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!e World of Yesterday: the Historical Context of

Tian He @NYShalong October 10th, 2015 Where is Downton? Yorkshire

!irsk

Ripon

Highclere Castle British Country Houses Abbey*, court, hall, house, mansion, manor, palace, park, place… *Dissolution of the Monasteries: 1536-1541, Henry VIII

Highclere Castle George Herbert Tutankhamun 5th of Carnarvon

Folly: ornament building A Hidden Masterpiece

Anthony van Dyck Upstairs and Downstairs: the Social Hierarchy

Upstairs: aristocracy and (upper) middle class Downstairs: working class (butler, housekeeper, valet, ’s , chef, footman, housemaid, kitchen maid, scullery maid…) European

中国 英国 法国 俄国 德国／奥地利

Knyaz 公 /Duchess Duc Erzherzog (Archduke) () Großherzog () (Duke) Marquees 侯 Marquis Pfalzgraf ( ) /Marchioness Markgraf () Earl Landgraf () 伯 Comte /Countess Reichsgraf (Count of the Empire) Fürst (Prince) 子 Vicomte Burggraf (Burggrave) /Viscountess Altgraf (Altgrave) Vizegraf (viscount) 男 Baron Baron /Baroness (Baron)

Baronet Hereditary Herr () Untitled /Barontess nobility () Nobility Knight (de) Personal （/） Nobility Untitled nobility (von, zu) Honori"cs

Title Self Wife Son Daughter

Duke of Duchess of Duke Lord + First Lady + First +Title +Title

Marquis Lord + Title Lady +Title Lord + First Lady + First

Earl Lord + Title Lady + Title Honorable (Hon.) Lady + First

Viscount Lord + Title Lady + Title Honorable (Hon.) Honorable (Hon.)

Baron Lord + Title Lady + Title Honorable (Hon.) Honorable (Hon.)

Baronet Sir + First Lady + Surname Mr. Miss

Knight Sir + First Lady + Surname Mr. Miss and Entail

Primogeniture: primo + genitura

¥Absolute primogeniture (Sweden, , , and UK after 2013 etc.)

¥Male-preference cognatic primogeniture (UK before 2013)

¥Agnatic primogeniture (Salic Law)

¥ vs. heir presumptive

Entail: restricts the sales and inheritance of real estate (Pride and Prejudice) Upper-Class Marriages

¥! e social Season and “coming out” ¥Title and property

¥“Of course, we both know that if we marry, people - your people - will think you've conferred a great blessing on me. My house will welcome the "nest in the land, my children will carry noble blood in their veins.” –Sir Richard Carlisle (Mary’s suiter) ¥Religion Catholicism : “!ere hasn't been a Catholic Crawley since the Reformation.” --Robert Crawley, Count of Grantham Judaism : “And now you want Rose to be an outcast?” --Susan MacClare, Marchioness of Flintshire Transatlantic Marriages

Lord Randolph Churchill Jennie Jerome Charles Churchill Consuelo Vanderbilt 9th Duke of Marlborough

Winston Churchill Blenheim Palace !e Challenges for the Landed Aristocracy

Economical ¥! e abolition of Corn Laws (1846) and free trade policy ¥Transportation revolution (railway, steamboat, canals…) ¥Increase in American agricultural exports ¥Agricultural depression in Britain in 1870s

Erie Canal Political ¥Reform Acts (1837, 1867 and 1884) and expansion of suffrage ¥People's Budget (1909) and the House of lost the power to veto (1911)

David Lloyd George Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey “Now we’re to be turned out of Downton. Even Lloyd George can’t want that.” -Violet, Dowager Countess “I’m not sure he’s a good example.” -Lady Mary Technological Advancement

Puri"cation of adrenaline： Jokichi Takamine (高峰让吉), 1901

Iodine treatment of goiter: David Marine, 1917 La Belle Époque

“Does Mr. Sargent not paint modern pictures ? ” -- Carson

John Singer Sargent

Louis Tiffany

W. Graham Robertson Dr. Pozzi at Home Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer (Gustav Klimt) !e Outbreak of World War I

“!e lights are going out all over Europe and I doubt we will see them go on again in our lifetime.” – Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Secretary

August 4th, 1914, 11 pm: Britain declared war on Hoping for Peace

Nobel Peace Prize Uni"cation of Germany

Otto von Bismarck Chancellor of Germany (1871-1890)

¥Prussian militarism: a state built on ¥A hostile Franco-German relation ¥Trade protectionism: coalition of iron and rye ¥League of the !ree : ¥Response to socialism: carrots and sticks Germany, , ¥Nationalism on the rise: Hohenzollern worship ¥Germany as the moderator of powers Germany under Wilhelm II

¥A capricious ruler ¥Rise of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) ¥Die Weltpolitik: Germany’s colonial expansion

¥Fear of encirclement ¥! e Anglo-German naval arm race

Wilhelm II HMS Dreadnought Deutscher Kaiser (1888-1918) France: A Bitter Nation Vowed Revenge

Alsace-Lorraine Joan of Arc, by Jules Bastien-Lepage, 1879

Alfred Dreyfus !e Twilight of the Habsburgs

1830

Elisabeth of Austria Kaiser Franz Joseph I

1806: Dissolution of the Holy 1848-1849: the Hungarian Revolution 1866: Austro-Prussian War (loss of the Venetian territory) 1910 1868: Dual of Austria-Hungary 1908: Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina Jews in the land of Waltz

Stefan Zweig Viktor Frankl Ludwig Wittgenstein

Sigmund Freud Karl Popper Gustav Mahler !e “Sometimes a hard sacri"ce ¥Slavophiles versus Westernizers must be made for a future that's ¥Emancipation reform of 1861 ( Alexander II) worth having.” — Tom Branson ¥Economical modernization and urbanization ¥Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) ¥Revolution of 1905 and democratization

“Bloody Sunday” !e family of Tsar Nicolas II !e Crumbling and the Balkan Nationalism

!e Sick Man of Europe !e Game of the Powers

1873: League of three emperors 1879: Dual-Alliance 1882: Triple-Alliance 1885-1888: Austria and Russia con$icted due to Bulgarian crisis 1887: Germany-Russia Reassurance Treaty 1890: Reassurance Treaty discontinued 1892: France-Russia alliance 1904: UK and France signed Entente Cordiale 1907: UK and Russia resolved con$icts (Triple Entente) Europe Polarized into Two Camps

1887 1907

!e Triple Entente: France, United Kingdom, Russia !e Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy

Clark, Christopher. !e Sleepwalkers. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. Crises consolidated the web of alliance

¥First Balkan War (Treaty of London, 1913) “Since Turkey's signature is vital, Mr. Napier's been given the job of keeping -Remember Kemal Pamuk? him happy until the conference begins and he's eager to try an English hunt. I shall invite this Mr. Pamuk to stay here as well. Who knows? A little ¥ Diplomacy run within the elite circle hospitality in an English house may make all the difference to the ¥Security dilemma outcome.” — Lady Grantham -One side’s defensive measures are viewed as offensive by the other -Fear of losing allies !e Assassination in Sarajevo

Gavrilo Princip

On June 28th, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian throne, was shot in Sarajevo !e Fall of the Domino

June 28: Assassination of the Archduke July 5: Germany gave Austria-Hungary a “blank check” July 23: Austria-Hungary sent Ultimatum to Serbia July 28: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia; Russia mobilized July 30: Russia refused to stop military mobilization Aug 1: Germany declared war on Russia Aug 3: Germany declared war on France (Schlieffen plan) Aug 4: Germany invaded Belgium; Britain declared war on Germany Aug 6: Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia

Who do you think caused the war? !e German Question

1848: Greater Germany versus lesser Germany 1938: Anschluss with Austria

1990: reuni"cation versus division 2010s: leadership in the Eurozone Crisis Social Class in the Battle"eld

batman Trench Warfare !e Decline of Aristocracy

¥! e abolition of German, Austrian and Russian ¥! e casualty in the war ¥Death duties (before 1914: 8%, 1940s: >50%) Doubts and Disillusion

Rudyard Kipling

“If any question why we died, Tell them, because our fathers lied.” !e Voices of the Oppressed

Oscar Wilde

Suffrage in Britain

1918: all men above 21 and women above 30

1924: the "rst Labor Party Ministry

1928: all women above 21 !e World of Yesterday

!e Age of Extremes: !e Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991