DOCSLIB.ORG

PDF Van Tekst

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PDF Van Tekst Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série). Supplément G. Groen van Prinsterer bron G. Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série). Supplément. S. en J. Luchtmans, Leiden 1847 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/groe009arch09_01/colofon.htm © 2009 dbnl V [Préface] Nous désirons, dans cet Avant-Propos, donner une exposition succincte de ce que le SUPPLÉMENT renferme; ensuite rendre compte des motifs, pour lesquels nous n'avons pas réuni un plus grand nombre de matériaux. Il y a ici des pièces inédites des Archives de la Maison d'Orange-Nassau et de celles de Hesse-Cassel; puis un assez grand nombre de fragments des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Royale à Paris et de la Correspondance de Granvelle à Besançon. G. Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série). Supplément VI Les documents de La Haye et de Cassel fournissent sur le Prince d'Orange et sa famille des détails curieux. Une Lettre du Comte Louis de Nassau fait voir que déjà en 1563, inquiet de la tournure des affaires dans les Pays-Bas, prévoyant et voyant les menées en faveur du Papisme, il offroit à son frère les moyens ‘d'avoir tousjours une bonne quantité de gens de guerre à la main, sans aulcun soupçon’ (p. 15*); lui rappelant ‘qu'il ne se fault jamais fier à gens de longue robe; ce qu'ilx cerchent et prétendent sçavés et entendés vous mieulx que ne vous sçaurois dire’ (l.l.).1 Il n'étoit pas Calviniste alors; bien au contraire; il vouloit qu'on pût communiquer l'original de la Confession d'Augsbourg au Comte Palatin, ‘affin que par là il puisse cognoistre quel grand scandale qu'il donne avecques sa faulse opinion à toute la Crestienté’ (p. 20*). Une des pièces les plus importantes est la communication du Comte au Landgrave Philippe de Hesse en 1567. Il y expose les mesures violentes et la mauvaise foi de la Duchesse de Parme; ses desseins de 1 Cette Lettre et quelques autres pièces également intéressantes (marquées d'un L.) font partie r de la collection d'autographes de M . G. VAN LEEUWEN, Membre de la seconde Chambre des États-Généraux, qui a bien voulu nous permettre de les insérer dans notre Recueil. G. Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série). Supplément VII réduire le pays en servitude et d'extirper la religion Evangélique; les perplexités du Prince d'Orange, ne refusant pas de quitter les Pays-Bas, craignant néanmoins que son départ, dans des circonstances pareilles, ne puisse être assimilé à une fuite coupable et à un lâche abandon; sachant qu'on est tenu d'obéir au pouvoir légitime, mais sachant aussi que le motif et les bornes de cette obéissance se trouvent dans la volonté de Celui dont tout pouvoir émane et qui veut qu'on tende une main secourable à des frères persécutés pour la foi. Le Comte fait part au Landgrave des conseils du Duc de Brunswick et de l'Électeur de Saxe; il demande son avis; il n'oublie pas de lui fournir une espèce de catalogue des forces que le Prince, le cas échéant, auroit à sa disposition: de l'argent, des soldats, l'appui des Calvinistes quatre fois plus nombreux que les Luthériens, le gouvernement de provinces admirablement situées pour résister longtemps à des ennemis nombreux. On pouvoit compter sur 52 villes où les adhérents de Rome seroient immédiatement exclus des affaires; en Angleterre et en France, on avoit des amis; on savoit en outre que l'Empereur Maximilien, très-mauvais papiste, lanceroit peutêtre des mandements fort sévères, mais ne seroit pas fort ardent à en presser l'exécution. G. Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série). Supplément VIII On remarquera aussi la Lettre où le Prince s'étant réfugié en Allemagne, le Comte tâche de lui procurer, par l'entremise du Landgrave, un prédicateur vraiment Évangélique. Il le fait ‘principalement pour l'amour de Madame la Princesse’ (p. 65*); en même temps, il rend témoignage au Prince, qui ‘s'affectionne de plus en plus à la Parole de Dieu, y cherche sa consolation, et languit d'avoir auprès de lui un homme qui puisse aussi dans la conversation journalière l'instruire dans la vérité’ (p. 64*). Quelques Lettres du Prince d'Orange au Landgrave Guillaume de Hesse sont fort intéressantes. Il y en a une, écrite après la défaite du Comte Louis en 1568. Le Prince en déduit-il la nécessité d'abandonner pour le moment son entreprise? Au contraire: ‘il samble,’ écrit-il, ‘que chacun est tant plus obligé de se emforcer à refréner une si grande tyrannie, dont sans faute les mêmes useront maintenant davantaige, à cause de ceste victoire’ (p. 89*). Ici encore il avoit, diroit-on, pris pour maxime: Tu contra audentior ito quam tua te fortuna sinet: il redoubloit de zèle, en voyant doubler les périls. - Il s'agit surtout dans ces Lettres de la cause des Réformés en France, implorant le secours de leurs coreligionnaires en Allemagne. Les Princes Évangéliques, pour ne G. Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série). Supplément IX pas s'attirer la haine d'ennemis puissants, supposoient volontiers qu'au fond les troubles en France provenoient moins d'opinions religieuses que d'opinions politiques. Le Prince désire qu'ils pèsent consciencieusement les conséquences d'un refus basé sur des considérations de ce genre. ‘Il est à craindre, si les dicts princes fissiont seulement semblant de ne trouver bon ce qui se passe en France, qu'i donneriont ung pied et audace aux ennemis de l'Évangile de entreprendre quelque chose qui porroit redonder après à intérest de plusieurs et peult-estre à l'entier ruine de nostre religion’ (p. 67*). Il désapprouve que Condé et ses amis aient mêlés, dans leur Justification, aux griefs légitimes, ‘une particulière envie qu'ilz ont contre la Maison de Guise et gouvernement de la Royne-mère’ (p. 69*); mais ce n'est pas là une raison suffisante pour ‘se retirer de leur donner aide et assistence; veu qu'il importe tant à toutte la Crestienté que la religion ne soit de tout soupprimé en France, et ne vois pourquoy l'on debvroit plus tost interprèter cessi à rebellion que du passé, quand les Princes ne trouvoient pas seullement bon qu'ilz aviont prins les armes, mais leur aidoient, et d'argent, et de gens’ (p. 70*). Il faudra bien plutôt ‘prendre regard si ce faict de France ou du Pays-Bas G. Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série). Supplément X est ung faict de rebellion ou de religion, et ainsi commun à tous ceulx qui font profession de la religion; car, si longement que ceste dispute ne soit diffinie, jammais les affaires se porront traicter à quelque bon but; car vostre Exce voit que, en touts commencemens de faict de religion, ce point de rebellion a toujours esté imposé, qui a esté cause que une partie soit bendée de l'ung costé et l'aultre de l'aultre, mesmes entre ceulx d'une mesme religion, comme l'on voit encoires aujourduy qu'il se practique, qui a esté cause de tant de maulx et calamités qui sont ensuivis’ (p. 71*). La fausseté du reproche de rebellion est confirmée, quant aux Pays-Bas, par le témoignage du Landgrave Guillaume: ‘nous voyons, malgré tout ce qu'on voudroit faire accroire, que les Seigneurs des Pays-Bas souffrent surtout pour la Religion cette persécution violente’ (p. 133*). C'est pourquoi, malgré sa prudence accoutumée (No 23), et quoiqu'il ne veuille pas les soutenir contre le Souverain, il déclare au Duc de Holstein, voué au service de Philippe II, que, quant à lui, il ‘ne se souillera point du sang des Chrétiens, attentif à la parole de Celui qui ne sauroit mentir, et qui a dit: quiconque fait du mal au plus petit d'entre les miens, touche la prunelle de mon oeuil’ (p. 133*). G. Groen van Prinsterer, Archives ou correspondance inédite de la maison d'Orange-Nassau (première série). Supplément XI Ici encore on voit dans les Lettres du Comte Jean de Nassau l'originalité de son style et de ses remarques. Par exemple, donnant à entendre qu'il se défie de l'Électeur de Cologne et d'autres personnages, auxquels il falloit néanmoins avoir recours; ‘nous devons imiter les abeilles,’ dit-il ‘et parfois tirer le miel de fleurs vénéneuses, laissant ce qui est mauvais, et prenant ce qui est bon’ (p. 150*). Mais on lira surtout avec plaisir un Postscriptum autographe et tout-à-fait confidentiel, relatif aux conditions auxquelles il pourroit se résoudre à accepter le gouvernement de la Gueldre: ‘mon cher secrétaire; ayez soin qu'on ne méconnoisse pas mes intentions, comme si je me défiois du pays, ou comme si je voulois m'enrichir à ses dépens. Non seulement mes circonstances, mais aussi mon caractère et ma nature vous sont suffisamment connus, pour que vous puissiez facilement me rendre témoignage et dire si je recherche avec tant d'ardeur mon intérêt particulier et si jusqu'à présent, j'ai eu plus de souci de mes affaires privées que des affaires publiques et surtout du bien-être des Pays-Bas; mais tous mes voisins et amis détestent cette entreprise, et, pour les contenter, ou du moins pour leur imposer silence et ne pas être décrié comme me perdant de propos délibéré G.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Dutch Poet Elisabeth Hoofman and Her German Patrons
    Chapter 6 Possibilities of Patronage: The Dutch Poet Elisabeth Hoofman and Her German Patrons Nina Geerdink Patronage was a common practice for many early modern authors, but it was a public activity involving engagement with politics, pol- iticians and the rich and famous, and we know of relatively few women writers who profited from the benefits of patronage. The system of patronage altered, however, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and one particular case study brings to light some of the possibilities and difficulties of this system for women writers. Elisabeth Hoofman (1664– 1736) was a Dutch poet whose authorship was representative of that of many writing women around 1700: born in a rich family, she wrote poetry in order to establish and consolidate contacts in a wealthy circle of friends and family, refusing to publish any of her poems. Her authorship status seems to have changed, though, after she and her husband lost their fortune and turned to rich patrons to secure their living. The circle of people addressed in her poetry broadened to power- ful men from outside of her intimate network and she started to print- publish. In this chapter, Hoofman’s opportunities to contrib- ute to the family income as a woman writer along with her abili- ty and necessity to manage her reputation are analysed with and through her poetry. ∵ Traditionally, Renaissance literary patronage has been regarded as a relation- ship between authors and patrons within the context of court culture. Pa- tronised authors received pensions for their poetic work, which they could produce relatively autonomously, as long as their literary reputation reflect- ed on the court and its ruler(s), and as long as their literary products could on occasion be used to amuse these ruler(s) and their guests.
    [Show full text]
  • Ambassadors to and from England
    p.1: Prominent Foreigners. p.25: French hostages in England, 1559-1564. p.26: Other Foreigners in England. p.30: Refugees in England. p.33-85: Ambassadors to and from England. Prominent Foreigners. Principal suitors to the Queen: Archduke Charles of Austria: see ‘Emperors, Holy Roman’. France: King Charles IX; Henri, Duke of Anjou; François, Duke of Alençon. Sweden: King Eric XIV. Notable visitors to England: from Bohemia: Baron Waldstein (1600). from Denmark: Duke of Holstein (1560). from France: Duke of Alençon (1579, 1581-1582); Prince of Condé (1580); Duke of Biron (1601); Duke of Nevers (1602). from Germany: Duke Casimir (1579); Count Mompelgart (1592); Duke of Bavaria (1600); Duke of Stettin (1602). from Italy: Giordano Bruno (1583-1585); Orsino, Duke of Bracciano (1601). from Poland: Count Alasco (1583). from Portugal: Don Antonio, former King (1581, Refugee: 1585-1593). from Sweden: John Duke of Finland (1559-1560); Princess Cecilia (1565-1566). Bohemia; Denmark; Emperors, Holy Roman; France; Germans; Italians; Low Countries; Navarre; Papal State; Poland; Portugal; Russia; Savoy; Spain; Sweden; Transylvania; Turkey. Bohemia. Slavata, Baron Michael: 1576 April 26: in England, Philip Sidney’s friend; May 1: to leave. Slavata, Baron William (1572-1652): 1598 Aug 21: arrived in London with Paul Hentzner; Aug 27: at court; Sept 12: left for France. Waldstein, Baron (1581-1623): 1600 June 20: arrived, in London, sightseeing; June 29: met Queen at Greenwich Palace; June 30: his travels; July 16: in London; July 25: left for France. Also quoted: 1599 Aug 16; Beddington. Denmark. King Christian III (1503-1 Jan 1559): 1559 April 6: Queen Dorothy, widow, exchanged condolences with Elizabeth.
    [Show full text]
  • Philipps-Universität Marburg
    nblick wiges G 5 Bachacker Kläran- m h E o l d b o r n La 6 Blumengarten lage B Zu orch r Ewiges Tal L A ü Am c m Am k . W 189 Sc W d e Rote heid er A stei iß W a uf n e 184 e d n g aße ld e A. r - Grube r Lahn 303 ehung Grabenstr r J 209 Galgengrundau) ö ch t c g r Flieder- Ringstr. a h B g Grün- i straße 309 . schiebel n S . Grundschule r K d t - r m Michelbach G S o e (im . 6 . tsum v e r Ringstr r o r g r - M ß t t a r ß r n e O t s r S i i c S f > - g r e f r n e en e h h onn we r f c S g n o 226 e ü h r a l - i i elb u Mecklen- d h o k h e n l e r b A i Am Jäger- e d 199 t i r l T e h n e m t n 229 wäldchen h F S B ü ac e s 316 S e n der Görtzb M S I r n ic h M i W h tü n l m c S 246 l e p G a elstal Friedrich- e F Industriestr a W ü t l Fröbel-Str r m Rehbocks- r d r l b e l m ecke A a b Ernst-Lemmer-Straße a W i A P n h ß c e e e A e h h aß r trChristopho- r e r r Srusstraße - r a ge v c bur o S k Magde m < Caldern t e 283 r r .
    [Show full text]
  • The Self-Perception of Chronic Physical Incapacity Among the Labouring Poor
    THE SELF-PERCEPTION OF CHRONIC PHYSICAL INCAPACITY AMONG THE LABOURING POOR. PAUPER NARRATIVES AND TERRITORIAL HOSPITALS IN EARLY MODERN RURAL GERMANY. BY LOUISE MARSHA GRAY A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of London. University College, London 2001 * 1W ) 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines the experiences of the labouring poor who were suffering from chronic physical illnesses in the early modern period. Despite the popularity of institutional history among medical historians, the experiences of the sick poor themselves have hitherto been sorely neglected. Research into the motivation of the sick poor to petition for a place in a hospital to date has stemmed from a reliance upon administrative or statistical sources, such as patient lists. An over-reliance upon such documentation omits an awareness of the 'voice of the poor', and of their experiences of the realities of living with a chronic ailment. Research focusing upon the early modern period has been largely silent with regards to the specific ways in which a prospective patient viewed a hospital, and to the point in a sick person's life in which they would apply for admission into such an institution. This thesis hopes to rectif,r such a bias. Research for this thesis has centred on surviving pauper petitions, written by and on behalf of the rural labouring poor who sought admission into two territorial hospitals in Hesse, Germany. This study will examine the establishment of these hospitals at the onset of the Reformation, and will chart their history throughout the early modern period. Bureaucratic and administrative documentation will be contrasted to the pauper petitions to gain a wider and more nuanced view of the place of these hospitals within society.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 1. from the Reformation to the Thirty Years War, 1500-1648 Protestant Resistance – the Schmalkaldic League (1531/35)
    Volume 1. From the Reformation to the Thirty Years War, 1500-1648 Protestant Resistance – The Schmalkaldic League (1531/35) Since the time of the Peasants’ War, the evangelical princes and city regimes had talked about forming a defensive military league to protect themselves, their lands, and their cities in the event that the Edict of Worms (which forbade their religion) were imposed on them by force. Early efforts failed because the leading southern cities refused to enter into an alliance with the princes, and, more importantly, because the evangelical party was split between the followers of Luther, on the one hand, and Zwingli, on the other, over the meaning of the Lord's Supper (Eucharist). But on April 19, 1529, the estates did in fact come together to protest the Diet of Speyer’s decision to enforce the Edict of Worms, and it was at this gathering that the name “Protestant” was born. Still, the intra-evangelical doctrinal dispute prevented the formation of an alliance for another eighteen months. After the Diet of Augsburg (1530) failed to reconcile the Catholic and evangelical parties of the Diet, the Saxon elector called the Protestant estates to a meeting in the small town of Schmalkalden in December 1530. There, under the leadership of the Saxon elector and Landgrave Philip of Hesse, an agreement was made; a related treaty was approved at a second meeting in February 1531 (A). On December 23, 1535, nearly five years later, twenty-three estates approved the constitution of the Schmalkaldic League (B). The constitution makes clear that the alliance, unprecedented in its geographical scope, nonetheless conformed in its political and military institutions to the customs of the German federations.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion: Confession, Identity, and Transnational Relations
    Germany and the Coming of the French Wars of Religion: Confession, Identity, and Transnational Relations Jonas A. M. van Tol Doctor of Philosophy University of York History February 2016 Abstract From its inception, the French Wars of Religion was a European phenomenon. The internationality of the conflict is most clearly illustrated by the Protestant princes who engaged militarily in France between 1567 and 1569. Due to the historiographical convention of approaching the French Wars of Religion as a national event, studied almost entirely separate from the history of the German Reformation, its transnational dimension has largely been ignored or misinterpreted. Using ten German Protestant princes as a case study, this thesis investigates the variety of factors that shaped German understandings of the French Wars of Religion and by extension German involvement in France. The princes’ rich and international network of correspondence together with the many German-language pamphlets about the Wars in France provide an insight into the ways in which the conflict was explained, debated, and interpreted. Applying a transnational interpretive framework, this thesis unravels the complex interplay between the personal, local, national, and international influences that together formed an individual’s understanding of the Wars of Religion. These interpretations were rooted in the longstanding personal and cultural connections between France and the Rhineland and strongly influenced by French diplomacy and propaganda. Moreover, they were conditioned by one’s precise position in a number of key religious debates, most notably the question of Lutheran-Reformed relations. These understandings changed as a result of a number pivotal European events that took place in 1566 and 1567 and the conspiracy theories they inspired.
    [Show full text]
  • BOUNDARY CHANGES Larry O
    BOUNDARY CHANGES Larry O. Jensen P. O. Box 441, Pleasant Grove, UT 84062 Over the centuries, locality jurisdictions changed in size and in jurisdictional levels. Many of the areas began as ecclesiastical districts such as dioceses or archdioceses and then changed to a nobility jurisdiction such as “Grafschaft” (county) which was ruled over by a “Graf” or count. Some evolved from a regular “Herzogtum” (duchy) to a “Grossherzogtum” (grand duchy) which Baden and Mecklenburg did. Other areas like Bavaria and Württemberg went from being duchies to kingdoms when their rulers were raised from dukes to kings. The following list identifies some of these ecclesiastical and nobility levels: Bistum diocese König king Burgraf burgrave Königreich kingdom Erzbistum archdiocese Kurfürst elector Erzherzogtum archduchy Kurfürstentum electorate Fürst prince Landgraf landgrave Fürstentum principality Landgrafschaft landgravate Graf count Mark march or borderland Grafschaft county, shire Markgraf margrave Großfürstentum grand principality Markgrafschaft margravate or Großherzogtum grand duchy margraviate Herrschaft domain Propst provost Herzog duke Probstei diocese Herzogtum duchy Provinz province Kanton canton, district It is very important to know the histories of the areas of Germany your ancestors were from. Different records may have been kept for these areas during the time period they existed. For example, if you looked under “Hannover” in the Salt Lake City, Utah Genealogy Library=s Catalog you would be given the following four choices: 1. Germany, Preußen, Hannover 2. Germany, Preußen, Hannover, Hannover 3. Germany, Preußen, Hannover (Königreich) 4. Germany, Preußen, Hannover (Kurfürstentum) The four possibilities represent the following four different jurisdictions: 1. This choice would identify those records that the Library has acquired for Hannover when it was a province in the kingdom of Prussia (1866-1945).
    [Show full text]
  • The German Crusade of 1197–1198
    This is a repository copy of The German Crusade of 1197–1198. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/82933/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Loud, GA (2014) The German Crusade of 1197–1198. Crusades, 13 (1). pp. 143-172. ISSN 1476-5276 © 2015, by the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Ashgate Publishing in Crusades on 01 Jun 2014, available online: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ashgate/cru/2014/00000013/00000001/art000 07. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 The German Crusade of 1197-98 G.A. Loud University of Leeds [email protected] Abstract This article reconsiders the significance of the German Crusade of 1197-8, often dismissed as a very minor episode in the history of the Crusading movement.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Elizabeth of Hungary ~ Page 2
    �t. Elizabet� o� Hun�a ry BORN 1207; son Her- DIED 1231 mann. Two WIDOW years after FEAST DAY: her depar- NOVEMBER 17 ture, she was left motherless N A WEALTHY AND by Gertrude’s mur- WORLDLY CULTURE, KERRIS PAUL der in Hungary, but Imany people may she was cared for with feel that it is too tender love by her fu- difficult to seek ture mother-in-law holiness, that Sophia. When Eliz- there are too abeth was nine, the many obsta- younger Hermann cles in the way died. However, the and, perhaps, it same political consider- might mean not “fitting ations that had prompted in.” St. Elizabeth of Hun- her proposed marriage to Her- gary, a royal princess for whom a no- mann prevailed, and she remained at Wartburg ble marriage was planned, found support for with the understanding that she would be married her desire to love and serve God for all too few to the second son, Ludwig, seven years her elder. years of her life, but still never succumbed to the She showed early a desire for prayer, devotion, snares of the world. and self-mortification so that, despite her exalted Elizabeth was the daughter of the Hungarian future status, her exemplary behavior resulted in King Andrew II and his wife Gertrude, a mem- hostility from many members of Wartburg’s splen- ber of the family of the Andech-Meran counts. did and worldly culture. Elizabeth was probably born at Pressburg (mod- Hermann I died when Elizabeth was four- ern Bratislava, Slovakia). She was born into a teen, and in the same year she was married to holy family; her mother’s sister was St.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holy See
    The Holy See BENEDICT XVI GENERAL AUDIENCE Saint Peter's Square Wednesday, 20 October 2010 Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Dear Brothers and Sisters, Today I would like to speak to you about one of the women of the Middle Ages who inspired the greatest admiration; she is St Elizabeth of Hungary, also called St Elizabeth of Thuringia. Elizabeth was born in 1207; historians dispute her birthplace. Her father was Andrew ii, the rich and powerful King of Hungary. To reinforce political ties he had married the German Countess Gertrude of Andechs-Meran, sister of St Hedwig who was wife to the Duke of Silesia. Elizabeth, together with her sister and three brothers, spent only the first four years of her childhood at the Hungarian court. She liked playing, music and dancing; she recited her prayers faithfully and already showed special attention to the poor, whom she helped with a kind word or an affectionate gesture. Her happy childhood was suddenly interrupted when some knights arrived from distant Thuringia to escort her to her new residence in Central Germany. In fact, complying with the customs of that time, Elizabeth's father had arranged for her to become a Princess of Thuringia. The Landgrave or Count of this region was one of the richest and most influential sovereigns in Europe at the beginning of the 13th century and his castle was a centre of magnificence and culture. 2 However, the festivities and apparent glory concealed the ambition of feudal princes who were frequently warring with each other and in conflict with the royal and imperial authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • 001-009 A&L Pl4new2.Qxd:Layout 1
    George III Queen Charlotte Francis Augusta Augustus m. (1) Louise King of the United Kingdom m. 1761 (1744–1818) Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld m. 1777 (1757–1831) Duke of 1797 (1779–1801) (1738–1820) daughter of Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1750–1806) daughter of Henry XXIV, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg daughter of r. 25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820 Count Reuss-Ebersdorff (1772–1822) Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin m. (2) Caroline 1802 (1771–1848) daughter of William I, Elector of Hesse (formerly William IX, Landgrave of George IV William IV Hesse-Cassel) Edward, m. (2) Victoria m. (1) Charles, Juliane Leopold I Ernest I m. (1) Louise King of the United Kingdom King of the United Kingdom Duke of Kent 1818 (1786–1861) 1803 2nd Prince of Leiningen (Anna Feodorovna) King of the Belgians 1st Duke of Saxe-Coburg and 1817 (1800–1831) (1762–1830) (1765–1837) (1767–1820) (1763–1814) (1781–1860) (1790–1865) Gotha (formerly Ernest III, Regent from 5 February 1811 r. 26 June 1830 – 20 June 1837 m. 1796 Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld) m. (2) Marie r. 29 January 1820 – 26 June 1830 diss. 1820 m. (1) 1816 (1784–1844) 1832 (1799–1860) Constantine, Charlotte daughter of Grand Duke of Russia (1796–1817) Duke Alexander of Charles Feodora (1779–1831) daughter of George IV Württemberg 3rd Prince of Leiningen (1807–72) (1804–56) m. 1828 m. (2) 1832 m. 1829 Ernest, Prince of Louise Marie Countess Maria Klebelsberg Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1812–50) (1806–80) (1794–1860) daughter of Louis-Philippe, Victoria & Albert King of the French Family Tree Victoria m.
    [Show full text]
  • French Protestantism, 1559-1562
    FRENCH PROTESTANTISM, 1559-1562 FRENCH PROTESTANTISM, 15^^9-1562 BY CALEB GUYER KELLY A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Board of University Studies of The Johns Hopkins University in Conformity with the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1916 Baltimore 1918 Copyright 1918 by THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER. PA. CONTENTS Pagb Preface , vii Chapter I. Social and Economic Forces 9 Chapter II. The Resources of the Huguenots ... 38 Chapter III. The Organization of the Calvinists.. 69 Chapter IV. The Reform at Its Height 88 Chapter V. Friends and Foes at Home and Abroad 118 Chapter VI. Guise or Valois ? 137 Chapter VII. The Arsenal of Protestantism 163 Bibliographical References 179 Index 183 PREFACE The brief period between 1559 and 1562, interlacing the reigns of Henry II and of two of his sons, Francis II and Charles IX, was momentous in the history of French " Protestantism. Consequently studies in diplomacy and la " haute politique of that epoch of four years have been vigorously pursued, but the social and economic questions have been inadequately treated. Indeed, much of the real nature of the reign of Henry II and of the growth of the Reform during his incumbency is obscure. Nothing like " " (lie Catalogue des Actes du roi Frangois Ier as yet exists for the reign of Henry II. Therefore it has seemed to the writer eminently desirable to begin an investigation of the development of Protestantism through the operation of social and economic forces, particularly among the indus trial and working classes. The economic activity of the Huguenots reveals one of the aspects of their social life, and their commerce forms one of the great chapters in world history.
    [Show full text]