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Lubota Et Al.Pdf Academia Journal of Biotechnology 5(11): 180-191, November 2017 DOI: 10.15413/ajb.2017.0523 ISSN 2315-7747 ©2017 Academia Publishing Research Paper Production of biodiesel to recycle aluminum from waste Muto Lubota D1*, González Suárez E2, Hernández Pérez GD3, Miño Valdés JE4 Accepted 20th October, 2017 and González Herrera I5 1Faculty of Economics, Universidad 11 de ABSTRACT Noviembre, Cabinda, Angola. 2Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, This study was carried out to evaluate the costs of investing into the production of Central University of Villas, Cuba. sufficient biodiesel with African palm oil to ensure the operation of an aluminum 3Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Central University of Villas, Cuba. recovery plant in Angola. In this study, a conceptual model and procedures for the 4Faculty of Engineering, National assimilation of bioenergy production technologies is validated. Because of its University of Misiones, Argentina. importance it is considered as uncertain future changes with emphasis on the 5 Bordeaux Laboratory for Research in growth of demand processing capabilities of municipal solid waste and the Computer Science, University Bordeaux I, France. availability of raw materials. Suitable values of initial investment capabilities are determined at the first stage with a view that a second stage investor, to increase *Corresponding author. E-mail: capacities, must be run at 6 years of the initial investment. The first investment is [email protected], recovered at 3 years. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Key words: Aluminum, biodiesel, waste. INTRODUCTION Considering that the province of Cabinda Angola recognizes 3) The variation of the volume and type of the different the need to strengthen the energy matrix through the USW over time. assimilation of technologies for bioenergy production, and in turn, its plan to introduce the recycling of Urban Solid These problems of uncertainty lead to the fact that investor Waste (USW), which will increasingly demand energy processes must evaluate the alternative of investing in carriers; therefore it is necessary to study the use of excess productive capacities in the first years of operation, bioenergetics for the recycling processes of USW. with a view to covering productive capacities when It is a characteristic of USW recycling processes that each production capacities increase due to increase in the levels waste has specific technologies, which require different of the different components of USW. This problem was forms of energy. For example, processes for the recycling of posed by Rudd and Watson (1968) and was later paper require electricity and steam (González, 1982), considered the problem of availability of biomass when recycling of plastic electrical energy (Grancho, 2015) and used as raw material (Oquendo, 2002). The application of aluminum energy in the form of direct heat for smelting these concepts has been included in a specific procedure for (Sambovo, 2015); therefore, for energy assurance, through the study of the supply chain (Lubota et al., 2016) that biofuels for each type of USW, it is necessary to evaluate the allows the determination of the initial investor capacity to technological and logistic aspects in order to guarantee a solve the problem of recycling of USW and its energy stable supply of energy to the industrial process in which it assurance. decided to invest. One aspect of great importance is the problem of uncertainty in different aspects such as: MATERIALS AND METHODS 1) The availability of the biomass supply as a source of energy for the processes; In the municipality of Cabinda, Angola generates an 2) The increasing demand for recycling capacity due to appreciable amount of USW whose final disposal is not population increase; properly managed (Do Rosario et al., 2014a) and which Academia Journal of Biotechnology; Lubota et al. 181 Table 1: Aluminum presence in the USW of Cabinda. Years USW 0 5 10 15 ton / year ton / year ton / year ton / year Aluminum 9 836.1 11 091.9 12 494.6 13 743.3 Source: own elaboration (2016). Table 2: Energy to process aluminum and plastics in the USW of Cabinda. Years Bioenergetics 0 5 10 15 ton / year ton / year ton / year ton / year A biodiesel 39 855.59 81 239.8 202 771.91 50 5472.99 Source: own elaboration (2016). include aluminum, plastics, wood, tires, paper, organic context of an engineering project. material, among others (Do Rosario et al., 2014b). In In the second phase, the available resources are allocated, parallel with this, other forms of biomass that can be the transition groups are formed, which will form the core sources of bioenergetics (Lubota et al., 2014) are available of the activities to be carried out. as sources of energy, in addition to the residues of wood In the execution phase, the different processes are and sawdust generated between USW. progressively adapted, and lessons learned are extracted, This study is carried out using the conceptual and which serve to review the strategies to proceed to the new procedural model proposed by David Muto Lubota in the adoption of behaviors. Finally, we proceed to the diffusion year 2015, suitable for the assimilation of technologies, phase, where the technology within the organization is according to article of the bibliographic reference of Lubota institutionalized; all processes are created, documented et al. (2016). The procedure used by Lubota et al. (2016) is and disseminated to all end users. executed with a set of specific steps, namely: The application of the procedures has methodological axis, to establish the different elements that have influence Step 1: Determination of the demand for products and on the decision making, among which the demand national availability of raw material; perspective, the forecasts of the prices, the balance of the Step 2: Surveillance on available and emerging demand and capacity by year, the study of technology, technologies; consumption of raw materials and sources of supply, Step 3: Diagnosis of raw material availability alternatives; investment costs, annual cost of production, size and Step 4: Technology scaling; location of the plant are exceptional. The consideration of Step 5: Planning supply chain alternatives has several uncertainty for future changes has been an essential stages; element (Rudd and Watson, 1968). Step 6: Technical, economic and environmental assessment of new technology; Step 7: Incorporation of technology. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the context of a third world country, with respect to cost, According to the procedure applied, based on the time and functional operations, a set of actions is required description by Lubota et al. (2016), the following steps to process all the information and solve the problems that were followed: arise from the uncertainty of technology (Ley, 2006). The conceptual model evidences that the assimilation and the transfer of technology are interactive because they have Step 1: Determination of the demand for products and the participation of multiple protagonists, that includes the availability of raw material technology receivers, the suppliers and operators of the same and that transits through a series of phases. Table 1 shows the processing demand for aluminum In the preparatory phase, management elaborates the containing Cabinda's USW (Do Rosario et al., 2014b). Table strategic delineation: vision, mission, institutional objective, 2 shows the energy demand for processing aluminum and internal and external analysis, planning of the activities to plastics present in the Cabinda USW (Sambovo, 2015; be realized and establishing the cooperation within the Grancho, 2015), while Table 3 presents the demand for raw Academia Journal of Biotechnology; Lubota et al. 182 Table 3: Demand for raw materials for the production of bioenergetics. Years Material prima 0 5 10 15 ton / year ton / year ton / year ton / year African palm oil 39 855.59 81 239.8 202 771.91 50 5472.99 Source: own elaboration (2016). Table 4: Forest growth dynamics Forest type Dynamic (m3 / ha year) Surface (ha) Growth (m3 / year) I 10 43 100 431 000 II 10 188 000 1 880 000 X 15 21,000 315,000 Total 2 626 000 Source: (Lubota, 2016). materials for the production of bioenergetics according to were identified (Lubota, 2016): the conversion coefficients for African Palm Oil (Acevedo, 2012) Type I: Dense cloud forest Availability of raw material Sempervirente polyestrata of low altitude (Alto Maiombe), The quantification and characterization of energy biomass occupies an area of about 431 km2 of productive forest. existing in a geographic region is the starting point for any project that uses this as raw material, since it can influence the site of the industry. Type II: Wet dense forest Residual biomass that can be used for energy purposes is characterized by its diversity in origin and characteristics. Semi-deciduous polyestrate of low altitudes, pereguineense Therefore, when carrying out territorial studies, this (Alto Maiombe), represents a 2 676 km2, the productive diversity entails a large number of possible alternatives in part being around 1 880 km2. terms of availability, extraction, logistics and biomass consumption, which significantly increases the complexity of the same. This complexity is associated with a high Type X: Mixed forest mosaic on mainland degree of uncertainty due to the multiple interactions It is located in the sub-littoral savannah and has about 210 between uses and the biomass market itself. That is, Km2. depending on the evolution of prices, it will be more or less profitable to extract biomass from the forest. A first approximation to the territory reveals that the No type: Arboreal mangrove or shrub main sources of biomass in the province of Cabinda are the forest masses and the agricultural crops. On the one hand, They are located in the coast (Rhyzophora, Avicennis). the province of Cabinda possesses the most productive Thus, they are specific to transitional environments forest ecosystems of entire Angola due to its orographic between fresh and salt water, with about 44 km2 and are layout and climatology.
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