‘allophones’, a term serve in enhancing community partici- that erases their plurilingual repertoires pation in primary health care, sustaining and ignores their identities. The second benefits from research and translating part of my presentation will focus on a findings into policy and action. multimodal literacy project designed by a teacher/researcher working in a new- comer class in a secondary school in Session 3 Mulhouse (Alsace) who implemented her own language policy, i.e.; supporting her Artemis ALEXIADOU students to use all their plurilingual re- Professor of English Linguistics, Hum- sources to write creative autobiograph- boldt University of Berlin, Vice Director, ical poetry. The writing of identity texts Leibniz-Centre General Linguistics (ZAS) was followed by a photo voice project and a correspondence with newcomer Language and Migration students in a school in New York City. The Languages in general and Greek in partic- analysis of the project will illustrate how a ular have been on the move across vari- critical, creative and multilingual literacy ous spatio-temporal trajectories for many approach that gives agency to newcomer centuries. Globalization and immigration students for their own appropriation of are interconnected with language lead- the language of instruction, empowers ing to multi-lingual societies and speak- them to reconstruct their identities and ers. These use language often in non-ca- to imagine their new life. nonical ways, and as a result new forms and new grammatical structures emerge. Session 4 This talk will address the ways language (Greek in particular) is affected by migra- Evthymios PAPATAXIARCHIS tion. Professor, Department of Social Anthro- pology and History, University of the Ae- Christine HÉLOT gean, Refugeeobservatory.gr Professor Emeritus, Sociolinguist, Univer- sité de Strasbourg The rise and fall of the new patriotism 16 of “solidarity to the refugees”. Lessons The Education of Newcomers in France: from Mytilene From a Policy of Erasure to a Pedagogy of Empowerment In 2015 we had the total reversal of the xenophobic trend that dominated Greece My presentation will first contextual- since the beginning of the financial crisis. ize the language in education policy for As the hundreds of thousands of displaced newcomers in France (MEN, 2012), then travelers were traversing the big islands analyse the separate model of educa- of the Aegean and the Greek mainland on tion which prioritizes the acquisition of their way to Central and Northern Europe, French as a supposed path to integra- there was a radical shift of local attitudes tion/inclusion, offering on the one hand towards them. ‘Hospitality to migrants’, a safe space for the acquisition of French politically divided, exhausted by the polit- ical struggle between its two sides, xeno- in Lesvos and through a micro, emic per- philia and xenophobia, and corrupted by spective I would like to address a set of the racist violence against the foreign mi- questions on the developmental cycle of grants that had swept the big urban cen- ‘solidarity’. How is ‘solidarity to refugees’ ters in the previous years, was replaced reconfigured in the new circumstances? by a new attitude –‘solidarity to refu- What is the future of ‘refugee solidarity’ gees’. This new attitude was made pos- in a society increasingly ridden by con- sible by the re-signification of the Asian, flict? And how grassroots mobilizations African and Middle-Eastern travelers from for and against the asylum seekers and ‘migrants’ to ‘refugees’(suggesting, at contests around ‘solidarity’ impact high the emic level, people on the move) and level politics? the subsequent extension of the popular ‘solidarity’, which till then was applied to Anna TRIANDAFYLLIDOU the Greek victims of the crisis, to the dis- Canada Excellence Chair in Migration placed travelers. In the course of 2015 and Integration, Ryerson University, Ed- ‘solidarity to refugees’ became elaborat- itor-in-Chief, Journal of Immigrant and ed from below, in grassroots humanitari- Refugee Studies, Scientific Coordinator an initiatives, and was further consolidat- of Horizon project GREASE on Religious Di- ed in the context of the newly established versity and Radicalisation, and the BRaVE regime of humanitarian governance. It, project on Building Resilience against Vio- eventually, became hegemonic as it was lent Extremism and Polarization orchestrated, in the form of a new patri- otism, from above, at the national and EU levels, by the government and the media Nationalism in the 21st Century: that strategically employed the spectacle Neo-tribal or Plural? of the humanitarian border to cultivate Nations are faced today with a new set of an attitude of welcome. All this belongs social and economic challenges: econom- to the past. Since the EU-Turkey deal of ic globalisation has intensified bringing 2016 we have entered a new phase of the with it a more intense phase of cultural ‘refugee crisis’. As a radical re-bordering interconnectedness and political interde- took place and the displaced travelers pendence. Nation-states see their sover- became trapped on the island, their place eign powers eroded and are transformed in the humanitarian regime as ‘asylum to post-national states as the political seekers’ became contested from differ- space they govern is no longer congru- ent sides. The development of protests ent with the socio-economic space which by both locals and asylum seekers and transcends the national borders. None- 17 the intensification of conflict reached a theless, the nation continues to be a pow- climax with the ‘pogrom’ against the 200 erful source of identity and legitimacy. Afghan asylum seekers who occupied the We are actually witnessing in Europe and central square of Mytilene in April 2018. worldwide a comeback of nationalism of- This was a turning point. As a good part tentimes in an aggressive, nativist and of the local population withdrew its tol- populist guise. This paper seeks to offer erance towards the asylum seekers and a new analytical lens through which to generously offered it to the violent xe- make sense of this new tide of national- nophobics, the patriotism of ‘solidarity ism. It therefore reviews critically the eth- to refugees’ came to its conclusion. On nic vs civic and perennialist, primordialist, the basis of my ethnographic experience modernist and ethnosymbolist approach- es to suggest that they are no longer fit tors in the three countries; a second, key for purpose in explaining where nations step showing the extent and quality of and nationalism come from and where deliberation of Muslim actors in public they are headed to. The paper proposes claims-making, again in a comparative a new analytical framework which dis- perspective; and a third and final step tinguishes between plural and neo-tribal with a more explanatory twist in an at- nationalism, focusing on how nations in- tempt to show the correlates of Muslims’ teract with diversity and permeability in public deliberation. The concluding sec- the 21st century context. tion will recall the main argument and summarize the main findings of the anal- Session 5 ysis. Marco GIUGNI Karen PHALET Professor in the Department of Political Professor, Center for Social and Cultural Science and International Relations, Di- Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and rector of the Institute of Citizenship Stud- Educational Sciences, KU Leuven ies (InCite), University of Geneva In collaboration with Fenella Fleischmann (Utrecht University) Deliberative Citizenship: Claims-Making and Deliberation by Muslim Actors in Religion and civic integration: A cross-na- Britain, France, and Switzerland tional comparison of Muslim immigrant youth in Europe This work narrows down the analysis to different types of actors, looking at how How inclusive are European civil societies they deliberate in public claims-mak- of Muslim immigrant minorities and how ing and how this varies across our three can we explain country differences in in- countries. Our main focus is obviously clusiveness? To address these questions, on Muslim actors, but we will also look at we draw on large-scale cross-national the claims-making by other actors from CILS surveys of Muslim immigrant minori- the civil society, so as to further char- ty and non-Muslim majority and other im- acterize the structure of public debates migrant minority youth in five European in the three countries and also to have a countries (Children of Immigrants Longi- reference point for assessing the extent tudinal Survey [CILS] in Belgium, England, and quality of deliberation of Muslim Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden). actors. The main goal of our analysis in Against the background of public concern 18 this chapter is to characterize the delib- about the alleged ‘failed citizenship’ of im- erative quality and the main features of migrant minorities in Europe, we focus on external, public deliberation by Muslim a well-documented gap in national identi- actors, based on claims-making data. The fication between immigrant minority and work unfolds as follows. To begin with, we majority populations. Our double com- discuss some theoretical elements con- parison of national identification across cerning the presence of Muslims in the groups and countries reveals that nation- public domain and their claims-making. al identities are less strongly endorsed by Then we move to the claims-making data. all immigrant minority groups compared The analysis follows three steps: a first, with the majority reference group, but general step describing the claims-mak- national identification is lowest across ing of Muslim actors as well as other ac- the board among Muslim immigrants. This descriptive evidence suggests the longitudinal (four years) questionnaire insufficient inclusion of immigrant mi- study is to understand resilience pat- norities in general, and Muslims in par- terns under which adolescent (age 12- ticular, in European nations. In addition, 16) refugees and migrants gain agency significant country variation in these and move from objects of discrimination identification gaps suggest that some and inequalities to successful school national identities are more inclusive of students. The project will refine the un- Muslim immigrants than others. Taking derstanding of resilience factors and an intergroup relations approach to the analyze how they affect educational civic integration of Muslim immigrants, outcomes. The project empirically iden- we establish that beyond individual reli- tifies and compares pathways for policy giosity (strong religion), social integra- actions in schools and communities to tion (intergroup contact) plays a major tackle factors on why and how young role in explaining specifically religious immigrants and refugee adults find it dif- differences in national identification in ficult to succeed in schools. These resil- multigroup multilevel mediation models, ience pathways will address differences whereas discrimination experiences pre- in individual and social risks and identify dict lower national identification across protective factors for young immigrants Muslim and non-Muslim immigrants alike. and refugee adults to overcome obsta- Our comparative findings thus establish cles linked to discrimination and low contextual variation in the inclusiveness educational outcomes (Masten, 2015; of intergroup relations and European na- Ungar, 2011). We combine theory on cu- tional identities - with policy implications mulative discrimination (Blank 2005) for the civic integration of Muslim immi- with theory on resilience (Khanlou & Wray grant minorities in particular. 2014; Kassis et al. 2013): Small variation in treatment in different life domains can accumulate into significant ethnic dis- Session 6 advantage, but protective individual, fa- milial, and school related characteristics Prof. Dr. Wassilis KASSIS can also facilitate advancement related School of Education, University of Applied to educational success. Analyses: By run- Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzer- ning Latent Class Analyses (Muthen & Mu- land then, 2017) we’re analyzing specific la- Prof. Dr. Christos GOVARIS tent school-resilience patterns (profiles) Department of Primary Education, Univer- for migrants-students, refugee-students sity of Thessaly and students without migration-back- ground in order to predict students’ satis- 19 Do migrant and refugee high school stu- faction of basic psychological needs (au- dents have specific school-resilience tonomy, competence, and relatedness) patterns in order to satisfy basic psy- following self-determination theory (Deci chological needs? & Ryan, 2011). The patterns are consisted by the respective levels of (a) the hscl- Despite existing inequalities, the litera- 25 hopkins symptom scale (Derogatis et ture hardly provides empirically validated al, 1974), (b) stress-level (Byrne, 2007), insights about the educational socializa- (c) the Big Five Inventory (Rammst- tion pathways of migrants and refugees edt, 2013), (d) the resilience scale for in particular. The main goal of the inter- adolescents (Hjemdal et al, 2006), (e) national (Germany, Greece, Switzerland) Rosenberg-Self-Esteem-Scale (Rosen- sessions and analyzed qualitatively. The berg, 1985), (f) perceived self-efficacy findings shed light on the conflicts and (Jerusalem & Schwarzer. 1992), and (g) barriers that women confront through- satisfaction with life scale (Diener et al., out their studies and careers in science in 1985). various geo-sociopolitical contexts. More importantly, the findings of this study Prof. Dr. Lucy AVRAAMIDOU reveal the situated nature of recognition Associate Professor and Rosalind Frank- or more precisely the politics of recogni- lin Fellow, Institute for Science Education tion especially in male-dominated, and and Communication, Groningen Universi- predominantly White disciplines, such ty as physics. To challenge this, academic institutions in general and physics in par- Becoming a science person: Identities ticular need to be re-imagined as diverse in/out of place and the politics of recog- worlds where multiple ways of being are nition recognized, where minoritized groups will not have to compartmentalize parts of In this talk I will narrate the stories of their identities to exist, and where they three women scientists’ narratives, which can perform their authentic, unique, and tell their stories of becoming science per- intersectional identities. sons; essentially, stories of forming a sci- ence identity. The value of this narrative account of identity development is found Session 7 within the potential of gaining an under- standing about the stories that people Robin COHEN carry with them and how these stories Professor Emeritus of Development Stud- are nested in larger narratives, such as ies, Senior Research Fellow, Kellogg Col- migration, racism, and sexism. The study lege, University of Oxford adopts an intersectionality theoretical framing and examines how science iden- New Perspectives on Displacement: Uto- tity interacts with race, gender, ethnic- pias, Archipelagos and Social Ecotones ity, culture and religion and the ways in It is easy to see that the international ref- which this interplay affects women’s de- ugee regime is not working well, and that cision to participate in science. The three there are compelling pragmatic reasons participants were selected because they why ‘we’ (a vaguely defined moral com- have very distinct social positioning and munity of policymakers, NGOs and aca- 20 diverse life-histories. Shruti is a woman demics) need to change course. But are of color who was born and raised in India, we thinking too narrowly and reactive- studied in the US and is currently an un- ly? Should we develop more ambitious dergraduate physics student in Western ideas and plans that leapfrog the con- Europe. Amina is a Muslim, early-career straints of methodological nationalism physics instructor in Western Europe, and long-held assumptions and policies. who was born in Turkey and studied in the Here, drawing on work with Nicholas Van US. Maxine is a more experienced physics Hear, I argue that we need to elaborate instructor in Western Europe, in the same three new (or revived) perspectives. First, country where she was born and raised, utopian thought, which is often casual- who studied in the US. Data were collect- ly dismissed, but can form the bedrock ed through multiple individual interview for imaginative alternatives to the tak- en-for-granted ideas that underpin cur- immigrants residing in Greece (N= 233). rent policies. Second, archipelagic think- It was hypothesized that perceived dis- ing, associated particularly with Édouard crimination would be related negatively Glissant, and which potentially can re- to immigrants’ psychological well-being, fashion ‘mainland’, territorially based both directly and indirectly. A positive thinking. Third, a theory of social eco- relationship was expected between per- tones, inadequately theorized at the mo- ceived discrimination and separation ment, but which allows socially diverse and a negative relationship between interactive spaces to be distinguished discrimination and integration, or assim- from predominantly monocultural spac- ilation. It was, also, expected a positive es. Using these perspectives, I hold that a relationship of perceived discrimination multiply located transnational polity can to interdependent self-construal and a emerge between, within and across the negative relationship to independent current nation-state system. In this pro- self-construal. Furthermore, it was ex- jection, that polity is called ‘Refugia’. amined the mediating role of separation in the association of perceived discrimi- nation with psychological well-being and Prof. Konstantinos PAPAGEORGIOU the moderating role of interdependent School of Law, National and Kapodistrian self-construal in the association of per- University of Athens ceived discrimination with psychologi- cal well-being. According to the results, From duties to refugees to duties to im- perceived discrimination was positive- migrants ly related to separation and negatively to integration, but was related neither to independent nor to interdependent self-construal. Perceived discrimination Day 2 was, also, positively related to depression Session 1 directly. The indirect effects of perceived discrimination on psychological well-be- Evangelia KATERI ing were through the acculturation at- Psychologist, Adjunct Lecturer, Depart- titude of separation. Fewer depressive ment of Psychology, University of Crete symptoms were reported by those immi- Evangelos C. KARADEMAS grants who face discrimination but also Psychologist, Professor of Clinical Health select separation. Immigrants with high Psychology, Department of Psychology, levels of interdependence, also, do seem University of Crete to be protected from depression and anx- iety. The interpretation of these findings 21 Perceived Discrimination and Psycholog- signifies that, when immigrants who per- ceive discrimination choose separation ical Well-Being among Immigrants Living from the host country, they may reduce in Greece their depression feelings, by fitting into The present study was based on the relationships with in-group members. rejection-identification model. Accul- Interdependence and the perception of turation attitudes, self-construal, per- immigrants self as a social unit, also, may sonal perceived discrimination and psy- act protectively for their psychological chological well-being were examined well-being, enhancing the identification simultaneously in Albanian and Indian with the in-group, as well. Kostas KOUKOUZELIS The ‘social’ in migration decision-mak- Assistant Professor, Philosophy and So- ing: Greece’s changing emigration envi- cial Studies Department, University of ronment at times of crisis Crete In a 1981 article Kubat and Hoff- mann-Nowotny inverted an underlying Reclaiming cosmopolitanism: migrants’ assumption in most migration theories, protests and border controls namely the belief that people are essen- The paper will make an effort to defend tially sedentary. Claiming that people the argument that a certain interpre- are mobile by nature meant subscribing tation of migrants’ protests should be to yet another essentialism. However, taken as a manifestation of reclaiming despite its crudeness, their thesis does cosmopolitanism. On the empirical part have analytical value in deconstructing of the argument, I will briefly remind us the belief that people are free agents and of migrants’ protests in Idomeni, Greece, highlighting that individual migrants de- regarding borders’ closure. Did migrants cide whether or not to move within social claim certain rights, such as the right to and discursive constraints. Building on mobility? Did they claim state citizen- this premise, this presentation aims to ship? Moving on to the normative part relativise the monocausal character of of the argument it will be revealed that several migration theories, that explain there is something inherent in migrants’ migration by attributing a deterministic acts of protesting that might be taken as significance to economic factors in dis- reclaiming cosmopolitanism of a certain pense of social and/or political factors. kind. Migrants’ protests challenge border Focusing on the Greek emigration that controls and the state’s supposed ‘right followed the county’s economic crisis to exclude’. This is, arguably, based on it draws on 34 in-depth interviews with freedom as non-domination, which takes Greek migrants in Amsterdam and Lon- the form of a particular kind of cosmopol- don, ethnographic research conducted in itanism, which is not exclusively moral, Amsterdam and survey material. Reces- but also political. Finally, I will distinguish sion and austerity have made migration my approach from a recently argued the- a survival strategy for several people who sis, called the ‘autonomy of migration’ are finding it hard to make ends meet in thesis, which exclusively focuses on free- Greece. However, there are many others dom of movement. Instead of conceiving in less pressing need also leaving the migrants as individuals wanting to move country who present their migration as 22 freely across borders, it seems both more something they were considering already plausible and closer to justice to acknowl- long ago. Focusing on the latter category, edge they are already cosmopolitan citi- this presentation discusses how the crisis zens of a certain kind. in Greece has altered everyday discourse on emigration and loosened up social constraints towards long distance mo- Session 2 bility, ultimately altering the emigration environment in the country. Exploring Manolis PRATSINAKIS migrants’ aspirations, their social net- Onassis Felllow, Department of Politics works abroad and the reactions of friends and International Relations, University of and kin back home on their decision to Oxford leave, it highlights and analyzes the paramount significance of ‘the social’ in speakers (Damanakis, 2014). Recent migration decision-making. This is entan- studies (e.g. Chatzidaki 2019) suggest gled with ‘the economic’ to such a degree that these schools are nowadays per- that any theory that does not sufficiently ceived by their teaching staff as provid- pays attention to it is not only partial, but ing a familiar linguistic, educational and misleading too. It further suggests that cultural environment for teenagers trau- emigration may be expected to continue matized by the immigration experience. irrespectively of the developments of the This perception of Greek state schools Greek economy’s performance. as ‘safe havens’ has obviously increased their salience and provided new legitima- Aspa CHATZIDAKI cy to their operation. In this paper we ad- Associate Professor, Department of Pri- dress the issue of teachers’ ideologies re- mary Education, University of Crete, garding their students’ bilingualism and Member of UCRC board learner identities, using the findings of a small, qualitative study which took place Greek state schools in Germany; teach- in November 2016 in two high schools in ers’ language ideologies in the light of the state of Nord-Rhein Westfallen. new migration Germany has received a considerable Session 3 number of Greek ‘guest workers’ since the ‘60s, the majority of whom initially Maria STRATIGAKI planned to return. As a response to the Associate Professor, Department of Social immigrants’ wish to provide their children Policy, Panteion University of Social and with an education allowing them to main- Political Sciences, f. Vice Mayor for Social tain their language and culture, the Greek Solidarity, Welfare and Equality at the City state set up a number of primary and of Athens (2014-2019) secondary schools (K-12) in various Ger- man states, operating under Greek law Migrants and refugees in the City of Ath- and following the mainland’s curriculum. ens: Challenges, policies, social integra- In such schools, teachers are seconded tion from Greece and German is taught for a few hours per week as a subject. Their In late 2014 the City of Athens started graduates have the additional benefit of to receive large inflows of refugees and gaining entrance to Greek universities migrants from the Aegean islands. Large with relatively low grades, and as a result, squares of the City were occupied by they have been an extremely popular tents of (“transit”) refugees who asked 23 option for Greek immigrant families for for papers allowing them (not to stay in the last forty years (Damanakis, 2007; the country but) to travel to the North of 2011). The recent financial crisis has led Europe. Today, 5 years later, the City of the Greek authorities to start abolishing Athens hosts at the Elaionas camp 1700 these schools, much to the dismay of the guests, rents 320 private apartments for parents. At the same time, however, ‘new hosting 1.820 asylum seekers and ref- migration’ in Germany has led to a signif- ugees, provides social and educational icant increase in students’ enrollment in services to refugees and migrants, im- Greek schools shifting the balance of the plements a large scale European project school population towards native Greek for Urban Innovation models of holistic approach to refugees’ integration, coor- dinates 95 public and non-governmen- search proposal suggests a genealogical tal organizations actively working in the analysis of power relations involved in at- field (“Athens Coordination Center for Mi- tempts to govern the mobility of migrant grants and Refugees”). The City of Athens newcomers, manage their reception and has also set up a network of Greek inte- integration. We focus on the folding and grating cities for inter-municipal collabo- refolding of two distinct but interacting ration. Policy responses to the unexpect- systems that compose the reception of ed and unprecedented social problems migrants in Greece in the various recent were also scattered, fragmented and con- historical periods and today – the ‘infor- fusing. Squeezed between different and mal’ and the ‘formal’ one. The ‘formal’ changing legal frameworks and migrant system of reception, combining humani- status (relocation, integration, repatri- tarian and security machinery and prac- ation schemes etc), between different tices, emerged during the last decade to levels of public governance (Municipal- address the ‘newly arrived’ migrants. An ity, Regions, Ministry, European Union) ‘official infrastructure’ has been set up and facing ambivalent reactions by locals and over the years by diverse agents and (from total rejection to warm welcome) jurisdictions; recently it has the ambition the City of Athens had to deal with this of addressing the needs of a longer/de new situation at the Center of the City facto staying of migrants in the Greek ter- quickly and effectively. This paper pres- ritory. ‘Informal’ reception refers to infra- ents the main policies developed by the structures established by intra and extra City of Athens and the relevant Ministry, migrant relations, which develop in the identifies obstacles and highlights some context of overlapping displacements: future challenges in policy making, in migrants’ encampments, transit areas, particular regarding the social integra- jungles; as well as various mechanisms tion of those who (willingly or –more of- that support life in prolonged limbo. Our ten- unwillingly) remained permanently aim is to lean on a genealogy of ‘informal’ in the City. and ‘formal’ reception and integration practices as potentially opening up the Vassilis ARAPOGLOU ongoing discussion on the governmental- Associate Professor, Department of So- ity of migrant mobility by highlighting the ciology, University of Crete, Member of power of the counter-conduct in its mak- UCRC board ing, exclusionary as well as inclusionary Regina MANTANIKA state strategies, and a complex geogra- European University Institute - Global phy of migrant mobility and settlement 24 Governance Programme, & Department of involving a multitude of spaces that are Sociology, University of Crete created in between the borders.

From ‘First Reception’ to integration (?) Dr. Angeliki DIMITRIADI The governance of migrant mobility and Senior Research Fellow & Head of Migra- transformations of statecraft in Greece tion Programme, Hellenic Foundation for since the late 90’s European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP) This paper stands for a research project Governing migrant mobility to and from in its initial phase and rather than putting Greece through divergent practices of forward any conclusions, it seeks to open first reception: evidence from the Cea- up paths for future exploration. The re- sEVAL project temporary challenges, and future pros- There have been significant changes post pects 2016 that affected migrant entry, stay Over the past 30 years, Greece gradual- and/or exit from Greece. During the mi- ly transformed into a migrant receiving gration ‘crisis’ of 2015, Greece occupied a country. During this period, the public dis- transitory position in the migratory jour- course, the legal framework and a series ney. The introduction of the hotspot ap- of National Action Plans focused on the proach, introduction of Schengen border pivotal issue of migrant integration. Since controls and the closure of the Western 2015, particular emphasis is placed by Balkan route, transformed Greece into both government and non-government a place of strandedness and immobility actors into the integration of the refugee for most arrivals. In the framework of the population residing in the country. The CEASEVAL project, research sought to to aim of this presentation is to outline the understand the role of institutionalised historical context within which the inte- practices applied in Greece, in govern- gration policy for migrants and refugees ing the mobility trajectories of migrants was developed in the previous decades, at different stages of their journey (on and outline the main challenges of each arrival, in the mainland and potentially period. Finally, taking under consider- transit) and how these delignate migrant ation the National Integration Strategy presence and movement within and be- that was recently published, it aims to yond Greece. By looking at the gover- highlight the present and future chal- nance of national asylum reception sys- tems we understand the extent to which lenges if the issue at hand. their implementation impacts migrant presence in the country, but also poten- Nikolaos PAPADAKIS tially their transit/secondary movement. Professor and Director of the Centre of Semi structured interviews took place Political Research & Documentation, De- with border agents, asylum service, NGOs partment of Political Science, Universi- and housing actors as well as migrants ty of Crete, Deputy Director of UCRC that arrived in Greece post March 20th 2016. Migrants encounter different bor- The challenge of Multi-culturalism: The- der practices on arrival, depending on oretical insights and policy implications their point of entry and nationality. This Multiculturalism seems to be the most in turn impacts differently access to asy- complicated challenge to the traditional lum, access to housing and employment, models of democracy, according to Dahl. and by extension lived experiences and The presentation mainly deals with the 25 opportunities for movement within and ongoing theoretical debate concerning beyond Greece. multiculturalism and cultural diversi- ty. Subsequently, it mainly focuses on Session 4 Charles Taylor’s theoretical legacy on “equal worth”, “mutual recognition” and Angelo TRAMOUNTANIS equal handling, as well as on the approach Researcher, National Centre for Social Re- of moral liberalism and Will Kymlicka’s lib- search (EKKE) eral theory of minority rights. Further, the presentation provides a brief overview of The Greek integration policy for migrants the major current challenges, that the EU and refugees: historical context, con- is facing regarding its migration policy (given, among others, the impact of the nants shaping anti-refugee and anti-im- refugee crisis). migrant attitudes in Greece. Understand- ing public attitudes towards different migrant groups, such as immigrants and Session 5 refugees, becomes an important task in times of high inflow of people seeking Stefania KALOGERAKI protection. The findings hold potential Assistant Professor, Department of So- lessons about the policy aspects to be ciology, University of Crete addressed in order to ameliorate negative stances and ensure that refugees and im- Attitudes towards immigrants and Syr- migrants are successfully integrated into ian refugees during the refugee crisis: Greek society. The case of Greece Since 2015 Europe has been facing sig- Dimitris PARSANOGLOU nificant migration challenges. An arc of Temporary Lecturer and Senior Research- crises from Northern Africa to Afghani- er, Department of Social Policy, Panteion stan, from the Middle East to the Med- University of Social and Political Sciences iterranean Sea, has caused a massive number of refugees and asylum seek- Crisis upon crisis: theoretical and polit- ers fleeing conflict and persecution and ical reflection on Greece’s response to seeking safety in Europe. Greece became the ‘refugee crisis’ one of the major entry points by the sea as high numbers of refugees and asylum Crisis has for a long time been the de- seekers, primarily originated from Syria, fining term when describing any de- entered its territory en route to wealthier velopment in Greece. The dramatic in- European countries. The unprecedented crease of refugee flows in 2015-16 was high number of refugees has triggered approached from the very beginning in contradicting public reactions in Greece. terms of crisis, basically of a humanitar- On the one hand natives’ responses in- ian nature. It was also coupled with the cluded warm welcoming gestures, but economic crisis in two ways: either as an on the other hand increasing trends in additional burden on a country hampered anti-refugee attitudes have been report- already by an ongoing sovereign-debt cri- ed. The paper using survey data from the sis and economic recession; or as another EU-funded TransSOL project and incorpo- (missed) opportunity for the EU member rating an ethnic competition theoretical states to show essential solidarity among 26 framework explores Greeks’ attitudes them in order to deal with a ‘European towards Syrian refugees fleeing armed problem’. In this paper, I will reflect upon conflict and individuals perceived as the theoretical and political implications immigrants who voluntarily emigrate. of the so-called ‘refugee crisis’ both in Although some scholars advocate that terms of governance and sovereignty. public opinion towards migrants is more I will be based on the analysis of legal positive when migration is perceived to and administrative developments that be forced rather than voluntary, the find- occurred or were reinforced within the ings show that more Greeks’ oppose Syri- ‘refugee crisis’; I will moreover demon- an refugees than immigrants. In addition, strate, through empirical research focus- the analysis indicates some common but ing on different relevant stakeholders, also some distinct individual determi- pre-existing and emerging internal con- tradictions between different actors who have been dealing with refugees. In other ed into the social and economic struc- words, I will try to capture the contingent tures of the host country. Based on this character of new geographies of control challenge, the research project “Detec- that occurred with the establishment tion and classification of perspectives for of the ‘hotspot approach’, in correlation the inclusion of refugees in the Greek pro- with the shifts in state sovereignty as it duction system. Case study in Crete and has been repositioned through the active Mytilene” aims to record the needs and involvement of non-state actors – from skills of refugees and at the same time non-governmental organisations to inter- to explore the prospects and conditions national organisations and EU agencies for their integration into the Greek social – in the refugee/migration management. and economic system. Consequently, a Finally, the new challenges that appear in case study includes the conduction of the post-crisis period, i.e. the question of structured interviews with refugees in social integration of refugees, will be dis- Mytilene, where a large number is host- cussed in the light of relevant political ini- ed, in combination with the conduction tiatives and measures undertaken during of semi-structured interviews with entre- the last three years. preneurs and social partners in both Crete and Mytilene. The main aim was to iden- Dimitriοs KOTROYANNOS tify the different perspectives and atti- Professor, Director of the Centre for tudes that may exist and to investigate Human Rights (KEADIK), Department the conditions, problems, requirements of Political Science, University of Crete and generally all the necessary param- Dr. Stylianos Ioannis TZAGKARAKIS eters in order to integrate them into the Postdoctoral researcher, Department of labor market. Crete was selected in order Political Science, University of Crete, & Re- to test the hypothesis that it is a poten- searcher of the Centre for Human Rights tial refugee integration area and conse- (KEADIK) quently, the identification of integration prospects and attitudes in the different labor market sectors was considered Aspects of refugees’ socio-economic crucial. Finally, narrative interviews with integration prospects in insular Greece: integrated immigrants and refugees in Outcomes from the case study in Crete Crete complete the triangulated research and Mytilene islands strategy and provide useful information Greece has experienced a huge wave on the problems, prospects and needs of refugee and immigrant inflows after that exist and potentially may affect new 2015 which have generated an exten- refugees’ integration process. 27 sive amount of needs and challenges for policy makers. In particular, although immediate humanitarian intervention is Session 6 still a major priority, the construction of a Dr. Maria XENITIDOU long-term strategy for their further com- Research Fellow, Department of Sociolo- prehensive and successful integration into the social and economic system is a gy, University of Crete crucial challenge. This is obvious as long as a significant number of refugees who Negotiating mobility and belonging in have entered the country after 2015 will the contexts of Grexit & Brexit: a study of remain and therefore should be integrat- discourses in Greece & the UK The project interrogates constructions Maria PASCHOU of mobility and belonging in the UK and Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of So- Greece and the categories that are made ciology, University of Crete relevant and implicated in them. It is in- Angelos LOUKAKIS spired by two crucial and topical ques- PhD Candidate, Department of Sociology, tions: who belongs where within the na- University of Crete tional and EU contexts; who benefits and Maria KOUSIS who is left out from the EU integration Professor, Department of Sociology Uni- regime. We interrogate the relationship versity of Crete and Director of UCRC between mobility and belonging as ques- tions about who can move and be where are expected to be related to questions Political claims analysis on the refugee about who belongs within normative and crisis in the Greek public sphere, 2015-16 institutional rationales of movement and As the main gateway to Europe, from the identity. Through the cases of Greece Middle East, Greece witnessed unprec- and the UK the project focuses on con- edented refugee inflows in 2015, when structions of mobility and belonging the country was still suffering the reper- critically assessing what they mean to cussions of the 2008 economic crisis. different people (lay actors, the media, As austerity further impaired the unpre- practitioners, political elites) and how paredness of the state to manage this they potentially shape different identi- massive human flow, a series of events ty and citizenship constructions. This is between August 2015 and April 2016 topical, on the one hand, as interpreta- triggered political debates and attracted tions of EU integration, Grexit and Brexit media attention, with the alarming situa- present considerable variation. Taken for tion of this unforeseen wage of refugees granted assumptions may fail to capture being thereafter framed a crisis. This the uptake of notions such as migration, presentation deals with the mediated mobility, identity, belonging and citizen- public discourse on the so called “refu- ship ‘on the ground’, or reify distinctions gee crisis”, which is shaped by the polit- between core and periphery inter alia. ical claims raised by various actors in the On the other hand, focusing on Greece mainstream press during the aforemen- and the UK, specifically, enables an in- tioned period. By means of political claim depth (while not inward-looking) study of analysis which was carried out under the these constructions, rather than masking TransSOL (Horizon2020) project, our in- them under an emphasis on comparative vestigation has aimed to a better under- insights. We explore these through em- standing of the chronicle of the crisis. By 28 pirical scrutiny, focusing on everyday, using 711 randomly selected claims from public and political discourse. We focus the national newspapers Kathimerini, Ta on multiple discursive contexts to explore Nea and Proto Thema, this presentation questions such as where and who bene- outlines the main features of the public fits and who is left out from an integrat- sphere, such as the protagonists of pub- ing Europe, considering that policies and lic debates, the main issues discussed, laws provide the institutional framework the form of the claims and the actors who for membership and integration (and by were held responsible to react. Our find- implication non-membership and exclu- ings manifest how the debate escalated sion respectively), but that these are also and allows to critically reflect on the pa- matters of everyday social relations and rameters which shaped the national dis- public debate. course on the refugee crisis. Session 7 Gábor JELENFI Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Yannis PAPADOPOULOS University Research Fellow, Institute for Mediterra- Róbert TARDOS nean Studies/ FORTH Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University Migration from Greece to Brazil during the early Post WWII period: a successful Cognitive maps, social distance and na- exemple of international migration man- tional stereotypes in times of crisis: The agement? case of Greece and Hungary Until the end of WWII Brazil had attracted Since both Hungary and Greece were sig- relatively few immigrants from Greece. nificantly affected by the 2015 refugee After the end of the War Greek newspa- flow and its consequences, the immigra- pers started to publish articles praising tion issue became part and parcel of Hun- the economic development of Brazil and garian and Greek public discourse. We the possibilities it offered to prospective reconstructed empirically how the Hun- immigrants. In a period when migration garian and Greek mass media contribut- to the United States was not possible, ed to the construction of “”the refugee due to restrictive regulations, Brazil was crisis””. From the temporal dynamic of described as the new “Eldorado”. In this related topics emerge that these issues context, the Greek government favored entered public discourse in Hungary be- emigration to improve and stabilize eco- fore Greece, although Greece was first to nomic conditions and prevent social in- be impacted by the refugee flow. In order stability. The Brazilian governments of to compare public opinion concerning the that period continued the policy of set- refugee issue we conducted two parallel tling its hinterland and wanted to use online surveys in Hungary and Greece imported workforce, in addition to the at the end of 2016. In fact, this survey Brazilian landless agricultural workers, dealt with aspects of ingroup/outgroup to increase agricultural production and relationships, values and stereotypes, introduce innovative techniques. The or social distances. The starting point of newly founded Intergovernmental Com- the present lecture is the seminal work of mittee for Migration from Europe (ICEM) Buchanan and Cantril, titled How Nations was supposed to serve as an interme- See Each Other, adapted with attention to diate mechanism between sending and the period span and timely issues related receiving states of the “Western World”. to our study. From the semantic network The paper will present an overview of the of Greek samples we concluded that the 29 PostWWII migration wave from Greece to majority of preferred Greek autostereo- Brazil and assess the efforts of ICEM to types are positive. The same attributes regulate migration by providing services connect Greeks and Russians. Between in the processing, reception, first place- Greeks and Hungarians, debonair and ment and settlement of migrants. hardworking represent strong ties, while the last one links Greeks and Germans. Nikos FOKAS Finally, Germans and Americans are com- Professor of Sociology, Institute of So- monly characterized as conceited. This is ciology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), a summary evaluation of western-type Budapest societies by Greeks. The wide survey’s and online dailies’ database enable us to apply network techniques which involved a 2-mode network treatment of attributes and national-ethnic entities for revealing the “”cognitive maps””. These cognitive maps, and cultural distances derived from images of other groups, presented a research area calling for a renewed appli- cation of the catnet concept introduced by Harrison White.

30 my notes Scientific-Organizing Committee

Maria Kousis (Director of UCRC) Nikolaos Papadakis (Deputy Director of UCRC) Elena Anagnostopoulou (UCRC, Representative of School of Philosophy) Vassilis Arapoglou (UCRC, Representative of School of Social Sciences) Aspa Chatzidaki (UCRC, Representative of School of Education Sciences) Stavroula Tsinorema (UCRC, Alternate Representative, School of Philosophy) Konstantinos Kafetsios (UCRC, f. Alternate Representative, School of Social Sciences) Dimitris Stavrou (UCRC, Alternate Representative, School of Education Sciences) Katerina Blavaki (UCRC, Head of the Research Support Unit)

Sponsors Co-organized Emmanuel by UCRC and Kugiumutzis, the Regional President of Unit of the World Rethymnon, With the Council of Cultural Crete Region of Crete support of the Rethymno Mare Cretans USA Municipality of Hotels Rethymnon

Art Direction: Anna Arkoulaki, E-media, University of Crete