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Ossification Time of Distal Humeral Epiphyses by Gender in the Pre

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DOI: 10.4274/haseki.galenos.2019.4624 Med Bull Haseki 2019;57:42-46 Ossification Time of Distal Humeral Epiphyses by Gender in the Pre-pubertal Period Pre-pubertal Dönemde Humerus Distal Epifizlerinin Cinsiyete Göre Ossifikasyon Zamanı Mehmet Sabri Balık Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Rize, Turkey Abs­tract Öz Aim: It was aimed to determine the differences in time of physeal Amaç: Puberte öncesi dönemde humerus distal epifizlerinin yaş closure and the appearance of humeral distal epiphyses in the pre- ve cinsiyete göre görünme ve fiz hatlarının kapanma zamanındaki pubertal period between genders. farklılıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Methods: Radiological data of the first 200 healthy children in the pre- Yöntemler: Dirsek bölgesinde yakınma nedeniyle tanı amaçlı dirsek pubertal period, who underwent diagnostic X-ray imaging of the elbow due to the complaints of the elbow region between January 2012 X-ray çekilen puberte öncesi sağlıklı toplam ilk 200 çocuğun radyolojik and January 2017, were collected. The presence of lateral epicondyle, verileri toplandı. Olguların dirsek grafilerinde lateral epikondil, lateral lateral condyle, trochlea, and medial epicondyle epiphysis cores on the kondil, troklea ve medial epikondilin epifiz çekirdeklerinin varlığı yaş ve elbow radiographs was classified and labeled by age and gender. The cinsiyete göre sınıflandırılarak kayıt edildi. Lateral epikondil ile lateral ages, in which the lines between lateral epicondyle and lateral condyle, kondil, lateral kondil ile troklea, medial epikondil ile humerus, humerus lateral condyle and trochlea, medial epicondyle and humerus, humerus and lateral epicondyle, and lateral epicondyle and trochlea epiphyses ile lateral epikondil lateral kondil troklea epifizleri arası hattın kapalı were found to be closed, were documented by gender. görüldüğü yaşlar cinsiyete göre dokümante edildi. Results: Examining the mean ossification time by gender for lateral Bulgular: Ortalama ossifikasyon zamanı lateral epikondil, troklea, epicondyle, trochlea, medial epicondyle, and lateral condyle, this time medial epikondil, lateral kondil için cinsiyete göre değerlendirildiğinde was found to be nine months early, nine months early, 10 months sırasıyla kızlarda dokuz ay erken, dokuz ay erken, 10 ay erken ve iki early, and two months late for the girls, respectively. The mean physeal ay geç tesbit edildi. Fiz hatlarının ortalama kapanma zamanı cinsiyete closure time in girls were found to be 13 months earlier for the lateral epicondyle-lateral condyle physis, seven months earlier for lateral göre değerlendirildiğinde kızlarda lateral epikondil-lateral kondil fiz condyle-trochlea physis, eight months later for lateral epicondyle-lateral hattı için 13 ay erken, lateral kondil-troklea fiz hattı için yedi ay erken, condyle-trochlea-humerus physis, and nine months later for medial lateral epikondil-lateral kondil-troklea-humerus fiz hattı için sekiz ay geç, epicondyle-humerus physis. medial epikondil-humerus fiz hattı için dokuz ay geç tespit edildi. Conclusion: In the literature, a delay was observed in ossification time Sonuç: Literatüre göre kızlarda lateral kondilin, her iki cinste ise medial of lateral condyle in girls and medial epicondyle in both genders. When epikondilin ossifikasyon zamanında gecikme vardı. Medial epikondil ve compared with girls, the medial epicondyle and fusion times were found to be earlier in boys than in girls. füzyon zamanı kızlarda erkeklerden daha erkendi. Keywords: Elbow, ossification center, epiphysis Anahtar Sözcükler: Dirsek, ossifikasyon merkezi, epifiz ©Copyright 2019 by The Medical Bulletin of Ad­dress for Cor­res­pon­den­ce/Ya­z›fl­ma Ad­re­si: Mehmet Sabri Balık University of Health Sciences Haseki Training and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic and Research Hospital The Medical Bulletin of Haseki published by Traumatology, Rize, Turkey Galenos Yayınevi. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9729-3927 ©Telif Hakkı 2019 Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Haseki Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Received/Gelifl Tarihi: 11September 2018 Ac­cep­ted/Ka­bul Ta­ri­hi: 07February 2019 Haseki Tıp Bülteni, Galenos Yayınevi tarafından yayınlanmıştır. 42 Mehmet Sabri Balık Ossification Time of Distal Humerus Epiphyses Introduction elbow X-ray imaging, were analyzed by an orthopedist. The skeletal system has significant contribution to Patients having bilateral X-ray image showing the elbow the physical growth of the human body. This process is region were involved in the present study. Those having based on the proliferation of the cartilage tissue named a history of fracture in the elbow region, metabolic and “chondroplasia” in long bones. The bone development chronic disease, detected to have osseous pathology on begins in diaphysis during the intrauterine period as the radiographs, and having image with insufficient quality for primary ossification period. It continues as the secondary evaluation were excluded. ossification center after birth. In this period, the epiphysis For all the cases, the closure of the line between cores are formed. The shape and size of epiphysis cores epiphyses and the ossification of distal humeral epiphyses and their relationship with diaphysis show the growth were analyzed using the elbow images. In this analysis, the potential of bone. During the growth period, there is the presence of lateral epicondyle, lateral condyle, trochlea, cartilage between metaphysis and epiphysis (1). and medial epicondyle epiphysis cores was classified and The timing of ossification of bones in the period of labeled by age and gender. The ages, in which the lines growth after birth differs. Puberty plays a role in the between lateral epicondyle and lateral condyle, lateral beginning of the ossification of the epiphysis zones. The condyle and trochlea, medial epicondyle and humerus, factors affecting the beginning of puberty are genetic ones humerus and lateral epicondyle, and lateral epicondyle (2), intrauterine factors (3), nourishment (4), geographic and trochlea epiphyses were found to be closed, were and climatic conditions (3), chronic diseases (5), physical documented by gender. They were grouped based on the stress (3,6), psychological state (7), materials damaging timing of physeal closure. the endocrine system (2), and migration (3). In addition This retrospective study was carried out in accordance to these factors, the onset of puberty also varies between with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. girls and boys. Boys usually start puberty two years later For searching archived material and reserch permission than girls. For this reason, gender is one of the main was obtained from the hospital administration, and it determinants of ossification time (8,9). was affirmed by the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University local Traumatic injuries to the locomotor system including the ethics commitee (approvel number: 22). elbow region are frequently observed in the pre-pubertal period. The ossification centers distal to the humerus in Statistical­Analysis­ children during the pre-pubertal period have a complex The normality of data distribution was analyzed using anatomic structure. It might complicate the differential the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The central tendency of diagnosis of injuries affecting the elbow region. They are parametric ones among the numeric data was expressed important since these injuries are frequently observed and as mean value and standard deviation. The non-parametric they deteriorate the functions of the elbow joint (10-12). ones were expressed as median and interquartile range. Imaging methods are used in examining the elbow In the figures, the ossification and fusion time ranges of after injury, especially those affecting the bone tissue. the cases are presented. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Elbow radiography is the first option in imaging. The Social Sciences) software 17.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) complex variable anatomic structure, age, and gender- was used in all of the analyses. based differences in the pre-pubertal period of children should be considered in analyzing direct radiographies of Results the elbow joint (13-16). 30% of the subjects were girl and 70% were boy. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the The mean age of lateral epicondyle ossification was 142 timing of physeal closure and appearance of distal humeral months for the boys and 133 months for the girls. That epiphyses in children in the pre-pubertal period living in of trochlea ossification was found to be 143 months for our region. boys and 134 months for girls. The mean age of medial epicondyle ossification was determined to be 120 months Methods for boys and 110 months for girls. Finally, the mean age The radiological data of the first 200 healthy children of lateral condyle ossification was found to be 78 months in the pre-pubertal period, who attended Recep Tayyip for boys and 80 months for girls. The distribution of mean Erdoğan University Training and Research Hospital with ages, in which the distal humeral epiphysis was ossified the complaints of the elbow region between January (Table 1) or not, by gender is presented in Figure 1 for all 2012 and January 2017 and then underwent diagnostic subjects. 43 Mehmet Sabri Balık Ossification Time of Distal Humerus Epiphyses a b a b c d c d Figure­ 2. The distribution of the ages of fused and non- Figure­1. The distribution
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  • The Age Order of Epiphyseal Union Around Elbow Joint - a Radiological Study in Vidarbha

    The Age Order of Epiphyseal Union Around Elbow Joint - a Radiological Study in Vidarbha

    International Journal of Recent Trends in Science And Technology, ISSN 2277-2812 E-ISSN 2249-8109, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2014 pp 251-255 The Age Order of Epiphyseal Union around Elbow Joint - A Radiological Study in Vidarbha Nemade K. S.1*, Kamdi N. Y.2, Meshram M. M.3 1Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor, Department of Anatomy, GMC, Nagpur, Maharashtra, INDIA. *Corresponding Address: [email protected] Research Article Abstract: Age of union of epiphysis is an important objective even by the workers from the various provinces of the method of age determination which is a difficult task for medico- Indian subcontinent ( Lal and Nat 1934 11 ; Pillai 1936 15 ; legal person. However, this age varies with racial, geographic, Galstaun 1937 9; Basu and Basu 1938 3,4 ; Lal and climatic and various other factors. Study of various text books in 12 et al 8 Anatomy and Radiology exhibits a glaring discrepancy as regards Townsend 1939 ; Gupta . 1974 ). Because of the the ages at which the different epiphyses fuse with the respective existence of such racial, geographic and climatic diaphyses in long bones. These variations have suggested need of variations, need for separate standards of ossification for separate standard of ossification for separate regions. This leads us separate regions have been suggested (Loder et al 1993 14 ; to study ages of epiphyseal union around elbow joint, a rarely Koc et al. 2001 10 ; Crowder et al. 2005 6). So, the present studied joint. Study was performed in total 320 healthy subjects work is undertaken as a pilot study to investigate the ages having ages from 13 to 23 years and length of residence in Vidarbh more than 10 years.