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Koukouni Text.Indd Chios dicta est… et in Aegæo sita mari Historical Archaeology and Heraldry on Chios Ioanna N. Koukouni Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-746-9 ISBN 978-1-78969-747-6 (e-Pdf) © Ioanna N. Koukouni and Archaeopress 2021 Cover: Cristoforo Buondelmonti, Liber Insularum Archipelagi (1420), Chios island, Aegean Sea All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com TO THE REVERED MEMORY OF MY FATHER AND OF MY GRANDPARENTS, AND ALL OUR NORTH-CHIOT ANCESTORS FOR THEY PLOUGHED THIS LAND WITH THE TEARS OF THEIR TOIL. I PAY THIS TRIBUTE Contents List of Figures, Maps and Plates ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Acknowledgements �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii Abbreviations ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiv Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 PART A. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF MOUNT AMANI ...............................................................................................1 The Geographical Region ......................................................................................................................................................1 Why North Chios? ............................................................................................................................................................1 Past Historiography ................................................................................................................................................................2 The first pioneers: historical research in the second half of the 19th century. .....................................................2 From the end of the 19th to the 20th century: Systematic scholarly work. ...........................................................2 The history of archaeological exploration on Chios ...................................................................................................5 The Anavatos Project .................................................................................................................................................6 Assessment ..................................................................................................................................................................7 Aims ..........................................................................................................................................................................................7 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................................8 The problems .....................................................................................................................................................................8 Methods ............................................................................................................................................................................10 Time span and focus ...............................................................................................................................................12 Primary Sources ...................................................................................................................................................................13 Provincial administration: the testimony of the lead seals (Figs 8, 10). ................................................................13 I. The geographical and administrative unit of the Nesoi: Seals of the Nesoi ................................................14 II. Geographical – administrative unit of the Aigaion Pelagos: Seals of the Aigaion Pelagos ......................14 III. Chios ....................................................................................................................................................................15 Geographical definition of the insular complexes ..............................................................................................15 What do the sources reveal about the status of Chios? ...........................................................................................17 The seals of the kommerkiarioi .......................................................................................................................................18 Chios: Capital of the theme of Aigaion Pelagos or a theme in its own right? .......................................................18 PART B. HERALDRY AND VERNACULAR SCULPTURE ....................................................................................................21 PART A� HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF MOUNT AMANI Chapter 1� The Archaeology and Topography of Mount Amani �������������������������������������������������������������������������27 1.1. Physical Geography (Map I, fig. 1) ..............................................................................................................................27 1.1.2. Climate ..................................................................................................................................................................27 1.1.3. Drainage (Figs. 2-3) �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������28 1.1.4. Vegetation (Plates 73-74) ....................................................................................................................................28 1.2. Upland Chios: Settlements and Sites ..........................................................................................................................29 1.2.1. Volissos (Plates 1-29) ............................................................................................................................................30 1.2.1.1. Topography ..................................................................................................................................................30 1.2.1.2. History ..........................................................................................................................................................31 1.2.1.3. Description of the Castle ...........................................................................................................................32 1.2.1.4. Masonry �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 1.2.1.5. Towers ...........................................................................................................................................................33 1.2.1.6. Buildings within the walls ........................................................................................................................34 1.2.1.7. Dating ............................................................................................................................................................36 1.2.1.8. Village Fortifications ..................................................................................................................................40 1.2.2. Pyrama (Plates 32-33) ..........................................................................................................................................40 1.2.2.1. Description of the tower ...........................................................................................................................41 1.2.3. Parparia (Plate 34) ................................................................................................................................................41 1.2.4. Angelos (Castel Sant’Angelo, Sanctus Angelus) (Plates 35-39) ......................................................................42 1.2.4.1. Travellers’ accounts ....................................................................................................................................44 1.2.5. Ta Markou (Plates 40-44) .....................................................................................................................................44 1.2.6. Aria (Arious, Ariousia) (Plates 45-46) ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 1.2.7. Panaghia at Loutra (= Virgin Mary at the Baths) (Plates 47-48) ....................................................................48 i 1.2.8. Vasilika (Plates 49-51) ..........................................................................................................................................48 1.2.9. Aghios Panteleimon - Varvarithos (Plates 52-54) ...........................................................................................49 1.2.10. Varnariti (?) .........................................................................................................................................................49
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