DOCSLIB.ORG

A NUMERICAL EVALUATION of WORLDWIDE and TURKEY CO2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A NUMERICAL EVALUATION of WORLDWIDE and TURKEY CO2 A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF WORLDWIDE CO2 EMISSIONS BASED ON FOSSIL FUELS AND EFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC WARMING IN TURKEY Dr. Nuray TOKGÖZ Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering Mining Engineering Department 34320 Avcılar /Istanbul / TURKEY ABSTRACT The climate system of the earth, globally and locally, obviously has been changed from pre- industrial period to present. Some of the changes are due to human activities where the vital role has been played by the emission. Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil), the raw materials for energy, play an effective and determining role in the development and sustenance of industrial development, as well as in the energy planning in all major countries. When global and regional geographies are evaluated from the geo-strategic and geo-political points of view, it is clearly seen that among all fossil fuels, coal is distributed more “equally” in ratio than oil and natural gas reserves. Coal is gradually gaining importance for countries that do not have energy resources, have limited ones, or have resources on the verge of exhaustion. With the latest environmentally-friendly technological innovations in the field of burning-storing CO2 emissions in thermal power plants and given today’s emphasis on the principle of “sustainable development,” it is an undeniable fact that coal will continue to be a significant primary energy resource in the future, both in Turkey and around the world. In this study, in order to numerically calculate the impact of CO2 from fossil fuel consumption on global warming and the process of climate change, a global scale numerical evaluation has been constructed. The evaluation utilizes the “total primary energy supply (TPES)”-“CO2 emission” from 136 countries in 2004 together with such basic indicators as “TPES/capita” and “ton CO2/capita”. The potential CO2 emission for the year 2030 has also been estimated. Moreover, to maintain the integrity of the subject under study, the distribution of thermal power plants utilizing fossil fuels among the differing geographical regions of Turkey, the relationship between forests (F) in these regions, and the average annual increase in temperature (∆T) between 1975-92 and 1993-2006 have also been examined. Data was taken from 133 macro-climatic meteorological stations within the scope of this study. Keywords: CO2 emission, Fossil fuels, Electricity generation, Atmospheric warming 1. INTRODUCTION Energy has been vitally important for the development of the societies throughout the history. Today, per capita of national income and energy consumption levels present tremendous differences between developed and developing countries. A country should be “developed” in order to sustain its social and economic development. In other words, dealing with the sustainability of development cannot be regarded as a realistic approach for an underdeveloped society. However, besides the fact that development cannot be sustained if the environmental problems are ignored, it should be born in mind that economically weak countries do not have sufficient sources to bear the expenses of environmental protection. The most important reason of the global warming which has considerably been increasing in the last century and the disasters related to it is the very significant increase in the emission rates of the greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere which have occurred as a result of activities of humans after the industrialization. The warming in atmosphere and green-house effect is due to the increase in six main GHG, which are CO2, CH4 (methane), N2O (nitrous oxide), HFC (hydrofluorocarbon), PFC (perflourocarbon), and SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride). The most significant of them is CO2 gas with an emission share of 80-82% within the total amount of greenhouse gas. Emission of CO2 gas is mainly caused by the usage of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) which are used in every sector of industry and economy. Therefore, energy policies directly affect the emissions of greenhouse gases. According to the data from IPCC, within the last century the global surface temperature has increased by 0.6 °C on average. According to the data from World Meteorological Organization, the hottest two years of the last 150 years are 1998 and 2002.( IPCC, 2005). It is envisaged that from 1990 to 2100 the average increase in the global surface temperature will be 1.4-5.8 °C. Atmospheric CO2 reaching from 280 ppm to 360 ppm causes a 1.4°C increase in temperature. This is due to the reflective action of CO2 and SO2 on the light beams emitted from the ground at 1.10-1.63 μm wavelength back to the earth. Meanwhile, CH4 reflects 0.70-0.85μm wavelength red and infrared beams; however, CH4 has a much shorter half-life (11 years) and has less atmospheric concentration (1.65 ppm) (Kantarcı 2006). Knowledge of past CO2 levels and associated paleoenvironmental and paleoecological changes is useful for prediction future consequences of the current increase in atmospheric CO2 (Ghosh P, et.all, 2005). As a result of this climate change, it is suggested that in the forthcoming years excessive droughts will occur in some regions of the world whereas flood disasters will occur in others. Disasters such as hurricanes, floods or excessive droughts that will occur as a result of the climate change also threaten both biological diversity and the future of animal species. Based on these aspects; to provide numerical information on worldwide, CO2 emission trends were analyzed according to intensity of power plants stationary during 1971-2004 periods. Main energy indicators defined as “Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES)”, “ton CO2/capita” were calculated for total 136 world countries. General outlook for the emission of Turkey that effected on its warming was researched in this study as well. 2. WORLDWIDE CO2 EMISSION TRENDS BASED ON FOSSIL FUELS To provide numerical information on CO2 emission resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, 136 countries were analyzed according to the following main energy indicators: “reserves and its dynamic life,” “Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES),” “ton CO2/capita,” efficiency of power plants, and electricity generation trends (Figures 1 and 2). Data were analyzed based on the period from 1971-2004 in order to determine past and future trends of world CO2 emission. When Figures 1, 2 and 3 are carefully examined together, some important evaluations can be produced • World CO2 emission caused by fossil fuel combustion grew from 24.98 Gt in 2003 to 26.58 Gt in 2004, an increase of 6.4 % (1.6 Gt). The world CO2 increase in 2004 is 28% compared to 1990. • It is reported that total 7887 industrial CO2 sources have produced 13 466 Mt CO2 in a year. (IEA, 2000; IPCC, 2005). Globally, emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel use in the year 2004 totalled about 26.58 Gt. Of this, close to 51% was attributed to large (> 0.1 Mt CO2/year, stationary emission sources (see in Figure 1). • Fossil fuel based-industrial source of CO2 emission was produced by power sector as 10539 Mt/year (63 %, 4942) (IPCC, 2005). It is followed by cement production % 15 (1175), refineries % 8.1 (638), petrochemical industry % 6 (478), Biomass % 3.9 (330), Iron and steel industry % 3.4 (270), and other sources 0.6 % ( 90). It clearly seems that large amount of CO2 have been emitted by power sector. If the sources evaluate according to distributed throughout the world, the database shows four main clusters of emissions: North America (midwest and eastern USA), Europe (northwest region), East Asia (eastern coast of China and Japan) and South Asia (Indian subcontinent) (Figure 1). • Proven world coal reserves are currently 907 billion tones and total coal production in the world is 4.9 billion tones. Numerical evaluation shows that coal will be available for a couple of hundred years if there is no growth in the rate of production in the future (static case) for electricity generation in all regions around the world [Figure 1(a)]. • When the power plants in the world working with fossil fuels are examined according to their efficiencies (η), it is seen that they operate with an extremely low efficiency in Russia (16.7-21.2% efficient), CIS (19.4-26.0% efficient), and Central and Eastern Europe (25.5-28.0% efficient). It is known that this low efficiency is the result of the old combustion technologies used in the power plants which in turn causes increased CO2 emission together with SO2 and NO2 emissions [Figure 1(c)] (Tokgöz, 2001 and 2005). • Large fossil fuel consumer’s countries are also large amount of CO2 emitter countries such as USA: 5.8 Gt, China: 4.8 Gt, Europe: 3.5Gt, Russia: 1.5 Gt, Japan: 1.2 Gt, India 1.1 G t, in 2004 [Figure 2(a)](*). • Globally, the biggest emission of CO2 producer was USA which produced 5.8 Gt CO2 in 2004. Increasing of CO2 in 2004 was 21 % compared to 1990. • China is ranked first in the world in coal production with a 1.55% ratio of reserve usage, and it is also ranked second after the USA in CO2 emission (4.8 billion tons). The increase in the amount of CO2 emission in China in 2004 compared to 1990 has been estimated to be 112% (1.12 fold). India is also a coal-producing country and is ranked second in the world in coal production after China. The ratio of coal reserve usage in India is 0.45%. China and India are among those countries which have not signed the Kyoto Protocol [Figure 1(a) and (b)]. • The USA, which is the greatest CO2 emission producer in the world, had a per (∗) capita CO2 emission of 19.73 tones in 2004 [Figure 2(b)] . (∗) Raw data were taken from the “IEA, 2005 and 2006” references.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Synopsis of the Genus Trigonella L. (Fabaceae) in Turkey
    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2020) 44: 670-693 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-2004-63 The synopsis of the genus Trigonella L. (Fabaceae) in Turkey 1, 2 2 Hasan AKAN *, Murat EKİCİ , Zeki AYTAÇ 1 Biology Department, Faculty of Art and Science, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey 2 Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey Received: 25.04.2020 Accepted/Published Online: 23.11.2020 Final Version: 30.11.2020 Abstract: In this study, the synopsis of the taxa of the genus Trigonella in Turkey is presented. It is represented with 34 taxa in Turkey. The name of Trigonella coelesyriaca was misspelled to Flora of Turkey and the correct name of this species, Trigonella caelesyriaca, was given in this study. The endemic Trigonella raphanina has been reduced to synonym of T. cassia and T. balansae is reduced to synonym of T. corniculata. In addition, T. spruneriana var. sibthorpii is reevaluated as a distinct species. Lectotypification was designated forT. capitata, T. spruneriana and T. velutina. Neotypification was decided for T. cylindracea and T. cretica species. Trigonella taxa used to be represented by 52 taxa in the Flora of Turkey. However, they have later been evaluated by different studies under 32 species (34 taxa) in Turkey. In this study, taxonomic notes, diagnostic keys are provided and general distribution as well as their conservation status of each species within the genus in Turkey is given. Key words: Anatolia, lectotype, Leguminosae, neotype, systematic 1. Introduction graecum L. (Fenugreek) were known and used for different The genus Trigonella L.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………....
    [Show full text]
  • Fethiye-Antalya-Kaş-Finike (Güneybati Anadolu) Bölgesinde Yapilan Jeolojik Etüdler
    FETHİYE-ANTALYA-KAŞ-FİNİKE (GÜNEYBATI ANADOLU) BÖLGESİNDE YAPILAN JEOLOJİK ETÜDLER Hans J. COLIN Geologischen Landesamt, Nordheim-Westfalen ÖZET. — Eser, müellifin Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü namına 1953 ve 1954 sene- leri yaz aylarında Fethiye, Antalya, Kaş ve Finike bölgelerinde yapmış olduğu jeolojik araştırmala- ra dayanmaktadır. Gerek stratigrafik ve tektonik müşahedeler, gerekse Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsünün yapmış olduğu paleontolojik ve mineralojik tesbitler, bu bölgelerde genç Paleozoik, Mesozoik ve Senozoik yapılı sahre cinslerinin yayılmış olduğu neticesini vermektedir. Bu arada muhtelif fasies gelişmelerini tefrik etmek mümkün olmaktadır. Dik ve yatık tektonik kitleleri birbirinden ayıran büyük çapta kaymalara raslanmıştır. Muhtelif Struktur istikametlerinin göze batan girişimleri daha evvel vuku bulmuş olan tabakalaşmaya dayanmaktadır. Genç Tersiyer ve Pleistosende bölge büyük faylanmalar tesiriyle parçalanmıştır. I. ÖNSÖZ 1953 ve 1954 senesi yaz aylarında, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü em- riyle Fethiye, Antalya, Kaş ve Finike arasındaki bölgenin jeolojik haritasının tan- zimi işi ile görevlendirildim. Jeolojik bakımdan olduğu kadar manzara ve arkeoloji bakımından da çok ilginç olan bu bölge, E. Tietze'nin etüdlerinden (1885) bu yana ve A. Philippson'- dan (1915) beri hemen hemen hiç dikkate alınmamıştır. Son zamanların krom ve manganez zuhurları hakkındaki birkaç raporundan başka (G. Hiessleitner, 1951/52; V. Kovenko, 1937, 1943, 1945; Oelsner, 1932, 1936) ve yer gazı ile asfalt zuhur- ları hakkında verilen bir iki rapor müstesna olmak üzere (H. Kirk, 1937; M. Lucius, 1925a ve 6, 1930; J. Maxson, 1937; C.E. Taşman, 1930), sadece Elmalı ve Kaş paftalarının bazı durum löveleri mevcuttur. Bu itibarla önce, bölgenin tümü hakkındaki jeolojik durum bakımından bil- gi edinmek icabetmiştir ki, bu da sahanın genişliği ve Alpin karakterli olması karşısında, elde bulunan zaman içinde ancak geniş aralıklı bir gezi şebekesi tesisi suretiyle temin edilebilmiştir.
    [Show full text]
  • 22-Erendiz Özbayoglu
    ISSN 1301-7667 m MERS‹N ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ KILIKIA ARKEOLOJ‹S‹N‹ ARAfiTIRMA MERKEZ‹ MERSIN UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY KAAM YAYINLARI OLBA VIII (Özel Say›) MERS‹N 2003 KAAM YAYINLARI OLBA VIII (Özel Say›) © 2003 Mersin/Türkiye ISSN 1301-7667 OLBA dergisi hakemlidir ve May›s-Haziran aylar›nda olmak üzere, y›lda iki kez bas›lmaktad›r. Published each year in May and June. KAAM’›n izni olmadan OLBA’n›n hiçbir bölümü kopya edilemez. Al›nt› yap›lmas› durumunda dipnot ile referans gösterilmelidir. It is not allowed to copy any section of OLBA without the permit of KAAM. OLBA’ya gönderilen makaleler afla¤›daki web adresinde yada KAAM taraf›ndan da¤›t›lan broflürlerde bildirilmifl olan formatlara uygun oldu¤u taktirde bas›lacakt›r. Articles should be written according the formats mentioned in the following web address or brochures distributed by KAAM Yay›nlanmas› istenilen makalelerin, her y›l›n sonuna kadar afla¤›da belirtilen iletiflim adreslerine teslim edilmifl olmas› gerekmektedir. Articles should be sent to the following correspondence addresses till the end of the year. OLBA’n›n yeni say›lar›nda yay›nlanmas› istenen makaleler için yaz›flma adresi: Correspondance addresses for sending articles to following volumes of OLBA: Prof. Dr. Serra Durugönül Mersin Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Çiftlikköy Kampüsü 33342-MERS‹N TURKEY Di¤er ‹letiflim Adresleri Other Correspondance Addresses Tel:00.90.324.361 00 01 (10 Lines)/162-163 Fax: 00.90.324.361 00 46 web mail: www.kaam.mersin.edu.tr e-mail: [email protected] m MERS‹N ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ KILIKIA ARKEOLOJ‹S‹N‹ ARAfiTIRMA MERKEZ‹ (KAAM) YAYINLARI-VIII MERSIN UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY (KAAM)-VIII (Özel Say›) Editör Serra DURUGÖNÜL Murat DURUKAN Bilim Kurulu Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • New Custom for the Old Village Interpreting History Through Turkish Village Web-Sites
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History Spring 5-27-2011 New Custom for the Old Village Interpreting History through Turkish Village Web-Sites Musemma Sabancioglu Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Sabancioglu, Musemma, "New Custom for the Old Village Interpreting History through Turkish Village Web-Sites." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/48 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEW CUSTOM FOR THE OLD VILLAGE INTERPRETING HISTORY THROUGH TURKISH VILLAGE WEB-SITES by MÜSEMMA SABANCIOĞLU Under the Direction of Isa Blumi ABSTRACT It is estimated that there are 35.000 villages in Turkey, and a great number of them have their own unofficial web-sites created as a result of individual efforts. The individuals who prepare these web-sites try to connect with the world via the internet, and represent their past with limited information. Pages on these web-sites that are titled "our history" or "our short history" provide some unique historical, cultural, and anthropological information about the villager's life in rural area. This thesis examines amateur historians' methods of reinterpretation in
    [Show full text]
  • Has the Climate Been Changing in Turkey? Regional Climate Change
    The following supplement accompanies the article Has the climate been changing in Turkey? Regional climate change signals based on a comparative statistical analysis of two consecutive time periods, 1950-1980 and 1981-2010 Murat Türkeş*, Ceylan Yozgatlıgil, İnci Batmaz, Cem İyigün, Elçin Kartal Koç, Fidan M. Fahmi, Sipan Aslan* *Corresponding author: [email protected] Climate Research 70: 77–93 (2016) Table S1. Observation periods as and proportion of missing observations of all stations used in the study. Station Station name Establishment Closing dates Proportion Proportion missing number date missing for for temperature (dd.mm.yy) precipitation data data 17020 Bartin 01.01.1952 19.13 27.05 17022 Zonguldak 01.01.1931 0.14 3.42 17024 İnebolu 10.02.1931 1933 - 1942 1.37 4.78 17026 Sinop 01.01.1929 1929 - 1931 0.41 3.42 17030 Samsun 01.01.1929 0.55 0.27 17033 Ordu 01.01.1929 1948 - 1950 16.39 21.99 17034 Giresun 01.01.1929 0.00 0.00 17038 Trabzon 01.01.1949 0.00 0.00 17040 Rize 01.01.1929 0.14 0.41 17042 Hopa 01.01.1938 1954 -1961 19.67 19.67 17045 Artvin 01.01.1929 1932 -1946 0.00 0.00 17046 Ardahan 01.01.1938 13.66 18.03 17050 Edirne 01.01.1929 3.42 6.69 17052 Kirklareli 01.01.1929 16.26 25.00 17054 corlu 01.01.1937 8.61 12.70 17056 Tekirdag 01.01.1929 2.05 3.42 17059 Kumkoy 01.01.1951 3.28 5.19 17061 Sariyer 01.01.1930 1931 - 1937 1.09 4.10 17062 Istanbul 01.01.1929 5.33 3.55 17066 Kocaeli 01.09.1960 1934 - 1937 12.84 15.57 17069 Sakarya 01.01.1965 1952 - 1954 6.42 9.43 17070 Bolu 01.01.1929 0.68 3.42 17072 Duzce 01.04.1944 15.71
    [Show full text]
  • Maraş'ta Ermeni Nüfusu
    MARAŞ’TA ERMENİ NÜFUSU: OSMANLI SON DÖNEMİ, MÜTÂREKE ve MİLLİ MÜCADELE YILLARI Armenian Population in Marash: The Late Ottoman Period, Armistice and National Struggle Years Mehmet Yetişgin∗ Özet Osmanlı son döneminde Halep vilayetine bağlı bir sancak olan Maraş merkez ile Zeytun (Süleymanlı) kazaları Ermenilerin Osmanlı Devleti içerisinde sıkça yaşadığı yerlerden idi. Bunda, bölgenin coğrafik özelliği kadar, ticaret yolları üzerinde olması ve zengin tarım yapılan ovalara sahip bulunması etkili olmuştu. Osmanlı toprakları içerisinde Maraş, her ne kadar Ermenilerin yoğun yaşadığı yerlerden birisi idiyse de buradaki Türklerin nüfusu oldukça fazla idi. Maraş merkezde Ermenilerin oranı, Katolik ve Protestanlar dahil, yüzde otuzlara varırken, sancak genelinde bu oran yüzde yirmilere gerilemekteydi. Bunda, Zeytun dışındaki kazalarda—Elbistan, Pazarcık, Andırın, Göksun—Ermenilerin nüfusunun oldukça önemsiz miktarda olması etkili olmuştur. Bölgede sürekli ayaklanmalara karışan Ermeniler, Büyük Savaş sonrasında, Maraş’ın Fransızlar tarafından işgali sırasında, Fransız işgal güçleri ile birlikte Türklere karşı savaşmış, Fransızlar yenik olarak bölgede ayrılınca da onlarla birlikte gitmeye karar vermişlerdir. Şehirde kalan Ermenilerin en son ayrılan kafilesi, Ocak 1922 tarihinde olmak üzere, Maraş’tan ayrılmışlardır. Anahtar kelimeler: Türkler, Ermeniler, Maraş, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Türkiye. Abstract In the last years of the Ottoman Empire, Marash was a sub-province within Aleppo and was housing a large number of the Armenians. In the density of the Armenian population, Marash’s geographic aspects, its important location on trade routes and its arable lands played important roles. Although, Marash housed a large number of the Armenians, their number was much smaller than the Turks. The percentage of the Armenian population, including the Protestants and the Catholics, in the city of Marash was around 30 percent, while this percentage dropped to around 20 in the whole sub-province.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblical World
    MAPS of the PAUL’SBIBLICAL MISSIONARY JOURNEYS WORLD MILAN VENICE ZAGREB ROMANIA BOSNA & BELGRADE BUCHAREST HERZEGOVINA CROATIA SAARAJEVO PISA SERBIA ANCONA ITALY Adriatic SeaMONTENEGRO PRISTINA Black Sea PODGORICA BULGARIA PESCARA KOSOVA SOFIA ROME SINOP SKOPJE Sinope EDIRNE Amastris Three Taverns FOGGIA MACEDONIA PONTUS SAMSUN Forum of Appius TIRANA Philippi ISTANBUL Amisos Neapolis TEKIRDAG AMASYA NAPLES Amphipolis Byzantium Hattusa Tyrrhenian Sea Thessalonica Amaseia ORDU Puteoli TARANTO Nicomedia SORRENTO Pella Apollonia Marmara Sea ALBANIA Nicaea Tavium BRINDISI Beroea Kyzikos SAPRI CANAKKALE BITHYNIA ANKARA Troy BURSA Troas MYSIA Dorylaion Gordion Larissa Aegean Sea Hadrianuthera Assos Pessinous T U R K E Y Adramytteum Cotiaeum GALATIA GREECE Mytilene Pergamon Aizanoi CATANZARO Thyatira CAPPADOCIA IZMIR ASIA PHRYGIA Prymnessus Delphi Chios Smyrna Philadelphia Mazaka Sardis PALERMO Ionian Sea Athens Antioch Pisidia MESSINA Nysa Hierapolis Rhegium Corinth Ephesus Apamea KONYA COMMOGENE Laodicea TRAPANI Olympia Mycenae Samos Tralles Iconium Aphrodisias Arsameia Epidaurus Sounion Colossae CATANIA Miletus Lystra Patmos CARIA SICILY Derbe ADANA GAZIANTEP Siracuse Sparta Halicarnassus ANTALYA Perge Tarsus Cnidus Cos LYCIA Attalia Side CILICIA Soli Korakesion Korykos Antioch Patara Mira Seleucia Rhodes Seleucia Malta Anemurion Pieria CRETE MALTA Knosos CYPRUS Salamis TUNISIA Fair Haven Paphos Kition Amathous SYRIA Kourion BEIRUT LEBANON PAUL’S MISSIONARY JOURNEYS DAMASCUS Prepared by Mediterranean Sea Sidon FIRST JOURNEY : Nazareth SECOND
    [Show full text]
  • Harran Yönetim Planı
    HARRAN YÖNETİM PLANI [2016 - 2021] Harran (Şanlıurfa) Yönetim Planı Sayfa 1 HARRAN YÖNETİM PLANI 2016 Harran (Şanlıurfa) Yönetim Planı Sayfa 2 Harran (Şanlıurfa) Yönetim Planı Sayfa 3 22/04/2016 Harran (Şanlıurfa) Yönetim Planı Sayfa 4 Harran (Şanlıurfa) Yönetim Planı Sayfa 5 HARRAN ALAN BAŞKANLIĞI DANIŞMA KURULU ÜYELERİ Mehmet ÖZYAVUZ, Harran Belediye Başkanı Murat ÇALIM, Alan Yönetimi Başkanı Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖNAL, Harran Ünüversitesi, Arkeoloji Bölüm Başkanı Müslüm ERCAN, Şanlıurfa Arkeoloji Müzesi Müdürü Abdullah TURMUŞ, Harran Esnaf Kefalet Kooperatifi Başkanı Aydın ASLAN, Şanlıurfa Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürü Müslüm AKALIN, Şanlıurfa Koruma Bölge Kurulu Eski Üyesi, Avukat Mehmet Kamil TÜRKMEN, Türeb Şanlıurfa Temsilcisi Şuro Başkanı Mehmet Ali PALA, Şanlıurfa Vakıflar Bölge Müdürlüğü, Şube Müdürü Mahmut ÖZYAVUZ, Mülkiyet Sahibi Mehmet Selim AÇAR, Şehir Plancıları Odası Şanlıurfa Temsilciliği Başkanı Bilal YILDIRIM, Mimarlar Odası Şanlıurfa Temsilciliği Başkanı Reşat ÖZYAVUZ, Mülkiyet Sahibi, Turizm İşletmecisi Ahmet BİTER, Mülkiyet Sahibi, Turizm İşletmecisi Gülay BEYAZGÜL, Şanlıurfa Büyük Şehir Belediyesi, İhale Kontrol Şube Müdürü M. Fatih KAYRAL, Ortak Payda Derneği Başkanı Ahmet Ruhi ÇAT, Harran Kaymakamlığı, Gençlik Spor İlçe Müdürlüğü Harran (Şanlıurfa) Yönetim Planı Sayfa 6 Harran (Şanlıurfa) Yönetim Planı Sayfa 7 HARRAN YÖNETİM PLANI [2016 - 2021] HAZIRLAYAN YETKİLİ İDARE AnaDOKU GAP Bölge Kalkınma İdaresi Ergün ERGANİ, Koordinatör Sadrettin KARAHOCAGİL, Başkan Aysin TEKTAŞ KESKİN, Y. Şehir Plancısı, Muhammed ADAK, Başkan Yardımcısı Kentsel Politika Uzmanı Mehmet Ersoy SADIKOĞLU, Arkeolog Yaşar YETKİN, Genel Koordinatör Gülfer ERDOĞAN ARIKOĞLU, Mimar M. Suphi ÖZER, Kültür, Turizm ve Çevre Koordinatörü Arzu MİMİROĞLU, Sanat Tarihçisi Serap ÜZER, Proje Koordinatörü Uğur ERÖZKAN, Kamu Yönetimi Uzmanı Merve NESLİHAN GÜRBÜZEL, Ekonomist Özgür ŞAHİNER, Proje Sorumlusu İller Bankası A.Ş.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Weed Species, Their Frequency and Densities in Cherry Orchards in Kahramanmaras Province, Turkey
    Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 24 (3):198-209, 2019 (Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Agricultural Sciences 24 (3):198-209, 2019) e-ISSN: 2667-7733 http://dergipark.org.tr/mkutbd ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ RESEARCH ARTICLE Determination of weed species, their frequency and densities in cherry orchards in Kahramanmaras province, Turkey Kahramanmaraş ili kiraz bahçelerinde bulunan yabancı ot türlerinin, yaygınlıklarının ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi Tamer ÜSTÜNER1 1Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. MAKALE BİLGİSİ / ARTICLE INFO Ö Z E T / A B S T R A C T Makale tarihçesi / Article history: Aims: In order to achieve successful chemical control of weeds, the species Geliş tarihi /Received:24.07.2019 and density of weeds should be known. The aim of this study was to Kabul tarihi/Accepted:01.11.2019 determine the species, density, frequency and general coverage area of the weeds in cherry orchards in Kahramanmaras province. Methods and Results: This survey was conducted to determine the Keywords: species, density and frequency of weeds in cherry orchards of Cherry orchards, weed, density, frequency Kahramanmaras province (11 districts). It was determined that the density and general coverage. of the weeds in Andırın cherry orchards had the highest density followed by Dulkadiroglu, Göksun, Onikisubat, Turkoglu, Elbistan, Afsin, Ekinözü, Corresponding author: Tamer ÜSTÜNER Caglayancerit, Pazarcik and Nurhak districts, respectively. As for the : [email protected] average density of each weed species; Elymus repens (L.) Gould., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. were found to be very dense. The frequencies of E. repens, S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Drowning of Ancient Limyra (Southwestern Turkey) by Rising Ground- Water During Late Antiquity to Byzantine Times
    Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences Vienna 2016 Volume 109/2 203 - 210 DOI: 10.17738/ajes.2016.0015 The drowning of ancient Limyra (southwestern Turkey) by rising ground- water during Late Antiquity to Byzantine times Gerd RANTITSCH1) *), Walter PROCHASKA1), Martin SEYER2), Helmut LOTZ3) & Christian KURTZE2) 1) Chair of Geology and Economic Geology, Montanuniversität Leoben, Peter-Tunner Strasse 5, A-8700, Leoben, Austria; 2) Austrian Archaeological Institute, Franz Klein-Gasse 1, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; 3) Documenta Antiqua – History of Ancient Law, Institute for the Study of Ancient Culture, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Postgasse 7 / 4, A-1010 Vienna, Austria; *) Corresponding author: [email protected] KEYWORDS Geoarcheology; SW Turkey; Lycia; Limyra; Hydrogeology Abstract From the 6th century BC to Byzantine times, the ancient city of Limyra was an important urban center of the Lycian territory at the southwestern coastal region of Asia Minor. Archaeological, geological, hydrochemical and surface elevation data, as well as 14C age dating constrain a paleo-hydrogeological model, explaining the submergence of the city foundation walls below the groundwater table. In this model, tectonically induced subsidence of the acropolis (Toçak Dağı) initiated a debris flow into the area of the lower city. Both, natural and anthropogenic gravel accumulation resulted in the formation of a new aquifer pathway redirecting formerly bypassing karst water into the city center. Consequently, the inhabitants of Limyra had to fight against the rising ground water table at least since the 6th to 10th centuries AD. Die antike Stadt Limyra war vom 6. Jh. v.Chr. bis zu byzantinischer Zeit ein bedeutendes urbanes Zentrum in Lykien an der süd- westlichen Küste von Kleinasien.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkish Tourism Family
    1 The aim of VıA Marıs Tours & Travel Dear Colleague, The aim of VIA MARIS TOURS & TRAVEL is to create remarkable travel experiences for visitors to Turkey. By customizing each journey to suit the interests and style of the travelers, individuals, families, and groups can explore this fascinating country, exceed their expectations, and return home with fabulous memories to share. Via Maris is dutifully continuing this tradition under Dear Colleague, the leadership of its management who have spent more than Warm greetings from VIA MARIS five decades pursuing perfection in tourism. TOURS & TRAVEL, a member of Turkish Tourism family. Every detail of your journey is attended to by our experienced and knowledgeable staff who plan and monitor your trip from We are a company formed by the moment we receive your request until you bid farewell on gifted and energetic young your last day in Turkey. We are ideally located in Istanbul; a fact tourism executives with vast that allows us to react quickly to any concerns. international experience and managed by a professional We have a unique perspective on Turkey that comes from our team that has been in the total focus on this destination. We continually monitor the travel trade business for services and establishments we propose to ensure that they many years. meet our standards of excellence. Understanding the visitor, attention to detail, and enthusiasm for sharing the riches of our Our company specializes in faith country are our keys to success. and cultural tourism in Turkey but we also tailor and operate There are many amazing sights to explore in Turkey and even incentive programs, nature and more ways to combine them in a tour.
    [Show full text]