Ossification = Osteogenesis Ossification = Osteogenesis

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Ossification = Osteogenesis Ossification = Osteogenesis • Parts of the fetal skeleton form during the first few weeks after conception • By the end of the 8th week, the skeletal pattern is formed : cartilage & connective tissue membranes There are two classifications of ossification: Intramembranous: Endochondral: *Replacement of *Replacement of sheetlike connective hyaline cartilage tissue with bony tissue with bony tissue *Primarily in flat bones *Most bones are of skull & some irregular formed this way bones Intramembranous Ossification • Osteoblasts migrate to the membrane and deposit bony matrix around themselves. Intramembranous Ossification • Osteoblasts migrate to the membrane and deposit bony matrix around themselves. • Once surrounded by matrix, they are called osteocytes. Intramembranous Ossification • Osteoblasts migrate to the membrane and deposit bony matrix around themselves. • Once surrounded by matrix, they are called osteocytes. • “Islands” of bone grow outward from the origin and connect with one anaother Intramembranous Ossification • Osteoblasts migrate to the membrane and deposit bony matrix around themselves. • Once surrounded by matrix, they are called osteocytes. • “Islands” of bone grow outward from the origin • After formation, growth and connect with one continues only from border anaother cells Endochondral Ossification • Hyaline cartilage ‘bones’ are infiltrated with blood vessels & osteoblasts. • Formation of ‘Collar’ of compact bone around diaphysis Endochondral Ossification • At the same time, cartilage in center of diaphysis begins to disintegrate • Replaced with spongy bone * Primary Ossification Center* Ossification continues from the primary ossification center towards the ends of the bones. Ossification continues from the primary ossification center towards the ends of the bones. After spongy bone is formed in diaphysis, osteoclasts break it down to open up medullary cavity Ossification continues from the primary ossification center towards the ends of the bones. After spongy bone is formed in diaphysis, osteoclasts break it down to open up medullary cavity The cartilage in the epiphysis continues to grow, so developing bone increases in length Ossification continues from the primary ossification center towards the ends of the bones. After spongy bone is formed in diaphysis, osteoclasts break it down to open up medullary cavity The cartilage in the epiphysis continues to grow, so developing bone increases in length After birth, secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses – ossification is similar, except spongy bone is not broken down. Ossification continues from the primary ossification center towards the ends of the bones. After spongy bone is formed in diaphysis, osteoclasts break it down to open up medullary cavity The cartilage in the epiphysis continues to grow, so developing bone increases in length After birth, secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses – ossification is similar, except spongy bone is not broken down. Once ossification is complete – the cartilage is all replaced except at the surface of the epiphysis [articular cartilage] and between the diaphysis and epiphysis [epiphyseal plate] .

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Development of the Endochondral Skeleton
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Species comparison of stages_full text CfS dog (Travis, Meyers-Wallen) TS mouse (reference: Theiler) 1-20 hrs CS human (reference: O'Rahilly & Miller) CfS 1 Litters: TM_ IVF_090, d6 TS 1 Theiler stage characterized by CS 1 Carnegie stage gamete or One cell oocyte in oviduct One celled egg Ovulated oocyte to unicellular zygote zygote (Primary oocyte) Begins with fertilization of egg in metaphase stage of the prior to first cleavage meiotic second maturation division Male and female pronuclei present at 20 hrs CfS 1 vs TS 1 Page 1 Species comparison of stages_full text CfS dog (Travis, Meyers-Wallen) TS mouse (reference: Theiler) 1-20 hrs CS human (reference: O'Rahilly & Miller) CfS 2 Litters: TM_ IVF_090, d8 TS 2 Theiler stage characterized by CS 2 Carnegie stage gamete or Zygote at 2 cell stage Beginning of zygote segmentation Zygotes at 2 cells or more, but zygote Starts with completion of first cleavage division, ends not including blastocyst stage with zygotes at 2 cell stage maximum CfS 2 vs TS 2 Page 2 Species comparison of stages_full text CfS dog (Travis, Meyers-Wallen) TS mouse (reference: Theiler) 2 dpc CS human (reference: O'Rahilly & Miller) CfS 3 Litters: TM_ IVF_090, d8-9 TS 3 Theiler stage characterized by CS 2 Carnegie stage gamete or Zygotes at 4-16 cell stage morulae Advanced segmenting embryos, morulae Zygotes at 2 cells or more, but zygote but morulae have no cavity present Includes zygotes from 2 cells to 16 cell morulae not including blastocyst stage between cells but no cavity present between cells of morulae CfS
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