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The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari

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The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari Tanja M. Männel & Peter Breunig Abstract Résumé Since their discovery in the mid-20th century, the terracottas Depuis leur découverte au milieu du XXe siècle, les sculptures of the Nok Culture in Central Nigeria, which represent the de la culture Nok au Nigeria central sont connues, au-delà des earliest large-scale sculptural tradition in Sub-Saharan Af- spécialistes, comme la tradition la plus ancienne des sculptures rica, have attracted attention well beyond specialist circles. de grande taille de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Toutefois leur Their cultural context, however, remained virtually unknown contexte culturel resta inconnu pour longtemps, dû à l’absence due to the lack of scientifically recorded, meaningful find de situations de fouille pertinentes démontrées scientifiquement. conditions. Here we will describe an archaeological feature Ici nous décrivons une découverte, trouvée à Pangwari, lieu uncovered at the almost completely excavated Nok site of de découverte Nok, située dans le sud de l’état de Kaduna, qui Pangwari, a settlement site located in the South of Kaduna fourni des informations suffisantes montrant que des sculptures State, which provided sufficient information to conclude that en terre cuite ont été détruites délibérément et puis déposées, ce the terracotta sculptures had been deliberately destroyed qui, par conséquent, met en évidence exemplaire l’aspect rituel and then deposited, emphasising the ritual aspect of early de l’ancien art plastique africain. Auparavant, des observations African figurative art. similaires ont été faites sur d’autres sites de recherches. Similar observations were made at various other sites Or les sculptures en terre cuite découvertes à Pangwari we had examined previously. But the terracottas found at nous permettent non seulement d’augmenter nos connais- Pangwari not only augmented our insights into the advanced sances du développement stylistique avancé des sculptures stylistic development of the Nok sculptures, they also exhibited Nok, mais elles révèlent aussi des scènes du quotidien, par scenes of daily life like a relief of a dugout boat with two exemple le relief d’une pirogue avec deux pagayeurs ou bien paddlers, or remarkable details like a marine shell on the des détails remarquables comme une coquille sur la tête d’une head of a human figure – details indicating trans-regional figure humaine – des détails qui témoignent d’un commerce trade and long-distance contacts. Other finds from Pangwari interrégional et de relations de longue distance. D’autres dé- deepen our knowledge of therianthropic creatures among the couvertes à Pangwari approfondissent nos connaissances sur terracottas of the Nok Culture. des créatures therianthropiques parmi les sculptures en terre cuite de la culture Nok. Keywords: Nok Culture, Nigeria, terracotta sculpture Tanja M. Männel 8 [email protected] / Peter Breunig 8 [email protected] * Institute for Archaeological Sciences, African Archaeology & Archaeobotany, Goethe University, Norbert-Wollheim-Platz 1, 60629 Frankfurt a. M., Germany DOI 10.3213/2191-5784-10300 © Africa Magna Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. Published online 15 Dec 2016 Journal of African Archaeology Vol. 14 (3) Special Issue, 2016, pp. 313–329 313 This article is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 04:36:58AM via free access T.M. Männel & P. Breunig Introduction Frankfurt Goethe University in the course of which a team of German archaeologists in collaboration with While a number of researchers performed extensive Nigerian colleagues surveyed and excavated numer- studies on the Nok terracottas, their source material ous sites dating to the Nok Culture (Breunig 2009; was based on sculptures kept in museums and private Breunig & Rupp 2010). collections that had not been subject to archaeological excavations or scientific documentation (de Grunne Having focused on aspects of chronology dur- 1999; Boullier 2001; Chesi & Merzeder 2006). In ing the first years of research (Franke & Breunig the 1940s the British archaeologist Bernard Fagg had 2014; 2016, this volume), priority later shifted to the begun investigating sites of the Nok Culture in Central structural analysis of Nok Culture sites. This involved Nigeria (Fagg 1945; 1990), his work was continued by large-scale excavations to comprehend the spatial his daughter Angela Fagg-Rackham (Fagg, A. 1972) organisation and nature of the Nok sites. Part of this and later by the Nigerian archaeologist Joseph Jemkur endeavour were excavations at the site of Pangwari, (Jemkur 1992). It was however not until 2005 that located in the northern section of the project’s key archaeological research was resumed and intensified study area (Fig. 1) which started in 2011. Being neither when a long-term research project was launched at the seriously affected by looting nor by farming activities, Figure 1. Map indi- cating the position of Pangwari and other Nok sites recorded in the surroundings since 2005. 314 Journal of African Archaeology Vol. 14 (3) Special Issue, 2016 Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 04:36:58AM via free access The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari Figure 2. Pangwari. Panorama view with plan of excavated trenches A-I and stone circle. Pangwari proved ideal for studying the archaeological Context of Nok sculptures from Pangwari remains of a Nok community. Until 2014, ten units (feature 10 and 11) comprising 2,617 square metres had been excavated (Fig. 2). 12,978 individual measurement points were Like many Nok sites in the study area, Pangwari is recorded in a three-dimensional grid, of which nearly located on slightly sloping terrain, stretching up to ten percent have been classified as fragments of terra- a saddle between two shallow hilltops (Fig. 3). The cotta sculptures. Among the sites that have so far been saddle constitutes a favourable position, offering level examined by the Frankfurt project, percentages of this ground, distant views to the east and west, and a cooling range are common among inventories of Nok sites con- breeze which is absent on the lee side of the slope. The taining terracotta fragments. Equally common is their advantageous setting either intentionally or accidentally appearance in association with other find materials, coincides with the peculiarity of the archaeological dis- in particular potsherds or waste like broken grinding covery made in trench E which extended along most of stones, fragments of ground stone axes, and charcoal the saddle‘s expanse. In the west-central section of this or charred food remains from fireplaces, which occur trench a rocky ridge covered by a layer of sedimentary side by side without any specific context, apart from deposits was exposed, one of the numerous outcrops of their presence in pits or pit-like structures (Schmidt plutonic bedrock which spreads all over the hilly area 2014: 47–48). While this implies that the sculptures of the site (Fig. 4). mostly ended up in fragments and were treated as ordinary waste, the excavation of one of the trenches Evidence of human activity was found along the (trench E) at Pangwari revealed a different context. entire excavated part of the ridge. In the northern por- A circumstance yet encountered quite rarely (Rupp tion a congregation of charcoal was detected, forming 2010: 75–76; Rupp 2014), there, in feature 10 and 11, part of the backfill of a pit (Fig. 4). South and east of we found several larger fragments of Nok terracotta the ridge two pits containing fragments of terracotta sculptures which had apparently been intentionally sculptures were uncovered. Compared to the surround- deposited. Clearly classifiable as hoards these two ing soil, the southern pit appeared darker in colour due features reflect a ritual aspect that is not recognisable to a concentration of charcoal particles, it also proved in other features where the terracotta fragments seem to be of slightly softer texture (feature 11). In the upper to form part of the settlement waste. Focusing on the level of this feature a therianthropic sculpture, displaying crucial importance of contextual information for the attributes of human and bird was recovered (Fig. 16), understanding of the Nok sculptures, the Pangwari also found was an anthropomorphic head with large ears evidence will be presented here. (Fig. 17) as well as an anthropomorphic sculpture with a four-legged animal on its thigh (Fig. 18) at the bottom of the feature (positions indicated in Fig. 4, feature 11). Journal of African Archaeology Vol. 14 (3) Special Issue, 2016 315 Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 04:36:58AM via free access T.M. Männel & P. Breunig Pangwari. Aerial photo indicating the excavated trenches and the position of features mentioned in the text. Blue dots represent fragments of terracotta sculptures. The red stars red The sculptures. terracotta of fragments represent dots Blue text. the in mentioned features of position the and trenches excavated the indicating photo Aerial Pangwari. Figure 3. Figure indicate the position of a model dugout canoe in trench C and cubic statuette D. 316 Journal of African Archaeology Vol. 14 (3) Special Issue, 2016 Downloaded from Brill.com10/08/2021 04:36:58AM via free access The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari Figure 4. Pangwari, part of trench E. Posi- tion of feature 10 and 11 next to rock ridge (centre). Terracotta sculptures are outlined in white. The other objects without outline are stones. Finds in fea- ture 10 are from level -90 cm below surface. Finds in feature 11 are projected from differ- ent levels. Immediately east of the ridge the excavators ex- different to feature 11, many pieces of broken terracotta posed a plaster of hand-sized pieces of local granitic sculptures — hands, arms, fragments of faces, heads and rock (feature 10). Underneath this cover lay miscel- other body parts. The finds themselves turned out to be laneous fragments of terracotta sculptures (Fig.
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