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Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Letras O UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS O COMÉRCIO DO MARFIM E O PODER NOS TERRITÓRIOS DO KONGO, KAKONGO, NGOYO E LOANGO: 1796-1825 JOÃO BAPTISTA GIME LUÍS Dissertação de Mestrado em História de África 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS O COMÉRCIO DO MARFIM E O PODER NOS TERRITÓRIOS DO KONGO, KAKONGO, NGOYO E LOANGO: 1796-1825 JOÃO BAPTISTA GIME LUÍS Trabalho final orientado pela Professora Doutora Ana Paula Tavares, especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de mestre em História, especialidade em História de África 2016 À Rosa e Judith i AGRADECIMENTOS A efectivação desta dissertação só foi possível pelo compromisso que assumimos com a pesquisa científica. Todavia, o nosso comprometimento não era de todo realizável sem a colaboração e o apoio de vários intervenientes. Por isso, agradecemos: À Professora Doutora Ana Paula Tavares, orientadora e tutora da dissertação; Aos Professores do Centro e Departamento de História da FLUL, pelo acompanhamento durante o Curso; À Universidade Onze de Novembro, especialmente ao ISCED-Cabinda, pela oportunidade de enriquecimento académico que nos foi oferecida; À família Gime Luís, pelo incondicional afecto e pelos sacrifícios feitos durante todos estes anos de trabalho académico; Aos amigos Simão Inácio e Raul Tati, pelos contributos académicos; À Natália Fianca, à Filomena Guerreiro e à Virgínia Joaquim, pela amizade; Por fim, dada a inesgotabilidade dos nomes e o melindre de esquecer algum, a todos os filhos do Ntinu ya Kongo e do Makongo, Mangoyo e Maloango. Observação: Na presente dissertação, seguimos a ortografia oficial em vigor desde 1945, com as alterações introduzidas pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 32/73. Para os nomes africanos, seguimos o vocabulário da Convenção de Lomé. ii RESUMO A presente dissertação propôs-se analisar as relações comerciais levadas a efeito nos anos de 1796 a 1825 entre os povos da costa africana do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango e os europeus. Do mesmo modo, avaliando as sociedades do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango a partir do ordenamento administrativo-político próprio, de reinos estruturados e independentes, o trabalho debruçou-se sobre a perda do poder dessas sociedades na sua longa evolução para o domínio dos portugueses, que, dando a primazia aos fins económicos, fazem do marfim — produto inexplorável nos reinos do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango — tesouro e receita dos cofres da Metrópole. Desta forma, a abordagem centralizou-se na compreensão do comércio do marfim e do exercício do poder nos territórios dos reinos do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango. Focalizámos, portanto, a atenção em duas direcções: compreender as sociedades locais e a sua afirmação de monarquias tradicionalmente estáveis com uma configuração de poder própria; e, seguidamente, perceber as relações bilaterais com os europeus, concretamente com os portugueses, e as razões do desajustamento da estrutura organizativa desses reinos (associado à ligação que os seus dignitários passam a ter com o comércio do marfim, novo produto do interesse dos europeus). Por último, avaliámos a valorização do marfim nas duas sociedades; a sua circulação nos territórios evocados; os agentes, os intermediários e os interessados na exploração do marfim e as estatísticas das transacções deste recurso. Abordámos, ainda, a exclusividade da exploração do marfim que a Coroa portuguesa chamou a si nesses territórios, em virtude de, para esse efeito, neles ter afirmado a sua soberania. Palavras-chave: Comércio, Poder, Marfim, Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango. iii ABSTRACT The present dissertation endeavoured to study the trade relationships established in the time frame from 1796 to 1825 between the kingdoms of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango, in the African Coast, and the Europeans. The study also aims at assessing the societies of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo and Loango by addressing their specific administrative and political organisation as structured and independent kingdoms, as well as the evolution that led to a transfer of their political power to the Portuguese, who, focusing above all on economic interests, would convert ivory — a previously unexploitable commodity in the aforesaid kingdoms — in an important asset and the main source of revenue for the Portuguese exchequer. The approach has thus focused on a description of ivory trade and of the exercise of power in the kingdoms of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo and Loango. We therefore centered our research along two paths: understanding the local societies and their traditionally stable monarchy structure with their own administrative power configuration, and understand the bilateral relationships with Europeans, in particular with the Portuguese, as well as the reasons behind the loss of balance that undermined the organisational structure of said kingdoms (related to the connections their dignitaries started to set up with the ivory trade, a new commodity in which Europeans were most interested). Finally, we undertook to ascertain the way both societies valorised ivory and how its circulation unfolded in the above-mentioned territories; to identify the agents, the middlemen and all those who had an interest in exploiting ivory; and to compile statistics for the transactions of this natural resource. We have also addressed the exclusivity of ivory's exploitation claimed by the Portuguese Crown in those territories, by virtue of the fact that Portugal, for that purpose, had claimed its sovereignty over them. Key words: Trade, Power, Ivory, Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo and Loango. iv ÍNDICE DOS ANEXOS Mapa n.º 01: Estados da África Central (1625): Loango, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Kongo ........................................................................................................................................... i Mapa n.º 02: O antigo reino do Kongo e áreas circundantes ......................................... ii Mapa n.º 03: O reino do Kongo até ao século XVI, os reinos do Kakongo, Ngoyo, Loango, do Ngola (Angola) e a presença portuguesa: séculos XV-XVI ..................... iii Mapa n.º 04: Os reinos da Bacia do Zaire .................................................................... iv Documento n.º 05: O reino do Kongo e seus vizinhos no tempo do tráfico atlântico, quadro cronológico .......................................................................................................... v Mapa n.º 06: Localização dos reinos de Cabinda ......................................................... vi Documento n.º 07: Insígnias reais makongo, mangoyo e maloango: Cabinda ...... vii Anexo n.º 08: Insígnias reais / símbolos de poder dos reinos de Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango: Cabinda .......................................................................................................... viii Anexo n.º 09: Documento da afirmação da Colónia de Angola como jóia da Coroa portuguesa ...................................................................................................................... ix Anexo n.º 10: Visto de passaporte exclusivo para o comércio de escravos em Cabinda ....................................................................................................................................... xiii Anexo n.º 11: Correspondência entre as Colónias de Benguela e Angola sobre a intrusão francesa no comércio dos domínios portugueses ............................................ xv Anexo n.º 12: Ilustração de Cabinda zona franca e de escala de navios comerciantes ...................................................................................................................................... xvii Anexo n.º 13: Modelo de passaporte de navegação (simples) ................................. xviii Anexo n.º 14: Modelo de passaporte de navegação (especial e bilingue), exclusivo para o comércio de escravos nos portos de Cabinda ............................................ xix Anexo n.º 15: Carta do rei do Kongo D. Garcia V e o seu brasão ............................. xxiii Anexo n.º 16: Correspondência do reino de Cabinda e o governador de Angola .... xxvi v ÍNDICE DOS APÊNDICES Tabelas n.ºs 01-08: Quantidade de passaportes de navegação emitidos e autorizados para Angola, Benguela, Cabinda e Loango por Visconde de Anadia, D. Miguel Pereira Forjás, Inácio da Cruz e D. Manuel João de Lúcio ..................................... .....................i Tabela n.º 09: Quantidade de embarcações que entraram e saíram em Angola, do porto de S. Paulo d’Assunção de Luanda no ano de 1810, com especificação dos que vieram para ele por escala e partiram para Cabinda ................................................................... ix Tabela n.º 10: Embarcações que entraram e saíram em Angola, porto de São Paulo d’Assunção de Luanda no ano de 1810, com especificação dos que vieram para ele por escala e partiram para Cabinda ........................................................................................ x Tabela n.º 11: Embarcações que entraram e saíram em Angola, porto de São Paulo d’Assunção de Luanda no ano de 1811, com especificação dos que vieram para ele por escala e partiram para Cabinda ........................................................................................ x Tabela n.º 12: Embarcações que entraram e saíram em Angola, porto de São Paulo d’Assunção de Luanda no ano de 1812, com especificação dos que vieram para ele por escala e partiram para Cabinda ....................................................................................... xi Tabela n.º 13: Embarcações que entraram e saíram em Angola, porto de São Paulo d’Assunção de
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