The Role of the B.C. Provincial Park System in Grizzly Bear Preservation Author(S): Wayne P

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The Role of the B.C. Provincial Park System in Grizzly Bear Preservation Author(s): Wayne P. McCrory, Stephen M. Herrero, Greg W. Jones, Erica D. Mallam Source: Bears: Their Biology and Management, Vol. 8, A Selection of Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Bear Research and Management, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, February 1989 (1990), pp. 11-16 Published by: International Association of Bear Research and Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3872898 Accessed: 02/01/2009 16:23

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http://www.jstor.org THE ROLEOF THE B.C. PROVINCIALPARK SYSTEM IN GRIZZLYBEAR PRESERVATION

WAYNE P. MCCRORY, McCroryWildlife Services, Box 146, New Denver, B.C. VOG 1SO STEPHEN M. HERRERO, Faculty of Environmental Design, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. T2N 1 N4 GREG W. JONES, B.C. Parks and Outdoor Recreation Division, 3rd Floor, 4000 Seymour Place, Victoria, B.C. V8V 1X4 ERICA D. MALLAM,Box 117, New Denver, B.C. VOG 1SO

Abstract: The role of the large provincial park system in British Columbia (B.C.) in protecting grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations, range and ecological variation was examined in a provincial, national and international context. Varying degrees of protection of grizzly bears are provided by the 53 larger parks over 1,000 ha each and 89 smaller parks under 1,000 ha each. Trophy hunting is still allowed in 20 parks. Grizzly bears are extirpated in 12 larger parks and severely reduced in another 7. These 19 parks represent about 10% of the total range of 4,402,600 ha protected by provincial parks. B.C. parks support about 6% of the provincial grizzly population, contribute 5.6% of grizzly range, and represent about 1/3 of the 45 distinct landscapes in grizzly range, thus protecting ecological diversity. Nationally, B.C. provincial parks contribute about 27.5% of the total area of Canada's protected grizzly range and about 39% of the protected population. Internationally, B.C. provincial parks preserve grizzly bears in 2 unique global biogeographical provinces and contribute to 2 important Canadian-U.S. protected grizzly regions. Preliminary minimum viable population analysis showed that no B.C. provincial park is large enough to support the number of grizzly bears (393) considered necessary for long-term survival of genetic in-breeding and catastrophes should park populations become further isolated. Preservation of B.C.'s valuable grizzly bear resource therefore depends on sound management of large ecological systems that include large cores of protected wilderness and adjoining multiple-use lands. A comprehensive management program is recommended.

Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. 8:11-16

The value of protectinglarge tractsof wildernessas a thatpreserves are not, by themselves,sufficient to protect long-termstrategy for the conservationof largemammal the grizzly bearin Canadaciting the problemsof mortal- species such as the grizzly bearhas long been recognized ity of bearsthat wander out of reserveareas and grizzly- (Cowan 1972). Survivalof remnantgrizzly bearpopula- man conflicts within reserves. tions in the 6 isolated ecological systems identified by This paperreviews the role and effectiveness of the Servheen(1984) in the contiguouswestern United States large B.C. provincialpark system in the preservationof appearsto depend on the existence of protectedwilder- the grizzly bearin a provincial,national and international ness. In BritishColumbia, the grizzly managementplan context. A futuremanagement strategy is presented. (B.C. Wildlife Branch 1979:11) states: "To assure de- In 1987, the B.C. Ministry of Parks (B.C. Parks) sired populationlevels, it is necessary to maintainlarge managed 53 larger parks (each over 1,000 ha) and 89 tracts of wilderness where human access and develop- smaller parks (each under 1,000 ha) within the known ments are restricted. This may be done by assigning range of the grizzly bear. This parksystem, incomplete natureconservancy, ecological reserve,wildlife manage- and evolving, is administeredunder the B.C. Park Act mentarea or parkstatus to selected landsor by attempting with the dual mandateof protectingrepresentative natu- to control development through interagency resource ral areas in perpetuityand providing for a variety of planning. Criticalareas of grizzly habitat,such as salmon outdoorrecreation opportunities. Under a 1984 wildlife spawning rivers, migrationroutes or denning sites, will managementpolicy, B.C. Parksmust protect examples of be identified and protected by legislation where pos- wildlife populations,habitats and associated ecological sible." processesin B.C.'s 52 terrestriallandscapes and 7 marine The difficulty in protectinggrizzly bears in sanctuar- environments. ies has been well documented. Martinka (1982a,b) The degreeof protectionprovided by provincialparks pointed out that high losses in habitats peripheralto varies. Under class A status, some visitor facilities are Glacier National Park, Montana, in combination with allowed but resourcedevelopments such as logging and park managementlosses, could jeopardize future secu- mining and hydroelectricdevelopment are not. Under rity of the park grizzly population. In Yellowstone recreationarea status, some resourcedevelopment may National Park, over-developmentof recreationalfacili- be permitted.Trophy hunting of grizzly bearsis allowed ties in some critical grizzly habitat such as at Fishing in 20 largerparks. B.C. Parksalso manages 1 wilderness Bridge is considereda serious threatto the parkgrizzly conservancy. population(U.S. NationalPark Service 1984). Insularity This paperis based on a backgroundconsultant report of the gene pool of this island population is another on the preservationand managementof the grizzly bear concern (Suchy et al. 1985). Pearson(1977) concluded in B.C. provincialparks (McCrory and Herrero1987). 12 BEARS-THEIR BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

METHODS some of the more remote, largerpark areas (Garibaldi, Ideally such a review should be based on a thorough Skagit, Mount Judge Howay, Manning,Cathedral, and knowledge of grizzly beardiet, habitat,ecological asso- Golden Ears) because they are part of large contiguous ciation and ecotype, home range,population and mortal- complexes of protectedlands. ity, and other factors in each of the major provincial MinimumViable Population.-Relic island popula- parks. Unfortunately,such data are generally lacking. tions alreadyexist in some southernpark areas (Skagit, Therefore,for backgroundinformation, we interviewed Manning and Cathedral). Continuingrange shrinkage 40 B.C. Parksstaff membersand referredto 2 provincial and populationdeclines in the province may eventually parkbear studies (McCroryand Mallam 1985, McCrory cause furthergenetic isolationof parkpopulations. Con- et al. 1986). The preliminarystatus of grizzly populations finementof once interactinggrizzly bearpopulations into in each provincialpark area and other protective designa- isolated mountainenclaves could have significantnega- tions such as nationalparks was extrapolatedfrom prov- tive impacts on the species. For example, the effect of ince-widedistribution and abundance data (B.C. Wildlife inbreedingcould lead to genetically mediatedproblems. Branch 1979). However, density data were preliminary The high incidence of hemophilia in the 19th century and somewhat outdated. The method to calculate the BritishRoyal family was due to inbreeding(Lehrner and minimum viable population of grizzly bears in B.C. Libby 1976). Recent studies show that inbreedingde- provincialparks differed from the one used for Yellow- pression clearly occurs in populationsof wild animals stone National Park (Shaffer 1981, Suchy et al. 1985). kept in zoos and mated to relatives (Ralls and Ballou We appliedthe genetic principlesof Reed et al. (1986) to 1983). No studies have been done on the effects of life table dataof approximately3,000 grizzly bearhunter inbreedingin bearsbut it would be reasonableto assume kills recordedby the B.C. Wildlife Branch. that it could prove harmful. The methods to evaluate protectedrepresentation of Smaller isolated populationsare also more prone to ecological diversity varied. At the provinciallevel, we naturaland unnaturaldisasters over time such as exces- evaluatedthe distributionand abundance of grizzly bears sively high, but temporary,man-induced mortality. The in provincial parks in relation to the 52 regional land- stormthat killed abouthalf of the next to last population scapes and 7 marineenvironments. These were defined in a B.C. Parks study (1982) on the basis of general patternsof landforms,water and biota that are environ- Table 1. Approximate grizzly bear range protected under different categories in B.C., 1987. areas over 1,000 hectares are considered. mentallyhomogenous. At the nationallevel, we used the Only protected Parks Canada (1976) terrestrialand marine naturalregions and, at the internationallevel, we used the world n Total area % of total % of occupied (ha) areaof B.C. grizzly range biogeographicalprovinces (Udvardy 1975). B.C. 93,049,668 RESULTS Occupiedgrizzly range 78,287,500 84.1 Moderate-highgrizzly 52,865,200 56.8 densitiesa Provincial Significance Low grizzly 25,422,300 27.3 Population.-Provincial parks collectively support densities 390 bearsor about6% of the 6,600 approximately grizzly ProvincialParks estimated Wildlife Branch in B.C. Crude (B.C. 1979) With grizzly bears 41 4,352,177 4.7 5.6 for 6 of the 53 populationestimates (Fig. 1) largerpark Moderate-highgrizzly 34 3,954,652 4.3 5.0 areasare, in descendingorder: Tweedsmuir-76, Spatsizi- densities Tatlatui-59, Atlin-45, Wells Gray-41, Purcell Conser- Low grizzly densities 7 397,525 0.5 0.6 vancy-25 and MountRobson-17 (McCroryand Herrero Grizzlies extirpated 12 50,523 0.1 0.1 1987). An accuratepopulation census for these andother National Parks parkshas not been done. With grizzly bears 4 433,175 0.5 0.6 In to areas where provincial parks adjacent range Ecological reserves shrinkageand overhunting continue (Tompa 1984), park With grizzly bears 9 65,122 0.1 0.1 be In southwestern grizzly populationsmay declining. National wildlife areas B.C., populationshave been reduced to extremely low With grizzly bears 0 0 0 0 densities in 7 and in 12 (Table 1). a largerparks extirpated Approximatedensities are: low-1 grizzly bear/518 km2, moderate-I grizzly Recoveryof remnantpopulations may still be possible in bear/129 km2, and high-1 grizzly/52 km2 (B.C. Wildlife Branch 1979). PRESERVATIONOF GRIZZLY BEARS * McCrory et al. 13

PARKS 1. Atlin Park 2. Mt. Edziza Park ...... g::::::::::::::::: 3. Spatsizi - Tatlatui Park ...... ; 4. Tweedsmuir Park -; t 5. Wells Gray Park .. . X 6. Purcell Conservancy ...... m-. 7. Mt. Robson Park 8. Garibaldi, Golden Ears, Mt. Judge Howay Park %?~-;Iz^^;^^;^^;^:' 9. Skagit - Manning Park 10. Cathedral Park ...

t:haee .: inei l CurrentGrizzly Bear ....D.i bi-G rz:: y br ocDistribution

...... - .- . . - ,:0..fi.f'.'0, A.f "'"' : :!"0""': ' : i: -!:

100 0 100 200 300 km H---l------! I

Fig. 1. Larger B.C. provincial parks in the present range of the grizzly bear (B.C. WilIdlife Branch 1979).

of whooping cranes (Allen 1952) illustratesthe vulnera- breedingmale grizzliesmakes a large genetic contribu- bility of reducedpopulations to naturalcatastrophes. Are tion, andfemales have a low reproductiverate. Assuming B.C. provincial parks large enough to sustain, in isola- that genetic inbreedingwould have negative effects on tion, minimum viable populations of grizzly bears that bearpopulations, and given that no B.C. provincialpark can maintainthemselves for 1,000 years? has an estimatedpopulation that exceeds 80-100 bears,it A recent simulationstudy (Suchy et al. 1985) for the is obvious that parks may not ensure the long-term Yellowstone grizzly populationestimated the minimum survival of grizzly bears should populations become viable populationto be 40 to 125 bears. Neither this nor isolated. a previous study (Shaffer 1978) allowed for natural Distribution.-Grizzly bearsoccupy about84% of the catastrophesor the possible negative effects of genetic province (Table 1). Prov incialparks protect about 5.6% inbreeding. Our analysis (McCroryand Herrero 1987) of B.C.'s grizzly range, far more than other protective indicatesthat a totalpopulation of 393 grizzlies in any one designationssuch as nationalparks (0.6%) and ecologi- area would be necessary to preventlevels of inbreeding cal reserves (0.2%). Grizzly bears have never inhabited shown to have negative health effects in other animal the B.C. Pacific Coastislands as have blackbears (Cowan populations (Franklin 1980). Two reasons for such a andGuiget 1975) andthus they do not occurin provincial large population are that a relatively small number of parksthere. 14 BEARS-THEIR BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Ecological diversity.-British Columbiais one of the the grizzly bear endangeredor threatenedas a whole most ecologically diversegrizzly bearregions remaining (Macey 1979). It was estimatedthat about 20,000 griz- in North America. Variationsrange from grizzly bear zlies remainin Canada,with about5% in protectedareas. populationsin coastalrain forests with salmonruns to dry This means that the 390 grizzlies estimated in B.C. interiorgrasslands to northernboreal forests. Although provincial parks contribute significantly (39%) to the not examined in detail, the B.C. Parks' (1982) regional 1,000 grizzlies estimatedin Canadianprotected areas. In landscapesand marine environments seem to incorporate addition,grizzly bearnumbers in 5 B.C. provincialparks satisfactorilythe broaderand more subtle ecological diff- contributeto the overall populationin the large complex erences in B.C. grizzly populations. It is noteworthythat of protectedlands that centres on JasperNational Park. of the 45 landscapes/environmentsin grizzly bearrange, Densitydata from Russell et al. (1979) suggestedthat this about 1/3 have extirpatedor nearextirpated populations. complex has about287-343 grizzlies and is thereforethe Of the 3 main protective systems (provincialparks, only protectedland in southernCanada that approximates national parks and ecological reserves), the provincial minimumviable populationrequirements. parksystem providesby farthe greatestrepresentation of Distribution.-Nationally, B.C. provincialparks ac- grizzly bearecological diversity(Table 2). About 17 or count for a large portion (27.5%) of protectedgrizzly roughly 1/3 of the regional landscapes/marineenviron- range in Canada,second only to nationalparks (36.9%) mentsthat still have moderate-highgrizzly beardensities as shown in Table 3. Of additionalimportance are the 5 are consideredto be adequatelyprotected in provincial provincialparks that contribute 10% of the totalprotected parks. Nationalparks contribute to provincialrepresen- area of the large complex of Rocky Mountains,men- tationin 3 regionallandscapes; ecological reserveswere tioned above, andthe small Akamina-KisheninaRecrea- consideredtoo small. tion Areathat acts as a bufferfor WatertonNational Park. Nineteenregional landscapes/marine environments in Ecological diversity.-Although only 1 grizzly bear knowngrizzly bearrange have inadequatepark represen- subspecies is recognized in Canada, more subtle vari- tation. It is significantthat 9 regionallandscapes consid- ation in the form of ecotypes has been documented. ered by B.C. Parksto have nearadequate or satisfactory Pearson(1977:33) definedan ecotype as "apopulation or representationhave extirpatedor nearextirpated grizzly populationsof grizzlybears displaying similar ecological bearpopulations. In otherwords, althoughhabitats may characteristicssuch as home range size, food habits, be well represented,the bears that use them are not.

Table 3. Grizzly bear range represented by protective designations in Canada, National Significance 1987. Population.-The Committeeon the Statusof Endan- geredWildlife in Canada(COSEWIC) does not consider Protectivecategory Area Percentof total (ha) grizzlybear range

Table 2. Protection of grizzly bear ecological diversity in B.C. by provincial BritishColumbia parks, national parks and ecological reserves. Diversity is loosely based on B.C. Provincialparks 4,402,700 27.5 and marine environments. Parks (1982) distinct regional landscapes (over 1,000 ha each) National parks 433,048 2.7 Regionallandscapes/marine environments Alberta & other 3.8 Protectivetype and Near-adequateto Zeroto Provincialparks 611,300 statusin grizzlyrange satisfactoryprotection partialprotection National parks 1,804,460 11.2 Yukon ProvincialPark Kluane & Northern 3,810,178 23.7 Never occurred 4 5 Yukon nationalparks, Status unclear 1 4 Kluane & McArthur 17 13 Density moderate game sanctuaries to high NorthwestTerritories Extirpatedor near 9 6 national 31.0 extirpated Nahanni park, 4,932,599 Norah Willis terr. National Parks park,Peel River and Never occurred 3 Thelon game sanctuaries Density moderate 3 to high Total in Canada 16,046,412 36.9 Ecological reserves 1 Total in nationalparks 5,932,573 PRESERVATIONOF GRIZZLY BEARS * McCrory et al. 15 physical stature,activity, and habitatselection". For our and Skagit) contribute14% of the total areaof protected analysis, we used the units of Parks Canada's (1976) internationalwilderness in the NorthCascade ecological terrestrialand marinenatural regions. These correspond system. Here,a recoveryprogram is being consideredfor loosely to the 9 preliminaryecotypes definedby Pearson the grizzly on the U.S. side. In southeasternB.C., the (1977). Akamina-KisheninaRecreation Area in the Northern British Columbia is the most diverse grizzly area in ContinentalDivide ecological system provides a small, Canada. Eight of the 14 naturalregions and 2 of the 3 but importantbuffer to a large area of internationally marineenvironments in Canada'sgrizzly rangeoccur in protectedgrizzly range. B.C. (Table 4). As well, 4 terrestrialregions are repre- Ecological diversity.-B.C. provincialparks provide sented in provincial parks, which also representmore importantrepresentation of 2 of the 8 globally distinct regions than other designationssuch as nationalparks. biogeographicalprovinces (Udvardy 1975) that encom- pass Canada'sgrizzly bearrange. International Significance Withno baselineinformation on grizzly bearsin many DISCUSSION other protected areas of the world, only a superficial The limitationsof thisreview areconsiderable, mainly review was possible. It is expected, however, that the becauseof the lack of reliableinformation on grizzlybear B.C. Parkssystem would comparewell with othercoun- populations,habitats and ecological diversityin provin- tries in the internationalprotection of the grizzly. cial parksand many other areas. However,we have been Sharedpopulationswith the U.S.-The survivalof the able to demonstratethat the B.C. provincialpark system, grizzly in at least 4 of the 6 ecological systems in the although incomplete, is one of the most significant as- lower 48 statesdepends on sharedmanagement between semblagesof protectedlands in Canadafor the preserva- Canadianand U.S. agencies (Servheen 1984). In south- tion of the grizzly bear. Even in such a large system, ern B.C., 3 provincial park areas (Cathedral,Manning many naturallandscapes are not protected and, where they are, some grizzly populationshave been extirpated or almost extirpated. As well, our minimum viable populationanalysis indicates that no provincial park is large enough to provide long-termgenetic stability and Table 4. Representation provided by B.C. protected areas of Canada's terrestrial survivalof catastrophesshould park populations become and marine natural Canada in bear regions (Parks 1976) grizzly range. isolated over time. This merely points out the dangerof a bear conservation strategy that depends mainly on Naturalregion Statusof grizzly Representation sanctuaries. population History has shown that formerlyhomogeneous griz- bear are to a of Pacific Coast Moderate-high 7 prov. parks zly populations prone process range Mountains extirpatedin south over 1,000 ha each fragmentation.Such a processcontinues today in B.C. It Straitof Georgia Extirpated None is clear that maintaining the largest non-fragmented Lowlands populations both in and around protected wilderness InteriorDry Plateau Extirpatedin 3 prov. parksover cores offersthe greatestchance for the survival most areas ha each long-term 1,000 of the bear. Mountains Well grizzly Rocky Moderate-high representedby A has been rec- prov. and natl. parks comprehensivemanagement strategy ommendedfor B.C. Parks and Herrero North Coast Moderate-high 1 prov. park (McCrory 1987) Mountains that includes: NorthernInterior Moderate 3 prov. parks 1. Ecological system managementof grizzly bears Dry Plateauand over 1,000 ha each in and around in with Mountains parks co-operation adjacent Mackenzie Mountains Moderate None jurisdictions. 2. of mor- SouthernBoreal Low None Improvedmonitoring populationtrends, Plains and Plateau talities and bear-visitorconflicts. 3. Reduction of VancouverIsland May be high 1 prov. marinepark, potential bear-humanconflicts by InlandSea Marine in some areas, no grizzlies careful management and by planning of facilities extirpatedin others includingevaluation of the bearhazard before devel- Queen Charlotte Up to plentiful None of facilities. Sound Marine densities opment park 4. Accommodation of grizzly bear preservation 16 BEARS-THEIR BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

values and associated biological requirements in park conflicts in Kokanee, Glacier and Valhalla Provincial additions and boundary or status revisions. Parks,B.C. Pages24-30 in G.P. Contrerasand K.E. Evans, compilers. Proc.-grizzly bear habitat U.S. 5. Consideration of recovery programs for some symposium. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-207. southwestern parks. _ , AND . 1987. Preservation and management of the 6. Examination of the closure of trophy hunting on a grizzlybear in B.C. provincialparks. Report to B.C. Parks, park-by-park basis. Victoria. 186pp. PARKSCANADA. 1976. National Parks system planning man- ual. Natl. and HistoricParks Branch, Ottawa. 119pp. LITERATURECITED PEARSON,A.M. 1977. Habitat,management and the futureof ALLEN,R.P. 1952. The Whooping Crane. Res. Rep. No. 3. Canada'sgrizzly bear. Pages 33-40 in T. Mosquinand C. Natl. AudubonSoc., New York. 246pp. Suchal, eds. Proc. Symp. on Canada'sthreatened species B.C. PARKS.1982. Naturalregions and regional landscapes for and habitats. Can. Nat. Fed., Ottawa. British Columbia's provincialpark system. Ministryof RALLS, K., AND J. BALLOU. 1983. Extinction: lessons from Lands, Parksand Housing, Victoria,B.C. 127pp. zoos. Pages 164-188 in C.M. Schonewald et al., eds. B.C. WILDLIFEBRANCH. 1979. Preliminary grizzly bear Geneticsand conservation. A referencefor managing wild management plan for British Columbia. Ministry of animal and plant populations. Benjamin - Cummings Environ.,Victoria, B.C. 25pp. Publ. Co. Inc., Menlo Park,Calif. COWAN,I. 1972. The statusand conservation of bears(Ursidae) REED,M.J., P.D. DOERR,AND J.R. WALTERS.1986. Determin- of the world - 1970. Int. Conf. Bear Res. and Manage. ing minimumviable populationsizes for birdsand mam- 2:343-367. mals. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14(3):255-261. , AND C.J. GUIGET. 1975. The mammals of British RUSSELL,R.H., J.W. NOLAN,N.A. WOODY, AND G. ANDERSON. Columbia. B.C. Prov. Mus. Publ. 11, Victoria. 414pp. 1979. A studyof the grizzly bear in JasperNational Park, FRANKLIN,I.R. 1980. Evolutionarychange in small popula- 1975-1978. Rep. to Can. Wildl. Serv., Edmonton,Alta. tions. Pages 135-150 in M.E. Soule and B.A. Wilcox, eds. 136pp. Conservationbiology. SinauerAssoc. Inc., Sunderlands, SERVHEEN,C. 1984. The status of the grizzly bear and the Mass. interagency grizzly bear recovery effort. West. Assoc. of LEHRNER,M.I., ANDW.J. LIBBY. 1976. Heredity, evolution and Fish and Game Comm. Meeting, Victoria,B.C. society. W.H. Freemanand Co., San Francisco. 431pp. SHAFFER,M.L. 1978. Determiningminimum viable popula- MACEY,A. 1979. Status report on endangered wildlife in tion sizes: a case study of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos Canada. (Grizzly bear) COSEWIC. 54pp. L.). Ph.D. Thesis. Duke Univ., Durham,N.C. MARTINKA,C.J. 1982a. Rationaleand options for management ___ . 1981. Minimum viable population sizes for species of grizzly bear sanctuaries. Trans.North Am. Wildl. and conservation. Bioscience 31(2):131-134. Nat. Resour. Conf. 47:470-475. SUCHY,W.J., L.M. MCDONALD,M.D. STRICKLAND,AND S.H. _. 1982b. Effects of conterminous land use on grizzly ANDERSON. 1985. New estimates of minimum viable bears in Glacier NationalPark. Presentedat Am. Assoc. populationsize for grizzly bears of the Yellowstone eco- for Advancementof Science Symp.on ExternalThreats to system. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 13:223-228. Ecosystemsof NationalParks, 3-8 Jan 1982, Washington, TOMPA,F. 1984. Grizzly bears in British Columbia - harvest D.C. must be reduced. Paperpresented at AnnualConf. of the MCCRORY,W.P., ANDE.D. MALLAM.1985. An assessment of West. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies, Victoria, B.C. grizzly andblack bear habitat in HamberProvincial Park., 9pp. B.C., with recommendationsto reduce bear-humancon- UDVARDY,M. 1975. A classification of the biogeographical flicts. Reportto B.C. Parks,Kamloops. 56pp. provincesof the world. IUCN Occas. Pap. No. 18. _ , S.M. HERRERO,AND P. WHITFIELD.1986. Using grizzly U.S. NATIONALPARK SERVICE. 1984. Fishing Bridge and the bear habitat informationto reduce human-grizzlybear Yellowstone ecosystem. 151pp.