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University of Alberta the Backcountry University of Alberta The Backcountry as Home: Park Wardens, Families, and Jasper National Park’s District Cabin System, 1952-1972 by Nicole Eckert-Lyngstad A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Anthropology ©Nicole Eckert-Lyngstad Spring 2013 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract This research examines home life as experienced by single and married National Park Wardens, their partners and children who resided year-round in the backcountry of Jasper National Park (JNP) between 1952 and 1972. Since the establishment of JNP in 1907, park wardens were responsible for maintaining, monitoring and patrolling large backcountry districts, and used cabins as home bases and overnight shelters. Although the district system officially ended in 1969 and no wardens have lived year-round in the backcountry since 1972, these historic cabins remain in the park and are maintained for use by current park personnel. I have drawn upon interviews with twelve retired park wardens and family members, archived and onsite cabin register entries and travel to three selected former district cabins to explore their sense of home and the challenges and pleasures of this way of life. Acknowledgements This research owes so much to the generous advice, encouragement, and contributions of the following people. I would first like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Andie Palmer, for her amazing support throughout my graduate degree and during this research. I am very grateful for your encouragement, your incredibly helpful suggestions when I presented this research and your thoughtful and insightful recommendations on drafts. Thank you to my committee members, Dr. PearlAnn Reichwein and Dr. Heather Young- Leslie. Our conversations inspired me to explore new avenues of thought to the betterment of this thesis. I am extremely grateful for the hospitality and generosity of all the wonderful people who invited me into their homes and shared their stories with me: Bob Barker, Al Stendie, Barbra Barker, Monrad Kjorlien, Loni Klettl, Howie Klettl, Gordon and Sharon Anderson, Mac and Cathy Elder, and Max and Julie Winkler. Your stories truly are the heart of this research and I hope that I have done them justice here! A special thanks to Julie Winkler, who lent me a copy of her Backcountry Journal, and to Mac Elder, who went out of his way to help me understand backcountry life. I met former warden Monrad Kjorlien in June 2011 and I am very grateful for the time he shared with me that afternoon. Sadly, Monrad passed away in February 2012. His love of the mountains was evident in the stories that he shared. I would like to thank Mike Dillon, Jasper National Park’s Cultural Resources Manager (and former Brazeau Warden!) for his encouragement and support of this project. I greatly benefitted from our conversations and the insights you offered on the cabins, the warden service, and the history of the area. I am grateful to Jasper’s backcountry resource conservation and public safety specialists Patty Walker and Al McKeeman for generously allowing me to enter the warden cabins on the North and South Boundary trails. Your hard work and dedication to the backcountry is evident in the cabins and on the trail. An additional thanks to Al and to Shaun Elliot for the hospitality and patience they showed me at Brazeau Cabin. Thank you to everyone in JNP who work to keep the trails cleared and the backcountry accessible. Thank you to the Jasper-Yellowhead Museum and Archives in the town of Jasper, Alberta, for your work in preserving the history of the park and region. I am very grateful for the cheerful assistance I received from Archivist Megan Power while researching cabin registers and other documents. A much deserved note of appreciation belongs to Michael Lyngstad: packer, camp cook, solar technology expert, and, as always, partner and best friend. I would not have made it past the Welbourne hiker camp without you! Finally, I wish to recognize the financial support of the Canadian Circumpolar Institute (C/BAR Grant) and the Government of Alberta (Graduate Student Scholarship). Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.0. On the Cabin Porch .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Project Beginnings ................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Research Question ................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................. 4 1.4. Terms and Naming Conventions .............................................................................. 5 Chapter 2. Theory and Methods ...................................................................................... 8 2.0. Relevance of Research ............................................................................................ 8 2.1. Choosing a Location ............................................................................................. 14 2.2. Sources of Information .......................................................................................... 16 2.3. Cabin Registers ..................................................................................................... 20 2.4. Interviews ............................................................................................................... 28 2.5. Transcripts .............................................................................................................. 30 2.6. Locating and Selecting Warden Cabins ................................................................. 33 2.7. Limitations of the Study ......................................................................................... 51 Chapter 3. Background .................................................................................................. 53 3.0. Historical Sources .................................................................................................. 53 3.1. National Parks ........................................................................................................ 54 3.2. Jasper National Park............................................................................................... 55 3.3. The Athabasca Watershed and Yellowhead Pass Region: a brief history ............. 56 3.4. Canada’s National Park Warden Service ............................................................... 58 3.5. Warden Wives and Women Wardens ................................................................... 66 3.6. Warden Cabins ....................................................................................................... 73 Chapter 4. Cabins and Home Places ............................................................................ 81 4.0. Cabins and Home Places: conceptualizing home on the districts ......................... 81 4.1. The Warden Cabin as a Home-Place .................................................................... 85 4.2. Public and Private Space at the Cabin.................................................................... 92 4.3. Hospitality and “Gathering” ................................................................................... 94 4.4. Berries, Fresh Fish and Prem: backcountry meals ................................................ 96 4.5. Children in the Backcountry ................................................................................ 103 4.6. Isolation and Risk ................................................................................................ 110 4.7. Little (Horse) Heaven: exploring horse and human relationships ........................ 126 4.8. “There is No End of Stories”: story and storytelling in the Warden Service ...... 135 Chapter 5. “Guardians of the Wild”: engagement and pride ................................... 143 5.0. Living in Places .................................................................................................... 143 Chapter 6. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 150 6.0. Research Summary ............................................................................................. 150 6.1. Reflections on Policy and the Future of Backcountry Spaces ............................ 151 6.2. Directions for Future Research ........................................................................... 159 6.3. End ...................................................................................................................... 160 References Cited...........................................................................................................
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