VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN POLITICS CARMEN ALANIS

November 2020 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

VIOLENCE Contents AGAINST WOMEN IN POLITICS

CARMEN ALANIS1 Executive Summary 04

Introduction 06 I. Equality, inclusion and access to justice 08 II. Women: political rights and gender mandates 11 III. Legal developments in recognizing women’s political rights 14

IV. Gender gap size in political representation 17 V. What is violence against women in politics? 28 V.I How does this type of violence manifest itself? 31 Violence in politics as experienced by female activists 32 Violence in politics as experienced by female candidates 34 Violence in public offi ce 34 Digital and media violence 34 V.II International developments in specifi c legislation on political violence against women 36 Bolivia 36 Mexico 36 V.III Case law: violence against women in politics 40 1 President and Founding Partner of 12624 Consultoras, consultancy promoting justice, equality, democracy and electoral integrity. Lawyer, feminist and Juris doctor. Bolivia, 2020: forced resignation 40 Member of the Kofi Annan Foundation Electoral Integrity Initiative, Mujeres en Plural (Mexican organization advocating for women’s political rights); International Women’s European Parliament, 2018: harassment and violence against Forum, Mexico Chapter; Association of Women Electoral Magistrates of the Americas; parliamentarians 41 and International Association of Women Judges. From 2006 to 2016, she was a Justice at the Superior Chamber of the Electoral Court Mexico, 2018: attempted murder 42 of Mexico, becoming its first female Chief Justice. She has also been Executive Secretary and Director of Electoral Training and Civic Education at the Federal Electoral Institute. Mexico, 2018: ploys to prevent parity 42 She has represented Mexico before the Committee of Experts at the Organization of V.IV A comprehensive model for protecting women in the American States (OAS) Inter-American Commission of Women, and before the Venice Commission. She was the Chief Officer and Founder of the National Autonomous exercise of their political rights 43 University of Mexico (UNAM)-Boston Center for Mexican Studies and has been a Visiting Scholar at Harvard Law School. She is a professor at UNAM Law School. VI. Recommendations 46

Research Assistant: Marisol Vázquez Bibliography 52

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Executive summary

Electoral integrity refers to elections Key recommendations based on the principles of universal Based on the fi ndings, the following key recommendations need to be actioned by various groups including international organizations, nation states, political parties suffrage and political equality. and civil society to effectively address violence against women in politics. However, these principles are not • The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against adhered to by newer and older Women (CEDAW) Committee of Experts should issue a specifi c democracies across the world, with recommendation regarding violence against women in politics. • That states design a comprehensive model of access to justice (electoral, various barriers to equal and universal administrative and criminal). political participation. • Formally legislate and recognize violence against women in politics. • Regulate and hold political parties accountable. For a long time, women’s interests, voices and opinions were not represented. This started to change with the advent of women’s suffrage, affi rmative measures (such as • Address cases of violence against women in politics from a gender quotas and reserved seats) and parity, measures needed for progress in constructing perspective. more egalitarian and truly democratic societies. • Inform, educate and empower women on their political rights. Although women make up just over half of the world’s population, they often lack access to • Consolidate women’s leadership. public offi ce. To highlight the extent of this problem, only 25% of the 35,127 global parliamentary constituency seats are held by women. In addition, 85 of the 153 countries • Support civil society organizations and activists to address violent cases. covered by the 2020 Global Gender Gap report, have not had a female head of state, head of • Generate statistics to identify victims and perpetrators to adequately government or president at any time in the past 50 years. Despite almost unanimous address the issue. recognition of women’s right to vote and affi rmative action, many societies still lack equal • Undertake further qualitative studies. opportunities and outcomes regarding female participation in politics. Women face various electoral and political barriers including deciding to run for public offi ce, campaigning and • Create communications campaigns that are free of stereotypes. holding public offi ce on equal terms with men, as well as holding political positions in spaces • Develop international protocols. free of violence. Even with the increase of female participation in politics since women’s suffrage, this has, unfortunately, been met with an increase in gender-based violence. These recommendations should be consolidated with current international, regional, The aim of this paper is to make visible the various hindrances women face in their attempts to national and local efforts in addressing violence against women in politics. This is the access political spaces and challenges faced once they have made it into public offi ce. Through only way to achieve electorally integral communities as well as equitable and truly extensive research and case study examples, this paper sheds light on the serious problem of democratic societies. violence against women in politics and, identifi es the dynamics and complexities women face when participating in the political sphere. These major fi ndings draw attention to the extent of psychological, sexual and physical violence women face. Thus, the logical next step is to make concrete recommendations aimed at resolving this issue.

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Introduction women’s right to vote and affi rmative action This paper aims to raise awareness regarding against inequality in many countries, there are the serious phenomenon of violence against still barriers preventing women from exercising women in politics as well as identify the their electoral and political rights, which dynamics and complexities of women’s include the decision to run for offi ce, participation in the public sphere that threaten We cannot speak of “electoral campaigning and holding public offi ce, on representative and participatory democracy. equal terms with men and in spaces free of The origins of violence against women in integrity” if states do not create violence. politics and unequal power relations will be explained. The legal and regulatory frameworks It is inconceivable to believe that women fully conditions whereby everyone with the acknowledging the right of women to enjoy their political rights, even in regimes now participate in this sphere will be identifi ed. right to participate in public affairs can considered democratic, if half of the world’s Examples of violent behavior, already population continue to face diffi culties in recognized by legal systems and certain courts, do so freely and on equal terms. exercising their human right to vote, running will be defi ned, and recommendations for their for election, or holding public offi ce. For the Kofi Annan Foundation, the term One of the recommendations made by the eradication will be described. “elections with integrity” means elections Global Commission on Elections, Democracy Unfortunately, as women’s access to and based on the principles of universal suffrage and Security to help nations promote and participation in public decision-making spaces This document raises three and political equality, among other protect the integrity of elections is that have increased, gender-based violence has key questions: principles. Unfortunately, in newer and older governments should build a rule of law system become more prevalent. The violence that democracies alike, there are still barriers to ensuring that all citizens, including political some women have experienced in politics equal and universal political participation. opponents and the opposition, have legal sends a powerful message on an individual 1 In many countries, women, minorities and remedies to protect their electoral rights, level, but also on a collective level, because Why do women face other population segments fi nd their create institutions, processes and networks that it aims to exclude women from spaces where barriers in exercising participation in democratic processes discourage violence, and, if deterrence fails, they have gained ground. This situation is their political and electoral rights? 2 hampered. If elections are to be held with punish perpetrators. unacceptable for any democratic and lawful If violence against integrity, obstacles must be removed state. Historical gaps in representation must be women in politics is a global Women make up just over half of the world’s phenomenon with a negative (Kofi Annan, 2012). closed if we aspire to have consolidated and population, yet they still have marginal access impact on democracies, why is democratic states. Barriers to participation among women, young to public offi ce. For a long time, democracies the problem still not being adequately addressed by people, minorities, people with disabilities and “worked” without considering whether states? other traditionally marginalized groups should women’s interests, voices and opinions were Administrative and jurisdictional also be removed, equality rules adopted, and represented. With the advent of women’s electoral institutions, political affi rmative action taken to promote women’s suffrage, affi rmative measures (such as quotas parties and governments have a 3 leadership and widespread participation, and reserved seats) and parity, there has been great responsibility to ensure they Do the current models including the reasonable use of quotas. progress in constructing more egalitarian and are running functional parity of access to justice truly democratic societies. engage with this issue Civil society organizations should track democracies where women, like effectively? government performance in addressing The concept of citizenship has transformed any other population group, can electoral integrity issues through impartial and over time. The very notion of “political rights” participate in decision-making in systematic monitoring in accordance with the evolved as a result of tensions between their communities, parliaments and This paper concludes with recommendations to following: international principles, measures to liberalism and democracy, and women’s countries without having to suffer help build political systems with integrity and prevent electoral violence, media, diversity and citizenship being recognized. However, this gender-based discrimination. parity, where women can access and hold independence monitoring, and measures to has not led to equal opportunities regarding public offi ce on equal terms and in safe spaces. ensure political parties meet citizens’ needs. female participation in politics. Today, despite almost unanimous legal recognition of

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I. Equality, inclusion and access to justice The Convention on the Rights of are minorities. Persons with Disabilities obliges By incorporating the principle of equality into the states parties to guarantee disabled people political and electoral arena, equal participation political rights on an equal footing with others schemes can be drawn up. But how can this be – both to vote and be elected (UN, 2008). It also achieved? The instruments themselves suggest Analyzing electoral integrity from the obliges countries to provide the technology and four alternatives. materials required for voting and to promote perspective of women’s participation environments where disabled people can 1. Non-Discrimination: in public affairs include the following participate in a nation’s affairs without discrimination. according to the American Convention on key principles: equality, inclusion and Human Rights (OAS, 1969), this concept is The United Nations Declaration understood in two ways: as individuals’ right access to justice. on the Rights of Indigenous not to suffer discrimination; and as the state’s Peoples recognizes the right of indigenous obligation to guarantee substantive equality Equality is no longer an ideological 1. Equality is already recognized in 172 peoples and African communities to self- that avoids discrimination. principle, but a scheme of rights and rules constitutions around the world. determination and autonomy. It identifi es a based on an acknowledgment that human series of rights relating to indigenous peoples’ 2. Political rights are increasingly beings are diverse. political, economic, social and legal decision- 2. Affi rmative Action: acknowledged as human rights. making spheres. These rights must be respected note that not all differential treatment This idea can be better understood by turning 3. International treaties recognize that in order to guarantee that these groups can generates discrimination. Doctrine and to the legal expert and academic Luigi Ferrajoli there are political rights associated with express their identity. The right to be consulted, jurisprudence have established rules to identify (2012): “The principle of equality is sanctioned specifi c social groups. also stipulated in the International Labour when certain compensatory measures are in all advanced legal systems as a constitutional Organization’s Indigenous and Tribal Peoples justifi able and can, therefore, be implemented rule because we are unequal in the sense of Convention (C169), is worth mentioning, as it without being considered discriminatory: a) diversity of material and social conditions. In Some signifi cant treaties and conventions with establishes the right to self-classifi cation, they must involve people in different situations; short, equality is stipulated because we are relevance in this context: whereby individuals may defi ne themselves as b) they must be based on a specifi c objective; different and unequal: it is needed to protect The Convention on the ethnic communities or not, regardless of the c) they must be related to the desired differences and oppose inequalities.” Elimination of All Forms of language used. objective; and, d) they must be proportional to The post-war period showed that democratic Discrimination Against Women the objective for which states are taking regimes’ additional priorities require that Finally, the International affi rmative action to reduce differences among (CEDAW), which obliges states parties to different people are adequately included in the Convention on the Protection social groups. guarantee women an equal right to vote, public decision-making process. Hence the participate in policy formulation and of the Rights of All Migrant importance of creating constitutions, treaties implementation, and join organizations. Workers and Members of Their and regulatory bodies that recognize equality, 3. Collective Rights: the theory differentiates among three but, above all, suggest how to achieve it, given The Inter-American Convention on the Families recognizes migrants’ right to vote categories of collective rights for the inclusion that obvious inequalities make this complex. Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of and to be voted for in their countries of origin as Violence against Women (Belém do Pará well as being given the means to exercise this of minority groups who, like indigenous Today, we can argue that there is good reason Convention) requires that women be right. The right to vote in their host countries is peoples, have suffered inequalities within their to believe that, while not yet in the “age of recognized as having an equal right to access also recognized, provided that such rights are societies (Kymlicka, 1996). inclusion”, this is where we are heading: public functions in their country and to afforded them under domestic legislation. participate in public affairs. We have then seen the innovative approach 4. Access to Justice taken by international human rights treaties, and judging mechanisms as a means of which consider the inequalities affecting certain restoring rights. people and social groups, whether or not they

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We have not yet reached the What else can the Universal age of inclusion, since the dominant Declaration of Human Rights mean majorities still prevail in decision-making bodies when it calls for an “effective around the world. Women, indigenous people, remedy”, but the removal of African communities, migrants and people with barriers and obstacles that prevent disabilities, to cite a few examples, are under- access to justice for groups and represented in decision-making due to the individuals living in inequality? discriminatory systems in place. In light of this reality, we now have Alda Facio (2000), an important analyst who international treaties and public policy considers law from a gender perspective, has II. Women: political rights and gender mandates instruments that can solve the problem of defi ned this obligation. Effective remedy can exclusion from exercising political rights. It is only mean redressing oppressive situations true that affi rmative action has already proved caused by particular conduct or contributing to to be effective in resolving discriminatory eliminating discrimination as a form of gender situations and leveling the playing fi eld. relations. This implies that, when coming to a Power relations and gender hierarchies decision, judges should decide whether the Recently, however, other types of interventions have resulted in women being concrete application of a law will result in the in the judicial sphere have become more unjustifi ed, differentiated treatment between powerful. Fortunately, judicial bodies in several excluded from public offi ce. Gender men and women due to the gender roles countries have taken it upon themselves to assigned to each. If so, permitted rethink the law, and, thus, stop its apparent mandates confi ned them to the compensation mechanisms should be applied. neutrality, which merely reproduces social inequalities. reproductive sphere (domestic and The Brasilia Regulations Regarding Access to Justice for Vulnerable People stipulates that all The results are already beginning to show. If care work, in sum, work associated judicial systems must be designed to provide courts and tribunals manage to make their an effective defense for the rights of vulnerable commitment to equality clear, groups and with emotions and femininity), while people given that the latter face greater individuals will have more of an incentive to barriers to exercising their rights. Hence, it come forward and ask for their rights to be men occupied the productive sphere includes recommendations for public bodies protected. (paid work, related to rationality and and for those serving in the judicial system, not However, justice also needs to become more only promoting public policies that guarantee approachable for victims and defendants. If it is masculinity) (Carrasco, 2001). access to justice, but also the daily efforts of all seen as distant, costly or insensitive to those serving and running the judicial system. inequalities, its ability to restore rights will be These differences, which are socially constructed rather than natural (Rubin, 1975), diminished. Within this framework, there are proposals that have meant less recognition of women’s rights, including political rights, and have require using a lens of “interculturality” when created signifi cant gaps between men and women in spaces of representation. reaching a judgment so that a dialogue The (natural) sexual difference between genders was used to justify excluding women between statutory law and indigenous systems from elected offi ce and from performing public tasks. A glass ceiling was built (Heller, 2008)2. (customary law) can be generated when It can be defi ned an invisible barrier that prevents women from accessing political and considering cases involving indigenous peoples representative spaces on equal footing. or individuals. The purpose of these proposals is to build a multicultural society. 2 Metaphor used to refer to the fact that although there are no established laws, rules or regulations that prevent women from advancing in their professional careers, there is an invisible ceiling that appears in women’s working careers and limits their ability to hold the managerial and higher-level positions commonly occupied by men.

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For a long time, the role of women in political parties has been limited to subordinate positions. Traditionally, they serve in as members in the lower echelons of the party, galvanizing voters and acting as community managers.

Generally, they have not participated in decision-making bodies or held the most important elected positions (Arboleda, 1993) (Barrera & Suárez, 2012) (Massolo, 2007) (Tello, 2009). So-called “female characteristics” are not regarded as appropriate for the political and decision-making sphere. Thus, when women enter politics, they have to make more of an effort to be accepted and “fi ght” to stay in offi ce. Indigenous women face no less of a challenge since in indigenous regulatory systems (customs and practices), machismo and patriarchal structures also prevail. This has created barriers, To understand the problem, it is worth asking ourselves about the origins of especially locally, to women’s participation in Community Assemblies and their election as discrimination against women in public functions. The Mexican anthropologist and feminist public offi cials (Alanís, pending publication). Marcela Lagarde suggests that sexism is based on androcentrism: a viewpoint that considers men and the masculine to be superior, better, more adequate, more capable and more In many indigenous and African communities, women are not only discriminated against on useful than women, which is why it is considered legitimate for men to have a monopoly the basis of their sex, but also due to their class, race and social status. Therefore, any analysis on power, control and violence. The most signifi cant forms of sexism are machismo and of political participation among indigenous peoples and communities must be carried out misogyny (Lagarde, 2012). from a perspective of intersectionality, which is an analytical gender studies tool that provides a deeper understanding of the various ways in which gender intersects and combines with Misogyny is one of the keys to understanding the segregation of women in public life. It is other identities potentially giving rise to oppressive experiences or privilege. found in situations where it is accepted as natural for women to be damaged, marginalized and mistreated and where hostile, aggressive and sexist actions and behaviors towards Internationally, there has been notable progress in formal equality, with legal recognition women are encouraged. Women are discriminated against and excluded because they are of women’s suffrage and growing female participation in parliament with women becoming women. “In short, misogyny is a consensual power resource that oppresses women before heads of state, government and local government (Alanís, 2019). However, women’s abilities they act or express themselves, and even before they exist, just because of their gender” to make decisions in the public arena continues to be questioned and there is still resistance in (op. cit.). political parties and party systems to nominating women as candidates and to the idea of women holding offi ce. This limits a women’s human rights to enjoy equal access to their Today, is it increasingly clear that gender roles are being questioned country’s decision-making bodies. around the world. Gender roles refer to the tasks or functions performed in various spaces and that correspond to gender assignment and their male or female identity. For example, This resistance manifests itself as violence, which for many years was the disproportionate amount of time women spend on unpaid care work and domestic brushed under the carpet and simply thought of as being natural in politics. Even today, chores compared with that spent by men on these activities has been revealed. The gender despite the fact that the issue receives more attention and monitoring, mostly because of gap when it comes to pay, management positions and, of course, political participation has academia and activism, only four countries (Bolivia, Mexico, Argentina and Ecuador) have also been exposed. The mass mobilization of women around the world annually on 8 March approved legal reforms. However, only the fi rst two countries have regulated behavior, put for International Women’s Day is proof that these roles are being questioned. From into place sanctions, established procedures, and defi ned the competent authorities to deal Argentina to Australia, Canada, Norway, Russia and South Africa, women have taken to the with violence against women in politics, despite the fact that electoral integrity has been streets en masse to demand their rights and to be considered as equals. strongly affected by the discrimination women face when participating in politics worldwide.

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III. Legal developments in recognizing women’s political rights the concept of violence and states’ obligations Just as importantly, it also obliges states to tackle about honoring their commitments. More details stereotypes by modifying the social and cultural are provided in the following section. patterns of men and women’s behavior with a CONVENTION ON THE view to eliminating prejudice and customs as well as all other practices based on supposed ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS The work of civil society organizations, inferiority or superiority of either sex or on OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST stereotyped roles for men and women. Finally, it academics and feminist activists, as WOMEN (CEDAW) establishes specific provisions, including political well as electoral reforms and judicial This instrument defines discrimination against and public life, for representation and equality women as: “any distinction, exclusion or before the law. interpretation, have all contributed restriction made on the basis of sex which has INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying ON THE PREVENTION, to the recognition and exercise of the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women’s political and electoral rights. women, irrespective of their marital status, on a PUNISHMENT, AND ERADICATION basis of equality of men and women, of human OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, (BELÉM DO PARÁ CONVENTION) This has led to international conventions and has the right of equal access to public service in economic, social, cultural, civil or any other This instrument is relevant because it defines treaties that have become landmarks when it their country”. field” (UN, 1981). comes to defending these rights. violence against women as any act or conduct, Governments are obliged to fully honor the based on gender, which causes death or The mandate of at least ten international treaties commitments made in international treaties that It also sets out special, temporary measures physical, sexual or psychological harm or include women’s participation in the political carry the same weight, hierarchically speaking, aimed at accelerating de facto equality between suffering to women, whether in the public or the sphere, among them: the Inter-American as national laws. These treaties are fundamental men and women that shall be discontinued private sphere. It includes physical, sexual and Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to because they have served as the basis and when the objectives of equality, opportunity and psychological violence that occurs within the Women (1948), the Universal Declaration of foundation of pioneering public policies and treatment have been achieved. These are family or domestic unit, or within any other Human Rights (1948), the Charter of the rulings. It is, therefore, essential to continue objective and reasonable measures with a interpersonal relationship, in the community, Organization of American States (1948), the working from an international perspective with specific purpose. Some of the obligations this educational institutions, health facilities or any American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of treaties, conventions and recommendations that instrument creates for signatory states are: other place (OAS, Inter-American Convention on Man (1948), the American Convention on ensure respect for human rights, since these are • to embody the principle of equality and the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Human Rights (1969), the International tools used by the defense in cases of violence ensure its realization in practice; Violence against Women, 1994). Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1976), the against women and can be extremely helpful, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of especially when considering that only two • to prohibit and punish any discrimination It expressly states that women have the right to Discrimination against Women (1981), the countries in the world have legislated for gender- against women; live free of violence, which includes the right not Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, based violence to be eradicated. • to protect women’s rights through the to be discriminated against, to be valued and Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against educated free of stereotyped patterns of Of the instruments mentioned above, two are courts; Women (1994), the Convention on the Political behavior and social and cultural practices based extremely significant in terms of the importance • to refrain from any discriminatory Rights of Women (1952) and the Istanbul on concepts of inferiority or subordination, and and validity of their content: the Convention on practices; Convention (2014). All of them determine that to freely and fully exercise their civil, political, the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination women should have the opportunity to • to eliminate discrimination against economic, social and cultural rights. against Women (CEDAW) and the Inter-American participate in public life. Article 21 of the women by any person, organization or Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and It establishes the concept of intersectionality, Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that enterprise; Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém which is currently a useful way of better “everyone has the right to take part in the do Pará Convention). Both identify discrimination • to modify or abolish existing laws, understanding structural discrimination and government of his country, directly or through against women and the temporary measures regulations, customs and practices which addressing it with transformative measures that freely chosen representatives” and “everyone that should be taken to eradicate it and define constitute discrimination against women have an impact on the structures that generate (CEDAW, 1981). exclusion.

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“...States Parties shall take special account of the AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN IV. Gender gap size in political representation vulnerability of women to violence by reason of, AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS (BANJUL among others, their race or ethnic background or their status as migrants, refugees or displaced CHARTER) persons. Similar consideration shall be given to This instrument is relevant because it establishes women subjected to violence while pregnant or that civil and political rights cannot be According to data from the World who are disabled, of minor age, elderly, dissociated from economic, social and cultural socioeconomically disadvantaged, affected by rights in their conception or universality. It also Economic Forum’s Global Gender armed confl ict or deprived of their freedom” emphasizes the eradication of discrimination (Belém do Pará Convention, 1994). based on race, ethnic group, color, sex, Gap Report 2020, the Political COUNCIL OF EUROPE language, religion, politics or alternative Empowerment subindex continues to opinions, national and social origin, fortune, birth 3 CONVENTION ON PREVENTING or other status (UNHCR, 1981). refl ect the greatest gender disparity , AND COMBATING VIOLENCE Unlike the other treaties, the Banjul Charter despite progress being made. AGAINST WOMEN AND mentions peoples’ rights. For example, it DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (ISTANBUL considers people’s right to existence and self- CONVENTION) determination, to freely determine their political status, to free themselves from the bonds of After 20 years of the Belém do Pará Convention domination and to be free from foreign in the Americas, in 2014 the Council of Europe domination, be it political, economic or cultural. adopted the “Istanbul Convention” to prevent This self-determination is necessary if people are and combat violence against women and to survive. In these spaces women must domestic violence. Although it does not explicitly participate in community life. Hence, native include the issue of political participation, it has The study, which covers 153 countries in East Asia and the Pacifi c, Eastern Europe and communities must themselves design broad scope as it protects all fundamental rights. Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, North mechanisms to incorporate women into America, South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Western Europe, shows that the gap has only The contribution of the Belém do Pará decision-making spaces with the support of closed by 25 percent, compared with 96 percent in education and 97 percent in health Convention is explicitly recognized: not just in its governments within a framework that respects (WEF, 2019). formal content, but also in the recommendations human rights, but also recognizes their made by its Committee of Experts, who have autonomy. suggested consolidating elements such as Figure 1. Gender Gap In the Americas, Europe and Africa, we fi nd budgets, accountability and access to justice. Percentage of the gender gap closed to date, 2020 valuable contributions that defend women’s One important aspect of this Convention is that political rights. These treaties became necessary The Global Gender Gap Index 69% it considered the problems experienced in the due to an international context of inequality and Health and Survival subindex 69% 97% Americas and provided a pioneering defi nition. widespread violence against women. The under- Educational Attainment subindex 96% The instrument emphatically prohibits the use of representation of women in political and Economic Particpation and 58% culture, custom, religion, tradition or “honor” as decision-making spaces is shown by the data and Oppportunity subindex justifi cation for any acts of violence covered by statistics review in the following section. Political Empowerment subindex 25% its scope (Council of Europe, 2011). 0 100 Percentage points

Source: World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report 2020.

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Because the same study was carried out in different years, the advances and setbacks in each area Figure 3. Global and Regional Averages of Women in Parliament: can be compared. The 2020 report shows that overall Political Empowerment scores have 1995 and 1 January 2019 improved, due to a signifi cant increase in the number of women in parliament. In countries such as Latvia, Spain, Mexico and Thailand, the number of women in parliament has increased 11,3 Promedio mundial: +13 substantially. 24,3

12,7 Americas: +18 Data from the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) show that, in 2020, some 30,7 countries have signifi cantly increased the percentage of women in parliament. They include 13,2 Europa: +15,3 Rwanda, Cuba, Bolivia, the United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Nicaragua, Sweden, Grenada, Andorra 28,5 and South Africa. Twenty-fi ve years ago, in 1995, the maximum percentage of women in these 9,8 Africa subsahariana: +13,9 representative bodies was 40 percent. Today the maximum is 61 percent (IPU, Mujeres en el 23,7 parlamento: 1995–2020 [Women in Parliament: 1995–2020], 2020). 4,3 Oriente Medioy Africa del Norte: +13,8 18,1

6,3 Pacifi co: +12,1 Figure 2. Ten Countries with the Greatest Female Participation 18,4 in Unicameral Parliaments 13,2 Asia: +6,4 19,6 1995 2020 Country % women Country % women 0,0 5,0 10,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0

Sweden 40.4 Rwanda 61.3 1995 2019 Norway 39.4 Cuba 53.2 Source: Data from the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). Denmark 33.5 Bolivia 53.1 Finland 33.5 United Arab Emirates 50.0 Netherlands 32.7 Mexico 48.2 Despite progress being made, women hold just 25 percent of the world’s 35,127 parliamentary Seychelles 27.3 Nicaragua 47.3 seats and 21 percent of the world’s 3,343 ministerial positions. In some countries, women are Austria 26.8 Sweden 47.0 not represented at all. Moreover, in 85 of the 153 countries included in the report, there has Germany 26.3 Grenada 46.7 never been a female head of state, head of government or president in the last 50 years (WEF, Iceland 25.4 Andorra 46.4 2019). Argentina 25.3 South Africa 46.4 One revealing piece of data in the World Economic Forum report is the estimated number of Source: Data from the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) for unicameral parliaments and lower houses. years it will take to close the political empowerment gaps. The estimate is 94.5 years at the current rate if progressive and signifi cant advances continue to be made. So far, no countries 3 The four subindexes are: Health and Survival, Educational Attainment, Economic Participation and have completely closed this gap. However, Iceland has made the most progress with a 70 Opportunity, and Political Empowerment. percent gap closure with women involved in the country’s parliament, ministries and at the head of state level.

There are still some countries whose parliaments do not include women (Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea), and where increasingly fewer women have senior roles. Just 21 percent of the world’s 3,343 ministers are women, and there are 32 countries where under 10 percent of ministers in offi ce are women. Belize, Saudi Arabia and Azerbaijan have no female ministers. Other nations such as Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and the United States have never elected a female president or head of state (op. cit.).

18 19 Women in Women in parliament Women in The countries are ranked and colour-coded according to the percentage Women in parliament of women in unicameral parliaments or the lower house of parliament, The countries are ranked and colour-coded according to the percentage ministerial positions reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 January 2020. of women in unicameral parliaments or the lower house of parliament, The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in ministerial positions Rank Country Lower or single house Upper house or Senate reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 January 2020. ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in 50 to 65% Rank Country Lower or single house Upper house or Senate Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. Women in Politics: 2020 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats 60 to 69.9% 2 Cuba 53.2 322 / 605 — — / — 50 to 65% (1) 1 Spain° 66.7 10 15 Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ Women in Politics: 2020 3 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 53.1 69 / 130 47.2 17 / 36 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 2 Finland 61.1 11 18 60 to 69.9% 4 United Arab Emirates 50.0 20 / 40 — — / — 2 Cuba 53.2 322 / 605 — — / — 40 to 49.9% (1) 50 to 59.9% 1 Spain° 66.7 10 15 3 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 53.1 69 / 130 47.2 17 / 36 3 Nicaragua* 58.8 10 17 2 Finland 61.1 11 18 Situation on 1 January 2020 5 Mexico 48.2 241 / 500 49.2 63 / 128 4 United Arab Emirates 50.0 20 / 40 — — / — 4 Colombia 57.9 11 19 50 to 59.9% 6 Nicaragua 47.3 43 / 91 — — / — 40 to 49.9% 5 Austria° 57.1 8 14 3 Nicaragua* 58.8 10 17 Situation on 1 January 2020 7 Sweden 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 5 Mexico 48.2 241 / 500 49.2 63 / 128 6 Peru 55.0 11 20 4 Colombia 57.9 11 19 8 Grenada 46.7 7 / 15 30.8 4 / 13 6 Nicaragua 47.3 43 / 91 — — / — 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — 7 Sweden 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 7 Sweden 54.5 12 22 5 Austria° 57.1 8 14 (2) 8 Rwanda 53.6 15 28 6 Peru 55.0 11 20 10 South Africa 46.3 184 / 397 38.9 21 / 54 8 Grenada 46.7 7 / 15 30.8 4 / 13 11 Finland 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — 9 Albania 53.3 8 15 7 Sweden 54.5 12 22 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — 12 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — (2) 10 France 52.9 9 17 8 Rwanda 53.6 15 28 10 South Africa 46.3 184 / 397 38.9 21 / 54 13 Spain 44.0 154 / 350 39.0 103 / 264 11 Andorra 50.0 6 12 9 Albania 53.3 8 15 11 Finland 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — ” Canada 50.0 18 36 14 Senegal 43.0 71 / 165 — — / — 12 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — 10 France 52.9 9 17 15 Namibia(3) 42.7 41 / 96 19.0 8 / 42 ” Costa Rica* 50.0 12 24 13 Spain 44.0 154 / 350 39.0 103 / 264 11 Andorra 50.0 6 12 16 Switzerland 41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0 8 16 ” Canada 50.0 18 36 14 Senegal 43.0 71 / 165 — — / — 17 Norway 41.4 70 / 169 — — / — 15 Namibia(3) 42.7 41 / 96 19.0 8 / 42 40 to 49.9% ” Costa Rica* 50.0 12 24 18 Mozambique 41.2 103 / 250 — — / — 16 Switzerland 41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 15 South Africa* 48.3 14 29 ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0 8 16 Women in Women19 Argentina in parliament40.9 105 / 257 40.3 29 / 72 17 Norway 41.4 70 / 169 — — / — 16 Ethiopia 47.6 10 21 40 to 49.9% 20 New Zealand 40.8 49 / 120 — — / — 103 / 250 — / — 17 El Salvador* 47.1 8 17 Greenland 18 Mozambique 41.2 — 15 South Africa* 48.3 14 29 21The countriesBelgium are ranked and colour-coded40.7 according61 / 150 to the45.0 percentage27 / 60 19 Argentina 40.9 105 / 257 40.3 29 / 72 18 Georgia 45.5 5 11 16 Ethiopia 47.6 10 21 (Denmark) 22of womenBelarus in unicameral parliaments40.0 or the lower44 / 110 house 25.0of parliament,15 / 60 20 New Zealand 40.8 49 / 120 — — / — ” Seychelles 45.5 5 11 17 El Salvador* 47.1 8 17 Greenland ministerial positions ” Northreflecting Macedonia elections/appointments40.0 up48 to / 1201 January— 2020. — / — 21 Belgium 40.7 61 / 150 45.0 27 / 60 20 Netherlands 44.4 8 18 18 Georgia 45.5 5 11 (Denmark) ” Portugal 40.0 92 /230 — — / — 22 Belarus 40.0 44 / 110 25.0 15 / 60 21 Mozambique° 42.9 9 21 The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in ” Seychelles 45.5 5 11 Rank Country Lower or single house 35Upper to house 39.9% or Senate ” North Macedonia 40.0 48 / 120 — — / — ” Norway 42.9 9 21 ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. 20 Netherlands 44.4 8 18 25 Denmark % Wo39.7men Wo71men/Seats / 179 % Wo—men Wo—men/Seats / — ” Portugal 40.0 92 /230 — — / — ” Switzerland 42.9 3 7 21 Mozambique° 42.9 9 21 26 France 39.5 228 / 577 33.350 to116 65% / 348 35 to 39.9% 24 Portugal 42.1 8 19 ” Norway 42.9 9 21 Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ WomenIceland Norway in Politics: 2020 271 RwandaEcuador 61.339.4 5449 // 13780 38.5— —10 / 26— 25 Denmark 39.7 71 / 179 — — / — 25 Grenada* 41.7 5 12 ” Switzerland 42.9 3 7 60 to 69.9% 282 CubaAustria 53.239.3 32272 // 183605 37.7— —23 / —61 26 France 39.5 228 / 577 33.3 116 / 348 26 Angola 40.0 12 30 24 Portugal 42.1 8 19 Sweden Iceland Norway 293 BoliviaEthiopia (Plurinational State of)(1) 53.138.8 21269 // 130547 32.047.2 4917 // 15336 27 Ecuador 39.4 54 / 137 — — / — 1” Spain°Germany 66.740.0 10 6 15 25 Grenada* 41.7 5 12 Latvia 2 Finland 61.1 11 18 304 UnitedTimor-Leste Arab Emirates 50.038.5 2025 / 4065 — — / — 28 Austria 39.3 72 / 183 37.7 23 / 61 ” Guyana 40.0 8 20 26 Angola 40.0 12 30 Canada Estonia Lithuania Sweden Russian Federation 31 Dominica(4) 38.1 8 / 21 40— to 49.9%— / — 29 Ethiopia 38.8 212 / 547 32.0 49 / 153 ” Iceland 40.050 4 to 59.9% 10 ” Germany 40.0 6 15 Latvia 3 Nicaragua* 58.8 10 17 Belarus Liechtenstein 5” MexicoIceland 48.238.1 24124 / 50063 49.2— 63— / / 128 — 30 Timor-Leste 38.5 25 / 65 — — / — ” Liechtenstein 40.0 2 5 ” Guyana 40.0 8 20 Situation on 1 January 2020Estonia Russian Federation (4) 4 Colombia 57.9 11 19 Canada Lithuania 336 NicaraguaSerbia 47.337.7 9343 // 24791 — — / — 31 Dominica 38.1 8 / 21 — — / — 35 to 39.9% ” Iceland 40.0 4 10 Finland Austria 34 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 145 / 393 — — / — 5 Austria° 57.1 8 14 Czechia Belarus Liechtenstein 7 Sweden 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — ” Iceland 38.1 24 / 63 — — / — 31 Ecuador 37.9 11 29 ” Liechtenstein 40.0 2 5 Slovakia 358 GrenadaBurundi 46.736.4 447 / 15121 30.846.2 184 / / 13 39 33 Serbia 37.7 93 / 247 — — / — 326 PeruBulgaria 55.036.8 11 7 2019 35 to 39.9% Austria 36 Italy 35.7 225 / 630 34.4 110 / 320 7 Sweden 54.5 12 22 Czechia Finland 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — 34 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 145 / 393 — — / — 33 Ukraine 35.3 6 17 31 Ecuador 37.9 11 29 Slovenia (2) 30 to 34.9% 8 Rwanda 53.6 15 28 Slovakia 10 South Africa 46.3 184 / 397 38.9 21 / 54 35 Burundi 36.4 44 / 121 46.2 18 / 39 34 Mexico 35.0 7 20 32 Bulgaria 36.8 7 19 37 Uganda 34.9 160 / 459 — — / — 9 Albania 53.3 8 15 United Kingdom Ukraine 11 Finland 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — 36 Italy 35.7 225 / 630 34.4 110 / 320 30 to 34.9% 33 Ukraine 35.3 6 17 Slovenia 38 Guyana 34.8 24 / 69 — — / — 30 to 34.9% 10 France 52.9 9 17 Denmark Hungary 12 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — 35 Chile* 33.3 8 24 34 Mexico 35.0 7 20 Netherlands United Kingdom Ukraine 1339 SpainUnited Kingdom 44.033.8 154220 / 350650 39.027.2 103216 / 264795 37 Uganda 34.9 160 / 459 — — / — 11” AndorraHonduras* 50.033.3 67 1221 30 to 34.9% Croatia 40 El Salvador 33.3 28 / 84 — — / — ” Canada 50.0 18 36 14 Senegal 43.0 71 / 165 — — / — 38 Guyana 34.8 24 / 69 — — / — ” Italy 33.3 7 21 35 Chile* 33.3 8 24 Ireland Denmark Hungary 15” NamibiaMonaco(3) 42.733.3 418 // 2496 19.0— —8 / / 42 — 39 United Kingdom 33.8 220 / 650 27.2 216 / 795 ” Costa Rica* 50.0 12 24 Netherlands Bosnia and Herzegovina ” Republic of Korea 33.3 6 18 ” Honduras* 33.3 7 21 Croatia 16” SwitzerlandNetherlands 33.341.5 8350 / 200150 26.138.7 1229 / 4675 40 El Salvador 33.3 28 / 84 — — / — ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0 8 16 Belgium PolandIreland Rep. of Moldova Kazakhstan ” Sao Tome and Principe 33.3 4 12 ” Italy 33.3 7 21 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1743 NorwayNepal 41.432.7 7090 / 169275 37.3— —22 / —59 ” Monaco 33.3 8 / 24 — — / — ” Trinidad and Tobago 33.340 7 to 49.9% 21 ” Republic of Korea 33.3 6 18 Luxembourg 1844 MozambiqueUzbekistan 32.041.2 10348 // 150250 17.0— 17— // 100— ” Netherlands 33.3 50 / 150 38.7 29 / 75 15 South Africa* 48.3 14 29 Germany Belgium Romania Poland ” Uganda 33.3 10 30 ” Sao Tome and Principe 33.3 4 12 Georgia Rep. of Moldova Kazakhstan 1945 ArgentinaZimbabwe 40.931.9 10586 // 270257 40.343.8 2935 / 7280 43 Nepal 32.7 90 / 275 37.3 22 / 59 16” EthiopiaUruguay 47.633.3 10 5 2115 ” Trinidad and Tobago 33.3 7 21 Greenland Luxembourg Serbia Mongolia 2046 NewSan Marino Zealand 40.831.7 4919 // 12060 — — / — 44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 1743 ElZambia Salvador* 47.132.3 10 8 1731 ” Uganda 33.3 10 30 GermanyArmenia Romania 2147 BelgiumSuriname 40.731.4 6116 / / 150 51 45.0— —27 / 60— 45 Zimbabwe 31.9 86 / 270 43.8 35 / 80 18 Georgia 45.5 5 11 France Montenegro Georgia 44 Denmark 31.6 6 19 ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 (Denmark) Azerbaijan Serbia Mongolia 2248 BelarusGermany 40.031.2 22144 // 110709 25.036.2 1525 / 6069 46 San Marino 31.7 19 / 60 — — / — ” SeychellesEswatini 45.531.6 56 1119 43 Zambia 32.3 10 31 Switzerland Armenia 49” NorthCameroon Macedonia 40.031.1 4856 / 120180 26.0— 26— // 100— 47 Suriname 31.4 16 / 51 — — / — 20” NetherlandsLebanon 44.431.6 86 1819 44 Denmark 31.6 6 19 France Montenegro 50” PortugalTrinidad and Tobago 40.031.0 9213 /230/ 42 38.7— —12 / —31 48 Germany 31.2 221 / 709 36.2 25 / 69 21 Mozambique° 42.9 9 21 Bulgaria Azerbaijan Japan ” Panama 31.6 6 19 ” Eswatini 31.6 6 19United States of America Italy Switzerland Uzbekistan 51 Australia 30.5 46 / 151 3548.7 to 39.9%37 / 76 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 180 26.0 26 / 100 48” NorwayDominica 42.931.3 95 2116 ” Lebanon 31.6 6 19 Bulgaria Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 2552 DenmarkAngola 39.730.0 6671 / 179220 — — / — 50 Trinidad and Tobago 31.0 13 / 42 38.7 12 / 31 49” SwitzerlandUnited Kingdom 42.930.4 37 23 7 ” Panama 31.6 6 19 Monaco Italy North Macedonia Japan 26” FranceLatvia 39.530.0 22830 // 100577 33.3— 116— / 348— 51 Australia 30.5 46 / 151 48.7 37 / 76 24 Portugal 42.1 8 19 United States of America Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan 50 Madagascar 30.0 6 20 48 Dominica 31.3 5 16 San Marino Iceland Norway Republic of Korea Dem. People’s27” Rep.EcuadorLuxembourg of Korea 39.430.0 5418 // 13760 — — / — 52 Angola 30.0 66 / 220 — — / — 25 Grenada* 41.7 5 12 Spain Monaco North Macedonia ” Peru(5) 30.0 39 / 130 — — / — ” New Zealand 30.0 6 20 49 United Kingdom 30.4 7 23 Albania Turkmenistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan 28 Austria 39.3 72 / 183 37.7 23 / 61 ” Latvia 30.0 30 / 100 — — / — 26 Angola 40.025 12 to 29.9% 30 50 Madagascar 30.0 6 20 Sweden San Marino Tu rkeLatvia y Republic of 29KoreaEthiopia 38.8 212 / 547 2532.0 to 29.9%49 / 153 ” Luxembourg 30.0 18 / 60 — — / — 52” GermanyLuxembourg 40.029.4 65 1517 ” New Zealand 30.0 6 20 Greece Spain Jammu and Kashmir* Tajikistan 3056 Timor-LesteMontenegro 38.529.6 2524 / 6581 — — / — ” Peru(5) 30.0 39 / 130 — — / — Estonia Albania Turkmenistan (4) ” GuyanaParaguay 40.029.4 85 2017 25 to 29.9% Canada Andorra Lithuania Russian Federation 3157 DominicaAlbania 38.129.5 368 / 21122 — — / — 25 to 29.9% ” Iceland 40.0 4 10 Bahamas Greece Tu rke y China Jammu and Kashmir* 54 Czechia 28.6 4 14 52 Luxembourg 29.4 5 17 Portugal Belarus Cyprus Liechtenstein 58” IcelandCanada 38.129.0 9824 // 33863 48.5— —48 / —99 56 Montenegro 29.6 24 / 81 — — / — 55” LiechtensteinAustralia 40.026.7 28 30 5 ” Paraguay 29.4 5 17 Cuba Syrian ArabAndorra Rep. 3359 SerbiaEstonia 37.728.7 9329 / 247101 — — / — 57 Albania 29.5 36 / 122 — — / — 35 to 39.9% Bahamas Finland Austria Afghanistan China ” Poland 28.7 132 / 460 24.0 24 / 100 ” Ireland 26.7 4 15 54 Czechia 28.6 4 14 Malta Czechia Portugal Cyprus 34 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 145 / 393 — — / — 58 Canada 29.0 98 / 338 48.5 48 / 99 31” EcuadorSlovakia 37.926.7 11 4 2915 55 Australia 26.7 8 30 Jamaica Cuba Lebanon Slovakia Iran Syrian Arab Rep. 3561 BurundiSouth Sudan 36.428.5 10944 // 121383 46.212.0 186 // 5039 59 Estonia 28.7 29 / 101 — — / — 32 Bulgaria 36.8 7 19 Tunisia Iraq Afghanistan 3662 ItalyPhilippines 35.728.0 22585 // 304630 34.429.2 1107 // 24320 ” Poland 28.7 132 / 460 24.0 24 / 100 58 Barbados 26.1 6 23 ” Ireland 26.7 4 15 Haiti Morocco Malta Israel Slovenia (Islamic Rep. of) Bhutan 33” UkraineBurundi 35.326.1 6 1723 ” Slovakia 26.7 4 15 Jamaica a a Lebanon Iran 63 Dominican Republic 27.9 53 / 190 309.4 to 34.9%3 / 32 61 South Sudan 28.5 109 / 383 12.0 6 / 50 34 Mexico 35.0 7 20 Tunisia Iraq 64 Slovenia 27.8 16025 / 45990 10.0 —4 // 40— 62 Philippines 28.0 85 / 304 29.2 7 / 24 ” Gabon 26.1 6 23 58 Barbados 26.1 6 23 Dominican Republic United Kingdom Haiti Ukraine Israel Bhutan 37 Uganda 34.9 — ” Kenya 26.130 6 to 34.9% 23 ” Burundi 26.1 6 23 Morocco a (Islamic Rep. of) 3865 GuyanaLao People’s Dem. Republic 34.827.5 4124 // 14969 — — / — 63 Dominican Republic 27.9 53 / 190 9.4 3 / 32 35 Chile* 33.3 8 24 Netherlands Denmark Hungary a 3966 UnitedKazakhstan Kingdom 33.827.1 22029 // 107650 27.210.6 2165 // 47795 64 Slovenia 27.8 25 / 90 10.0 4 / 40 62 Chad 25.9 7 27 ” Gabon 26.1 6 23 Dominican RepublicAlgeria Libya Pakistan Nepal ” Honduras*Maldives 33.325.9 7 2127 ” Kenya 26.1 6Mexico 23 Croatia 4067 ElAfghanistan Salvador 33.327.0 6728 // 24884 27.9— —19 / —68 65 Lao People’s Dem. Republic 27.5 41 / 149 — — / — ” Italy 33.3 7 21 Ireland 68” MonacoBulgaria 33.326.7 648 / 24240 — — / — 66 Kazakhstan 27.1 29 / 107 10.6 5 / 47 64 Belgium 25.0 3 12 62 Chad 25.9 7 27 Egypt Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlgeria Libya Pakistan Nepal ” RepublicBolivia (Plurinational of Korea State of)33.3 25.0 65 1820 ” Maldives 25.9 7 27 Mexico WesternBelgium Sahara Lao People’s Dem. Republic ” Netherlands Viet Nam 33.326.7 13250 // 150494 38.7— —29 / 75— 67 Afghanistan 27.0 67 / 248 27.9 19 / 68 Poland KazakhstanKuwait 87 / 329 — / — ” SaoGhana Tome and Principe 33.325.0 45 1220 64 Belgium 25.0 3 12 Rep. of Moldova Egypt 4370 NepalIraq 32.726.4 90 / 275 37.3— 22 / 59 68 Bulgaria 26.7 64 / 240 — — / — 71 Djibouti 26.2 17 / 65 — — / — ” TrinidadMali and Tobago 33.325.0 79 2136 ” Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 25.0 5 20 Luxembourg Western Sahara India Viet Nam 44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 ” Viet Nam 26.7 132 / 494 — — / — Germany Romania Bahrain Myanmar Kuwait Lao People’s Dem. Republic 72 Algeria 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 ” UgandaPalau 33.325.0 10 2 30 8 ” Ghana 25.0 5 20 Cabo Verde Saudi Georgia Thailand 45 Zimbabwe 31.9 86 / 270 43.8 35 / 80 70 Iraq 26.4 87 / 329 — — / — ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 Saint Kitts and Nevis Serbia Qatar Mongolia India Viet Nam 4673 SanCabo Marino Verde 25.031.7 1918 / 6072 — — / — 71 Djibouti 26.2 17 / 65 — — / — 20 to 24.9% ” Mali 25.0 9 36 Arabia Bahrain ” Turkmenistan 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 4369 ZambiaEgypt 32.324.2 10 8 3133 Armenia Saudi Cambodia Myanmar 47 Suriname 31.4 16 / 51 — — / — 72 Algeria 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 ” Palau 25.0 2 8 France Cabo Verde Montenegro United Arab Thailand 20 to 24.9% 4470 DenmarkTogo 31.624.0 6 1925 Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Saint Kitts and Nevis Azerbaijan Qatar 48 Germany 31.2 221 / 709 36.2 25 / 69 73 Cabo Verde 25.0 18 / 72 — — / — Belize20 to 24.9% Arabia Philippines 75 China 24.9 742 / 2975 — — / — ” Turkmenistan 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 71” EswatiniJamaica 31.623.5 64 1917 69 Egypt 24.2 8 33 Switzerland Emirates Cambodia 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 180 26.0 26 / 100 Dominica Mali Niger c United Arab ” Tunisia 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — 20 to 24.9% ” LebanonSlovenia 31.623.5 64 1917 70 Togo 24.0Guatemala 6 25 Antigua and Barbuda Sudan MauritaniaBulgaria 50 Trinidad and Tobago 31.0 13 / 42 38.7 12 / 31 Belize Oman Bangladesh Japan 5177 AustraliaRepublic of Moldova 30.524.8 4625 / 151101 48.7— —37 / 76— 75 China 24.9 742 / 2975 — — / — ” PanamaVenezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 31.623.5 68 1934 71 Jamaica 23.5 4 17 Saint Lucia Italy Uzbekistan Emirates Micronesia Philippines Honduras United States of America Dominica Mali Yemen Niger c 5278 AngolaSomalia 30.024.4 6667 / 220275 24.1— —13 / —54 ” Tunisia 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — 4874 DominicaFiji 31.323.1 53 1613 ” Slovenia 23.5 4 17 Guatemala Monaco Chad Jordan Sudan Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 49 United Kingdom 30.4 7 23 Saint Vincent Saint Lucia North Macedonia Oman Bangladesh (Fed. States of) 79” LatviaLithuania 30.024.1 3034 / 100141 — — / — 77 Republic of Moldova 24.8 25 / 101 — — / — ” Latvia 23.1 3 13 ” Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 23.5El 8Salvador 34 Honduras Senegal Kyrgyzstan Yemen 80 MicronesiaSingapore 24.0 24 / 100 — — / — 5076 MadagascarArgentina* 30.022.7 65 2022 and the Grenadines San Marino Burkina Eritrea Palau Republic of Korea ” Luxembourg 30.0 18 / 60 — — / — 78 Somalia 24.4 67 / 275 24.1 13 / 54 74 Fiji 23.1 3 13 Grenada SpainSaint Vincent Chad Jordan 81” PeruArmenia(5) 30.023.5 3931 / 130132 — — / — 34 / 141 — / — 77” NewBosnia Zealand and Herzegovina30.0 22.2 62 20 9 Nicaragua Gambia (The) Albania Turkmenistan Tajikistan Marshall Islands (Fed. States of) 79 Lithuania 24.1 — ” Latvia 23.1 3 13 El Salvador Trinidad and Tobago Faso Senegal Djibouti 82 United States of America (6) 23.4 101 / 431 2525.0 to 29.9%25 / 100 80 Singapore 24.0 24 / 100 — — / — ” Gambia (The) 22.225 4 to 29.9% 18 and the Grenadines Burkina Eritrea Palau 76 Argentina* 22.7Costa 5 Rica 22 Guinea-Bissau Grenada Greece Tu rke y Jammu and Kashmir* 5683 MontenegroIsrael 29.623.3 2824 // 12081 — — / — 81 Armenia 23.5 31 / 132 — — / — 52” LuxembourgLiberia 29.422.2 54 1718 VenezuelaNicaragua Barbados Nigeria Gambia (The) Marshall Islands 77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22.2 2 9 Trinidad and Tobago South Faso Djibouti 57” AlbaniaLesotho 29.523.3 3628 / 122120 21.9— —7 // 32— 82 United States of America (6) 23.4 101 / 431 25.0 25 / 100 ” ParaguayMicronesia (Federated States of)* 29.422.2 52 17 9 ” Gambia (The) 22.2Panama 4 18 Guinea Andorra China (BolivarianCostaBahamas Rica Guyana Guinea-Bissau c 5885 CanadaMalawi 29.022.9 9844 / 338192 48.5— —48 / 99— 83 Israel 23.3 28 / 120 — — / — 54” CzechiaMontenegro 28.622.2 4 1418 ” Liberia 22.2 4 18 Portugal Venezuela Barbados CyprusSudan Ethiopia Nigeria South Sri Lanka Brunei 55 Australia 26.7 8 30 Republic of)PanamaCuba Sierra Leone Central African Syrian Arab Rep. Darussalam 5986 EstoniaGuinea 28.722.8 2926 / 101114 — — / — ” Lesotho 23.3 28 / 120 21.9 7 / 32 82 Cuba 21.9 7 32 ” Micronesia (Federated States of)* 22.2 2 9 Suriname (Bolivarian Guinea Afghanistan c 87” PolandChile 28.722.6 13235 // 155460 24.023.3 2410 / / 100 43 85 Malawi 22.9 44 / 192 — — / — ” IrelandSenegal 26.721.9 47 1532 ” Montenegro 22.2 4 18 MaltaLiberia Guyana Cameroon Rep. Sudan Ethiopia Sri Lanka Brunei ” Slovakia 26.7 4 15 Jamaica Republic of) Benin Sierra Leone Lebanon Iran Central African 6188 SouthCzechia Sudan 28.522.5 10945 // 200383 12.014.8 126 / / 50 81 86 Guinea 22.8 26 / 114 — — / — 84 North Macedonia 21.7 5 23 82 Cuba 21.9 7 32 Colombia Tunisia Suriname Iraq Darussalam 62” PhilippinesPanama 28.022.5 8516 / / 304 71 29.2— —7 / / 24 — 87 Chile 22.6 35 / 155 23.3 10 / 43 58” BarbadosUnited Republic of Tanzania*26.1 21.7 65 23 ” Senegal 21.9 7 32 Haiti Ghana Israel Somalia Rep. Bhutan ” Burundi 26.1 6 23 Morocco Liberia a (Islamic Rep. Cameroonof) Malaysia 6390 DominicanVenezuela (BolivarianRepublic Rep. of) 22.227.9 5337 / 190167 9.4— —3 / / 32 — 88 Czechia 22.5 45 / 200 14.8 12 / 81 86 Cabo Verde 21.4 3 14 84 North Macedonia 21.7 5 23 Colombia a Benin Nauru 91 Romania 21.9 72 / 329 14.7 20 / 136 ” Gabon 26.1 6 23 Dominican Republic To g o Côte d’Ivoire Ghana Somalia Kiribati 64 Slovenia 27.8 25 / 90 10.0 4 / 40 ” Panama 22.5 16 / 71 — — / — ” Kuwait 21.4 3 14 ” United Republic of Tanzania* 21.7 5 23 Kenya 6592 LaoKenya People’s Dem. Republic 27.521.8 7641 / 149349 30.9— —21 / —68 90 Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 22.2 37 / 167 — — / — 88” KenyaCongo 26.121.2 67 2333 86 Cabo Verde 21.4 3 14 Maldives Malaysia 62 Chad 25.9 7 27 Equatorial Guinea To g o Côte d’Ivoire Nepal Papua New Guinea 6693 KazakhstanBosnia and HerzegovinaNauru 27.121.4 299 / 10742 Kiribati10.620.0 53 / 4715 91 Romania 21.9 72 / 329 14.7 20 / 136 89 Botswana 21.1 4 19 ” Kuwait 21.4 3Mexico 14 Algeria Libya Democratic Pakistan 94 Seychelles 21.2 7 / 33 — — / — ” Maldives 25.9 7Women 27 in Kenya Maldives 67 Afghanistan 27.0Women67 / 248 27.9 19 in/ 68 parliament92 Kenya 21.8 76 / 349 30.9 21 / 68 Women in90 Benin Women 20.8in 5 24 88 Congo 21.2Women 7 33 in Sao Tome and Principe Women in parliament Women in parliamentWomen68” BulgariaUruguay in parliament26.721.2 6421 / / 240 99 29.0— —9 // 31— 93 Bosnia and Herzegovina 21.4 9 / 42 20.0 3 / 15 64 Belgium 25.0 3 12 Republic of Egypt Equatorial Guinea Papua New Guinea Women in ” Zimbabwe 20.8 5 24 89 Botswana 21.1 4 19 Ecuador Democratic The countries are rankedWomen and colour-coded according to the percentage in parliament 96” VietHonduras Nam 26.721.1 The13227 countries // 128494 are— ranked— and / — colour-coded94 accordingSeychelles to the percentage 21.2 7 / 33 — — / — ” Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 25.0 5 20 Western Sahara Uganda Lao People’sof women Dem. in unicameral Republic parliaments or the lower house of parliament, The countries are ranked and colour-coded according to the percentage 92 Central African Republic* 20.0 7 35 90 Benin 20.8 5 24 the Congo Kuwait The7097 countriesIraqEquatorial are Guinea ranked and colour-coded26.421.0 according8721 / 329100 to the 16.7percentage— —12 / —72 ” Uruguay 21.2 21 / 99 29.0 9 / 31 ” Ghana 25.0 5 20 ministerial positions Sao Tome and Principe Republic of reflecting elections/appointmentsThe countries up toare 1 January ranked 2020. and colour-codedTuvalu according to the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or the lower house of parliament, ” Croatia 20.0 4 20 ” Zimbabwe 20.8 5 24 Ecuador Gabon Seychelles India Singapore Viet Nam of women in unicameral parliaments or the oflower7198 women DjiboutiBangladeshhouse in unicameral of parliament, parliaments or26.220.9 the lower7317 /house/ 34965 of parliament,— — / — 96 Honduras 21.1 27 / 128 — — / — ” MaliMauritania 25.020.0ministerial 95 3625 positions The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in Bahrain Uganda Rank Country Lower or single house Upper house or Senate reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 January 2020. 92 Central African Republic* 20.0 7 35 United Rep. of women in unicameral parliaments or the lower house of parliament, ” Ireland 20.9 33 / 158 31.7 19 / 60 ministerial positions Saudi the Congo Myanmar % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats reflecting elections/appointments up72 to 1 AlgeriaJanuary 2020. 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 97 Equatorial Guinea 21.0 21 / 100 16.7 12 / 72 ministerial” Palau positions25.0 2 8 ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. Cabo Verde Rwanda reflecting elections/appointmentsTuvalu up to 1 January 2020. ministerial positions ” Monaco 20.0The countries 1 are ranked 5 according to the percentage” Croatia of women in 20.0 4 20 Congo Gabon Qatar Seychelles Thailand reflecting elections/appointments50 to 65% up to 1 January 2020. 10073 CaboUkraine Verde 25.020.8 8818 // 42372 — — / — 98 Bangladesh 20.9 73 / 349 — — / — Singapore Rank Country Lower or single house Upper house or Senate The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in 20 to 24.9% Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ Saint Kitts and Nevis Women in Politics:of Tanzania 2020 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 The” countries Sudan are ranked according to the percentage20.0 of 4 women in 20 ” Mauritania 20.0 5 25 Arabia United Rep. Rank Country Lower orRank single101”Country houseTurkmenistanGreeceUpper house or Senate Lower25.020.7 or single62 31house / 124300 Upper— house or Senate— / — ” Ireland 20.9 33 / 158 31.7 19 / 60 69 Egypt 24.2ministerial 8 positions, 33 reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. 60 to 69.9% Brazil Burundi Indonesia Cambodia2 Cuba 53.2 322 / 605 — — / — % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats The countries are ranked according to the percentageministerial of women positions, in reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. 15 to 19.9% ” Monaco 20.0 1 5 United Arab Rwanda 3 Bolivia (Plurinational StateRank of)(1)Country53.1 69 / 130 47.2 17 / 36 Lower or single house Upper house or Senate % Women Women/Seats” Slovakia % Women Women/Seats 20.7 31 / 150 20— to 24.9%— / — 100 Ukraine 20.8 88 / 423 — — / — ministerial70 Togo positions, reflecting appointments24.0 up to 1 January 6 2020. 25 Pacific Ocean1 Spain° 66.7 10 15 Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Congo % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats 50 to 65% 97 Serbia 19.0 4 21 2 Finland Belize 61.1 11 18 of Tanzania 4 United Arab Emirates 50.0 20 / 40 — — / — 50 to 65% ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. ” Sudan 20.0 4 20 PhilippinesTimor-Leste 40 to 49.9% % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats 10375 ChinaMorocco 24.920.5 74281 / 2975395 5011.7— to 65%14— // 120— 101 Greece 20.7 62 / 300 — — / — 71 Jamaica 23.5Rank Country 4 17 % Women Women Total ministers ‡ 50 to 59.9% Dominica WomenBrazil Mali Niger inc Politics:Emirates 2020Burundi Indonesia Solomon Islands 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 98 Malaysia 18.5 5 27 Rank Country % WomenRank WomenCountry Total ministers ‡ % Women Women Total ministers ‡ 3 Nicaragua* 15 to 19.9%58.8 10 17 Women in Politics:Sudan 2020 5 Mexico 48.2 241 / 500 49.2 63 / 128 1 Rwanda 50 to 65% 61.3 1 10449”Rwanda / 80TunisiaIndonesia38.5 10 / 26 61.324.920.3 49117 54/ 80 // 217575 38.5— 10 /— 26 / — ” Slovakia 20.7 31 / 150 — — / — Guatemala Pacific Ocean Women inSituation onPolitics: 1 January 2020 2020 2 Cuba 53.2 322 / 605 — — / — ” Slovenia 23.5 4 17 ” Somalia* 18.5 5 27 97 Serbia60 to 69.9% 4 Colombia19.0 457.9 21 11 19 Angola Bangladesh 6 Nicaragua 47.3 43 / 91 — — / — 2 Cuba 53.2 322” / 605Mauritania— — / — 20.3 31 / 153 — — / — Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ 60 to 69.9% Women in Politics: 2020Oman 7 Sweden 1 Rwanda47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 61.3 49 / 80 38.5Timor-Leste10 / 26 2 77CubaRepublic of Moldova 53.224.8 322 25/ 605 / 101 — — — /— — / — (1) 103 Morocco 20.5 81 / 395 11.7 14 / 120 ” Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 23.560 8to 69.9% 34 5 Austria° 57.1 8 14 Saint Lucia (1) 3 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 53.1 69 / 130 47.2 17 / 36 100 Timor-Leste* 18.21 Spain° 2 11 66.798 Malaysia 10 15 18.5 5 27 Peru Yemen 8 Grenada 46.7 Micronesia7 / 15 30.8 4 / 13 3 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 53.1 69106 / 130Pakistan47.2 17 / 36 (1) Solomon20.2 Islands69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 160 Spain° to 69.9% 66.7 10 15 66.7 10 15 6 Peru Honduras 55.0 11 20 2 Cuba 53.2 322 / 605 — — / — 3 78BoliviaSomalia (Plurinational State of) 53.124.4 469 /67 United130 / 275 Arab47.2 24.1Emirates17 /13 36 / 54 50.0 104 Indonesia20 / 40 — — / — 20.3 117 / 575 — — / — 174 Spain° Fiji 23.1 3 13 61.1 11 18 7 Sweden 54.5 12 22 Chad Jordan 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — (1) Samoa 101 Eritrea* 17.62 Finland 3 17 ” Somalia* 18.5 5 27 Saint Vincent Angola (2) 3 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 53.1 4 69 United/ 130 Arab47.2 Emirates17 / 36 50.0 4 1072079United / 40LithuaniaBarbados Arab— Emirates— / — 50.024.120.0 20 34/ 640 / 30141 —42.9— — /— 9— // 21— ” Mauritania 20.3 31 / 153 — — / — 1 Spain° 66.72 Finland 10 15 61.12” Finland 11 Latvia 18 61.123.1 11 3 18 13 8 Rwanda 53.6 15 28 Zambia 10 South Africa 46.3(Fed.184 States / 397 38.9 of) 21 / 54 40 to 49.9% ” Romania 17.6 3 17 100 Timor-Leste*50 to 59.9% 18.2El 2Salvador 11 SenegalPeru 11 Finland 4 United46.0 Arab92 / 200 Emirates— — / — 50.0 20 / 40 — — / — ” Cambodia40 to 49.9% 20.0 25 / 125 16.1 10 / 62 106 Pakistan 20.2 69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 2 Finland 61.1 11 18 50 to 59.9% 50 to 59.9% 9 Albania 53.3 8 15 and the Grenadines Burkina Eritrea Palau 80 Singapore 24.0 5 24Mexico / 100 40 —to 49.9%— / — 48.2 241 / 500 49.2 63 / 128 76 Argentina* 22.73 Nicaragua* 5 22 58.8 10 17 10 France 52.9 9 17 12 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — Samoa ” Suriname 17.6 3 17 101 Eritrea* 17.6 3 17 Grenada Situation on 1 January 2020Indian Ocean 13 Spain 44.0 154 / 350 39.0 103 / 264 5 Mexico 40 to 49.9% 48.2 524181”Mexico / 500ArmeniaMauritius49.2 63 / 128 48.223.520.0 241 31/14 500 / / 132 70 49.2— 63 /— 128 / — 107 Barbados 20.0 6 / 30 42.9 9 / 21 350 Nicaragua* to 59.9% 58.8 10 17 Nicaragua Gambia (The) Marshall Islands 377 Nicaragua* Bosnia and Herzegovina58.8 22.2 10 2 17 9 11 Andorra 50.0 6 12 Situation on 1 January 2020 Zambia (6) 6 Nicaragua 47.3 43 / 91 — — / — 104 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.44 Colombia 8 46 57.9” Romania 11 19 17.6 3 17 Bolivia Trinidad and Tobago SituationFaso on 1 January 2020 Djibouti 14 Senegal 5 Mexico43.0 71 / 165 — — / — 48.2 6241 Nicaragua/ 500 49.2 63 / 128 47.3 4382” / 91UnitedSaint Kitts States— and of Nevis America— / — 23.420.0 1013 // 15431 25.0 25 / 100 ” Cambodia 20.0 25 / 125 16.1 10 / 62 4 Colombia 57.9 11 19 ” Canada 50.0 18 36 (3) 6 Nicaragua 47.3 43 / 91 — — / — 3 Nicaragua* 58.8 10 17 4” Colombia Gambia (The) 57.922.2 11 4 19 18 Situation on 1 January 2020 15 Namibia 42.7 41 / 96 19.0 8 / 42 7 Sweden 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 5 Austria° 57.1 8 14 ” Costa Rica* 50.0 12 24 15 to 19.9% ” Dominican Republic 17.4 4 23 ” Suriname 17.6Costa 3 Rica 17 (Plurinational Guinea-Bissau 16 Switzerland 6 Nicaragua41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 47.3 7 43Sweden / 91 — — / — 47.0 716483Sweden / 349Israel — — / — 47.023.3 164 28/ 349 / 120 — — — /— — / — ” Mauritius 20.0 14 / 70 — — / — 4 Colombia 57.95 Austria° 11 19 57.15 Austria° 8 14 57.1 8 14 ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0 8 16 Venezuela Barbados Nigeria Zimbabwe Indian Ocean 8 Grenada 46.7 7 / 15 30.8 4 / 13 ” LiberiaPoland 22.217.46 Peru 4 1823 55.0 11 20 Bolivia South 17 Norway 41.4 70 / 169 — — / — 8 Grenada 46.7 1117 / 15Saudi Arabia30.8 4 / 13 19.9 30 / 151 — — / — ” Saint Kitts and Nevis 20.0 3 / 15 5 Austria° 57.16 Peru 8 14 55.0 11 20 104 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.4 8 46 40 to 49.9% State of) Comoros 7 Sweden 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 8 ”GrenadaLesotho 46.723.3 7 /28 15 / 120 30.821.9 4 / 137 / 32 6” PeruMicronesia (Federated States of)* 55.022.2 11 2 20 9 Panama (Bolivarian Guinea c 18 Mozambique 41.2 103 / 250 Vanuatu— — / — 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — ” United States of America* 17.47 Sweden 4 23 54.5” Dominican 12 Republic 22 15 South17.4 Africa* 448.3 23 14 29 (Plurinational 19 Argentina 8 Grenada40.9 105 / 257 40.3 29 / 72 46.7 9 7 Andorra/ 15 30.8 4 / 13 46.4 9 1121385Andorra / 28MalawiCyprus — — / — 46.422.919.6 13 44/11 28 // 19256 — (2)— — /— — / — 15 to 19.9% 6 Peru 55.07 Sweden 11 20 54.57 Sweden 12 22 54.5 12 22 16 Ethiopia 47.6 10 21 Guyana Namibia Sudan Zimbabwe Sri Lanka Brunei (2) 10 South Africa 46.3 184 / 397 38.9 21 / 54 ” Montenegro 22.28 Rwanda 4 18 53.6 15 28 Ethiopia Mauritius 20 New Zealand 40.8 49 / 120 — — / — 10 South Africa 46.3 184” / 397Fiji 38.9(2) 21 / 54 19.6 10 / 51 — — / — 8 Rwanda 53.6108 15 Sierra Leone 28 17.2 5 29 ” Poland 17 El17.4 Salvador* 447.1 23 8 17 Republic of) Sierra Leone Greenland Comoros 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — 10 86SouthGuinea Africa 46.322.8 184 26/ 397 / 114 38.9— 21 /— 54 / — 111 Saudi Arabia 19.9 30 / 151 — — / — 7 Sweden 54.5 12 22 882 Rwanda Cuba 53.621.9 15 7 28 32 State of) Central African Darussalam 21 Belgium 40.7 61 / 150(2) 45.0 27 / 60 11 Finland 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — 109 Israel 16.79 Albania 4 24 53.3” United 8 States of 15 America*18 Georgia17.4 445.5 23 5 11 Suriname (Denmark) 22 Belarus 10 South40.0 Africa44 / 110 25.0 15 / 60 46.3 11184Finland / 397 38.9 21 / 54 46.0 119211487 Finland/ 200ChileCroatia —Vanuatu— / — 46.022.619.2 92 /3529 200 / 155151 —23.3— — /—10 — / 43— 112 Cyprus 19.6 11 / 56 — — / — 8 Rwanda 53.69 Albania 15 28 53.39 Albania 8 15 53.3 8 15 ” Seychelles 45.5 5 11 Botswana MalawiNamibia 12 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — ” SenegalSamoa* 21.916.710 France 72 3212 52.9108 Sierra 9 Leone 17 17.2 5 29 Liberia Cameroon Rep. Mauritius ” North Macedonia 11 Finland40.0 48 / 120 — — / — 46.0 1292Fiji Costa/ 200 Rica— — / — 45.6 12 2688”Costa / 57CzechiaKyrgyzstan Rica — — / — 45.622.519.2 26 4523/ 57 / 200120 —14.8— — /—12 — / 81— ” Fiji 19.6 10 / 51 — — / — 9 Albania 53.310 France 8 15 52.910 France 9 17 52.9 9 17 20 Netherlands 44.4 8 18 Paraguay Benin ” Portugal 40.0 92 /230 — — / — 13 Spain 44.0 154 / 350 39.0 103 / 264 84 North Macedonia 21.711 Andorra 5 23 50.0 6 12 21 Mozambique° 42.9 9 21 Colombia Atlantic Ocean 12 Costa Rica 45.6 13 26Spain / 57 — — / — 44.0 154116 / 350Guatemala39.0 103 / 264 19.0 30 / 158 — — / — 114 Croatia 19.2 29 / 151 — — / — 10 France 52.911 Andorra 9 17 50.0” 6 Singapore 12 16.7 3 18 109 Israel 16.7 4 24 Ghana Mozambique 35 to 39.9% 13 ”SpainPanama 44.022.5 14154 /16Senegal 350 / 71 39.0— 103 /— 264 / — 43.0 71 / 165 — — / — 11” Andorra United Republic of Tanzania*50.0 21.7 6 5 12 23 ” Norway 42.9 9 21 Somalia Botswana Malawi 25 Denmark 39.7 71 / 179 — — / — 14 Senegal 43.0 71” / 165Tajikistan— — / — 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 7 / 32 ” United Arab Emirates 16.7” Canada 4 24 50.0” Samoa* 18 36 ” Switzerland16.7 242.9 12 3 7 13 Spain 44.0 154 / 350 39.0 103 / 264 14 90SenegalVenezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 43.022.2Fiji 71 /37 165 / 167 (3)— — — /— — / — ” Kyrgyzstan 19.2 23 / 120 — — / — 11 Andorra 50.0” Canada 6 12 50.0” Canada 18 36 50.0 18 36 Paraguay Malaysia 26 France 39.5 228 / 577 33.3 116 / 348 (3) 15 Namibia 42.7 41 / 96 19.0 8 / 42 86 Cabo Verde 21.4” Costa 3 Rica* 14 50.0 12 24 24 Portugal 42.1 8 19 Atlantic Ocean Madagascar 14 Senegal 43.0 1571 Namibia/ 165 — — / — 42.7 11841 / 96Togo (3)19.0 8 / 42 18.7 17 / 91 — — / — 116 Guatemala 19.0 30 / 158 — — / — ” Canada 50.0” Costa 18 Rica* 36 50.0113 12 Japan 24 15.8 3 19 ” Singapore 16.7 3 18 To g o Côte d’IvoireIceland Norway Eswatini Mozambique 27 Ecuador 39.4 54 / 137 — —Nauru / — Kiribati 15 91NamibiaRomania 42.721.9 1641 72/Switzerland 96 / 329 19.014.7 8 /20 42 / 136 41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 ”” Costa Kuwait Rica* 50.021.4” 12 Guinea-Bissau 3 24 14 50.0 8 16 25 Grenada* 41.7 5 12 28 Austria 15 Namibia39.3 (3)72 / 183 37.7 23 / 61 42.7 16 41Switzerland / 96 19.0 8 / 42 41.5 8311992 / 200KenyaColombia26.1 12 / 46 21.818.3 7631 / 349169 30.921.7 2321 // 10668 ” Tajikistan 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 7 / 32 ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0” 8 Morocco 16 15.8 3 19 ” United Arab Emirates 26 Angola16.7 440.0 24 12 30 Sweden Kenya 16 Switzerland 41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 ” Costa Rica* 50.0 12 24 ”88 Guinea-Bissau Congo 50.021.2 8 7 16 33 Latvia Maldives Madagascar Australia 29 Ethiopia 38.8 212 / 547 32.0 49 / 153 17 Norway 41.4 70120 / 169Dem. People’s— Rep.— of/ — Korea 17.6 17 121Norway / 687 — — / — 41.4 70 / 169 — — / — 115 South Sudan* 15.6 5 32 113 Japan40 to 49.9% ” Germany15.8 340.0 19 6 15 Eswatini Papua30 Timor-Leste New Guinea16 Switzerland38.5 25 / 65 — — / — 41.5 83 / 200 Tonga26.1 12 / 46 17 93NorwayBosnia and Herzegovina 41.421.4 70 / 1699 / 42 —20.0 — / 3— / 15 118 Togo 18.7 17 / 91 — — / — ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0 8 16 40 to 49.9% 40 to 49.9% ” Guyana 40.0 8 20 Equatorial Guinea Estonia Russian Federation (4) 18 Mozambique 41.2 103 / 250 — — / — 11689 BotswanaAntigua and Barbuda* 21.115.415 South 42 Africa* 1913 48.3” Morocco 14 29 15.8 3 19 Canada Democratic Lithuania Lesotho 31 Dominica 17 Norway38.1 8 / 21 — — / — 41.4 1870 Mozambique/ 169 — — / — 41.2 1810312194Mozambique / 250SeychellesJamaica— — / — 41.221.217.5 103 /11 7250 / / 33 63 —23.8— — /— 5— // 21— 119 Colombia 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 23 / 106 1540 South to Africa* 49.9% 48.31590 South 14 Benin Africa* 29 48.320.8 14 5 29 24 ” Iceland 40.0 4 10 Belarus Liechtenstein ” Iceland 38.1 24 / 63 — — / — 19 13Argentina / 75 — / — 40.9 105 / 257 40.3 29 / 72 ” Cyprus 15.416 Ethiopia 2 13 47.6115 South 10 Sudan* 21 ” Liechtenstein15.6 540.0 32 2 5 Sao Tome and Principe 33 Serbia 18 Mozambique37.7 93 / 247 — — / — 41.2 19103Argentina / 250 Australia— — / — 40.9 19105122”Argentina / 257UruguayMongolia40.3 29 / 72 40.921.217.3 105 /21 257 / 99 40.329.0— 29 / 972 / 31 120 Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 17.6 121 / 687 — — / — 15 South Africa* 48.316 Ethiopia 14 29 47.616 Ethiopia 10 21 47.6 10 21 35 to 39.9% Greenland Republic of Austria 20 NewTonga Zealand 40.8 49 / 120 — — / — ” ZimbabweHungary 20.815.417 El Salvador* 52 2413 47.1 8 17 Ecuador Greenland Czechia FinlandSouth 34 United Republic of Tanzania19 Argentina36.9 145 / 393 — — / — 40.9 20105New / 257 Zealand40.3 29 / 72 40.8 204996” New/ 120Honduras Republic Zealand— of Korea— / — 40.821.117.3 49 /2751 120 / 295128 — — — /— — / — 121 Jamaica 17.5 11 / 63 23.8 5 / 21 16 Ethiopia 47.617 El 10 Salvador* 21 47.1 8 17 116 Antigua and Barbuda* 31 Ecuador15.4 237.9 13 11 29 Greenland Slovakia Uganda Lesotho 35 Burundi 36.4 44 / 121 46.2 18 / 39 21 Belgium 40.7 61 / 150 45.0 27 / 60 1792 El Salvador* Central African Republic*47.1 20.018 8 Georgia 7 17 35 45.5 5 11 32 Bulgaria 36.8 7 19 20 New Zealand 40.8 2149 Belgium/ 120 — — / — 40.7 6197” / 150EquatorialTurkey 45.0 Guinea27 / 60 21.017.3 10221 / / 100 589 16.7— —12 / 72— 122 Mongolia 17.3 13 / 75 — — / — 17 El Salvador* 47.118 Georgia 8 17 45.5” 5 Saint Lucia* 11 15.4 2 13 ” Cyprus 15.4 2 13 Greenland (Denmark) theAfrica Congo 36 Italy 35.7 225 / 630 34.4 110 / 320 21 Belgium 40.7 2261 / Belarus150 45.0 27 / 60 40.0 44 / 110 25.0 15 / 60 18” Georgia Croatia 45.520.0 5 4 11 20 33 Ukraine 35.3 6 17 (Denmark) (Denmark) Gabon Slovenia 21 Belgium 30 to 34.9% 40.7Tuvalu2261 Belarus/ 150 45.0 27 / 60 40.0 4412598 / 110BangladeshNiger 25.0 15 / 60 20.917.0 7329 // 349171 — — / — ” Republic of Korea 17.3 51 / 295 — — / — 120 Algeria*° 15.2” Seychelles 5 33 45.5” Hungary 5 11 34 Mexico15.4 235.0 13 7 20 SeychellesSouth Singapore 22 Belarus 40.0 44 / 110 25.0 15 / 60 18 Georgia 45.5” Seychelles 5 11 45.5”” Seychelles 5 Mauritania 11 45.520.0 5 5 11 25 (Denmark) United Kingdom Ukraine 37 Uganda 34.9 160 / 459 — — / — ” North Macedonia 40.0 48126 / 120Azerbaijan— — / — 16.8 ” 20North / 119 Macedonia— — / — 40.0 48 / 120 — — / — 20 Netherlands10 to 14.9% 44.4” Saint 8 Lucia* 18 15.4 2 13 30 to 34.9% Uruguay United Rep. 38 Guyana 22 Belarus34.8 24 / 69 — — / — 40.0 44 / 110 25.0 15 / 60 ” ”NorthIreland Macedonia 40.020.9 ”48 /33 Portugal120 / 158 —31.7 — /19 — / 60 40.0 ” 92Turkey /230 — — / — 17.3 102 / 589 — — / — ” Seychelles 45.520 Netherlands 5 11 44.420 Netherlands 8 18 44.4 8 18 35 Chile* 33.3 8 24 Netherlands Denmark Hungary Rwanda Africa 39 United Kingdom 33.8 220 / 650 27.2 216 / 795 121” MonacoCameroon* 20.014.921 Mozambique° 17 47 5 42.9120 Algeria*° 9 21 15.2 5 33 Congo ” North Macedonia 40.0 ” 48 Portugal/ 120 — — / — 40.0 ” 92100” Portugal/230UkraineZambia — — / — 40.020.816.8 92 /2308828 / 423167 — — — /— — / — 125 Niger 17.0 29 / 171 — — / — 20 Netherlands 44.421 Mozambique° 8 18 42.921 Mozambique° 9 21 42.9 9 21 ” Honduras* 33.3 7 21 Croatiaof Tanzania 40 El Salvador 33.3 28 / 84 — — / — 35 to 39.9% ” Sudan 20.0” Norway 4 20 42.9 9 21 ” Italy 33.3 7 21 Ireland ” Monaco ” Portugal33.3 8 / 24 — — / — 40.0 92 /230 — — / — 101128 GreeceSaint Lucia35 to 39.9% 20.716.7 623 / 30018 35 27.3—to 39.9%—3 // 11— 126 Azerbaijan 16.8 20 / 119 — — / — 21 Mozambique° 42.9” Norway 9 21 42.9122 9 Namibia 21 14.8 4 27 10 to 14.9% Brazil Uruguay Bosnia and Herzegovina Burundi Indonesia 25 Denmark 39.7 71 / 179 — — / — ” Norway 42.9 915 to 19.9% 21 ” Republic of Korea 33.3 6 18 Belgium Poland ” Netherlands 33.3 50 / 150 38.7 29 / 75 25 Denmark35 to 39.9% 39.7 71129” / 179SlovakiaParaguay— — / — 20.716.3 3113 / / 150 80 20.0— —9 // 45— ” Zambia 16.8 28 / 167 — — / — 123 Burkina Faso 14.3” Switzerland 4 28 42.9121 Cameroon* 3 7 Pacific Ocean” Sao14.9 Tome and Principe 733.3 47 4 12 Rep. of Moldova Kazakhstan 43 Nepal 32.7 90 / 275 37.3 22 / 59 25 Denmark 39.7 2671 / France179 — — / — 39.5 228 / 577 33.3 116 / 348 ” Norway 42.9” Switzerland 9 21 42.9”97 Switzerland 3 Serbia 7 42.919.0 3 4 7 21 25 Denmark 39.7 2671 France/ 179 — — / — 39.5 228103130 / 577MoroccoThailand33.3 116 / 348 20.516.2 81 / 395500 10.411.7 2614 / 120250 128 Saint Lucia 16.7 3 / 18 27.3 3 / 11 ” Estonia 14.324 Portugal 2 14 42.1122 Namibia 8 19 ” Trinidad14.8 and Tobago 433.3 27 7 21 Argentina Luxembourg Germany Romania Timor-Leste44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 26 France 39.5 228 / 577 33.3 116 / 348 ” Switzerland 42.924 Portugal 3 7 42.124 Portugal 8 19 42.1 8 19 ” Uganda 33.3 10 30 Iceland Norway 45 Zimbabwe 31.9 86 / 270 43.8 35 / 80 Solomon Islands 131 Libya 16.0 27 30Ecuador / 188 — — / — 39.4 54 / 137 — — / — 98” MalaysiaIndonesia 18.514.325 Grenada* 5 2735 41.7123 Burkina 5 Faso 12 14.3 4 28 Chile Iceland Norway Iceland Norway Georgia Mongolia 26 France 39.5 27228Ecuador / 577 33.3 116 / 348 39.4 2754104 Ecuador/ 137Indonesia— — / — 39.420.3 54 117/ 137 / 575 — — — /— — / — 129 Paraguay 16.3 13 / 80 20.0 9 / 45 24 Portugal 42.125 Grenada* 8 19 41.725 Grenada* 5 12 41.7 5 12 ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 Serbia 46 San Marino 31.7 19 / 60 — — / — 28 Austria 39.3 72 / 183 37.7 23 / 61 ” Somalia* 18.5 5 27 43 Zambia 32.3 10 31 Iceland Norway San Marino Angola Armenia 47 Suriname 27 Ecuador31.4 16 / 51 — — / — 39.4 2854 Austria/ 137 — — / — 39.3 2872132” Austria/ 183MauritaniaMadagascar37.7 23 / 61 39.320.315.9 72 /3124 183 / 153151 37.719.4— 23 /—12 61 / —62 130 Thailand 16.2 81 / 500 10.4 26 / 250 ” Nauru 14.326 Angola 1 7 40.0” Estonia 12 30 14.3 2 14 Argentina France Sweden MontenegroAbout this map 29 Ethiopia 38.8 212 / 547 32.0 49 / 153 25 Grenada* 41.726 Angola 5 12 40.026100 Angola 12 Timor-Leste* 30 40.018.2 12 2 30 11 44 Denmark 31.6 6 19 Peru Sweden Sweden Azerbaijan Latvia 48 Germany 28 Austria31.2 221 / 709 36.2 25 / 69 39.3 2972 Ethiopia/ 183 37.7 23 / 61 38.8 212106133 / 547Pakistan Russian32.0 Federation49 / 153 20.215.8 6971 / 342450 19.217.1 2029 / 104170 131 Libya 16.0 30 / 188 — — / — 127 Jordan 13.8” Germany 4 29 40.0” Indonesia 6 15 14.3 5 35 Latvia 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 180 26.0 26 / 100 29 Ethiopia 38.8 212 / 547 32.0 49 / 153 26 Angola 40.0” Germany 12 30 40.0” Germany 6 15 40.0 6 15 ” Eswatini 31.6 6 19 Sweden Chile SwitzerlandThe colour coding of the countries reflects the percentage of women in unicameralLatvia parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world Samoa 134 Chad 15.4 30 25Timor-Leste / 162 — — / — 38.5 25 / 65 — — / — 101 Eritrea* 17.6” Guyana 3 17 40.0 8 20 ” Lebanon 31.6 6 19 Estonia About this map Russian Federation 50 Trinidad and Tobago 29 Ethiopia31.0 13 / 42 38.7 12 / 31 38.8 30212Timor-Leste / 547 32.0 49 / 153 38.5 3010725Timor-Leste / 65Barbados— — / — 38.520.0 25 / 665 / 30 (4)—42.9 — / 9— / 21 132 Madagascar 15.9 24 / 151 19.4 12 / 62 ” Germany 40.0” Guyana 6 15 40.0128 8 Guatemala 20 13.3 2 15 ” Nauru 14.3 1 7 Canada Estonia Latvia ZambiaBulgaria RussianLithuania Federation Japan (4) 31 Dominica 38.1 8 / 21 — — / — ”” Guyana Romania 40.017.6” 8 Iceland 3 20 17 40.0 4 10 Canada” Panama 31.6 6 19Canada United States of America Italy ranking of womenEstonia in parliament on theLithuania right-hand side of the map. A world rankingLithuania ofUzbekistan women in ministerial positions is on the left-hand side of the map. Russian Federation 51 Australia 30 Timor-Leste30.5 46 / 151 48.7 37 / 76 38.5 31 25Dominica / 65 — — / — 38.1 31 8” Dominica/ 21CambodiaJordan(4)— — / — 38.120.015.4 8 /2520 21 / 125130 —16.115.4 — /10 — / 6265 133 Russian Federation 15.8 71 / 450 17.1 29 / 170 ” Iceland 40.0” 4 Syrian Arab 10 Republic 13.3 4 30 127 Jordan 48 Dominica13.8 431.3 29 5 16 Estonia Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 52 Angola 30.0 66(4) / 220 — — / — ” Iceland 38.1 24 / 63 — — / — ” Guyana 40.0 8 20 ”” Iceland Suriname 40.017.6 4 3 10 17 MonacoLithuania BelarusNorth Macedonia RussianThe Federation colour coding of the countries reflectsLiechtenstein the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world 31 Dominica30 / 100 — / — 38.1 ” 8 Iceland/ 21 — — / — 38.1 13624” / 63MauritiusEgypt — — / — 20.015.1 9014 // 59670 — — / — 134 Chad 15.4 25 / 162 — — / — 130 Djibouti 13.0” Liechtenstein 3 23 Canada40.0128 Guatemala 2 5 49 United13.3 Kingdom 230.4 15 7 23 Belarus Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Kyrgyzstan Indian Ocean ” Latvia 30.0 — ” Iceland 38.1 3324 /Serbia 63 — — / — 37.7 93 / 247 — — / — ” Iceland 40.0” Liechtenstein 4 10 40.0” Liechtenstein 2 5 40.0 2 5 50 Madagascar 30.0 6 20 Bolivia All data reflectsBelarus the situation on 1 January 2020. As the source of the data presented here, Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsible for the criteria applied in displaying the information. Republic of Korea ” Luxembourg 30.0 18 / 60 — — / — 33 Serbia 37.7 93137 / 247Bahrain— — / — 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 104 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.4 8 46 San Marino ranking of women in parliament on the right-hand side of the map. A world ranking of women in ministerial positions is on the left-hand side of the map. (5) ” Iceland 38.1 24 / 63 — — / — 33 ”SerbiaSaint Kitts and Nevis 37.720.0 93 / 2473 / 15 — — / — ” Jordan 15.4 20 / 130 15.4 10 / 65 131 Russian Federation 12.9 4 31 ” Syrian35 toArab 39.9% Republic ” New13.3 Zealand 430.0 30 6 20 Belarus Liechtenstein Spain Finland Austria ” Peru 30.0 39 / 130 — — / — 34 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 145 / 393 — — / — ” Liechtenstein 40.0 2 5 35 to 39.9% 35 to 39.9% Finland Austria CzechiaAlbania AustriaTurkmenistan Tajikistan 33 Serbia 37.7 3493 United/ 247 Republic— of Tanzania— / — 36.9 145 / 393 — — / — 1510 to 19.9%14.9% 136 Egypt 15.1 90 / 596 — — / — 132” DominicanCôte d’Ivoire* Republic 17.412.831 Ecuador 46 2347 37.9130 Djibouti 11 29 13.0 3 23 25 to 29.9% (Plurinational Czechia The designations employed and the presentation ofFinland material onZimbabwe thisTu rkemap y do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN Women or of the 25 to 29.9% 34 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 35145 /Burundi 393 — — / — 36.4 44 / 121 46.2 18 / 39 3135 Ecuador to 39.9% 37.9 11 29 52 Luxembourg 29.4 5 17 Austria Czechia Greece All data reflects the situation onJammu 1 January and Kashmir*Slovakia 2020. As the source of the data presented here, Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsible for the criteria applied in displaying the56 information.Montenegro 29.6 24 / 81 — — / — 31” Ecuador Poland 37.917.432 11 Bulgaria 4 29 23 36.8 7 19 Finland Inter-Parliamentary Union concerningSlovakia the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerningComoros the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 34 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 35145Burundi / 393 — — / — 36.4 3544138111 Burundi/ 121SaudiBhutan Arabia46.2 18 / 39 36.419.914.9 44 /30 1217 / 15147 46.216.0— 18 /— 439 // 25— 137 Bahrain 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 32 Bulgaria 36.8” 7 Niger 19 12.8 5 39 131 Russian Federation ” Paraguay12.9 429.4 31 5 17 State of) Czechia Andorra Slovakia China 57 Albania 29.5 36 / 122 — — / — 36 Italy 35.7 225 / 630 34.4 110 / 320 31 Ecuador 37.9 11 29 32” Bulgaria United States of America*36.8 17.4 7 4 19 23 Bahamas 58 Canada 35 Burundi29.0 98 / 338 Vanuatu48.5 48 / 99 36.4 3644 Italy/ 121 46.2 18 / 39 35.7 36225139112Italy / 630CyprusGabon 34.4 110 / 320 35.719.614.8 225 21/11 630 // 14256 34.418.0— 110 /18— 320 // 100— 10 to 14.9% 134 India 12.533 Ukraine 3 24 35.3132 Côte 6 d’Ivoire* 17 54 Czechia12.8 628.6 47 4 14 PortugalSlovakia Namibia Cyprus The designations employed and the presentationSlovenia of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN Women or of the 30 to 34.9% 32 Bulgaria 36.833 Ukraine 7 19 35.333 Ukraine 6 17 35.3 6 17 55 Australia 26.7 8 30 b Cuba * Dotted line represents approximatelySlovenia the Line of Control in Jammu and KashmirSyrianSlovenia Arab agreedRep. upon by India and Pakistan. TheMauritius final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed 59 Estonia 36 Italy28.7 29 / 101 — — / — 35.7 225 / 630 34.4 110 / 320 140” FijiBrazil30 to 34.9% 19.614.6 7510 // 51351 13.6— —11 / —81 138 Bhutan 14.9 7 / 47 16.0 4 / 25 108” SierraMauritius Leone 17.212.534 Mexico 53 2924 35.0 7 20 Falkland Islands Inter-ParliamentaryAfghanistan Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.” Poland 28.7 132 / 460 24.0 24 / 100 30 to 34.9% 33 Ukraine 35.334 Mexico 6 17 35.0 7 20 ” Niger ” Ireland12.8 526.7 39 4 15 MaltaSlovenia United Kingdom Ukraine 37 Uganda 30 to 34.9% 34.9 160141 / 459Sao Tome— and Principe— / — 14.5 37 Uganda8 / 55 — — / — 34.9 160 / 459 — — / — 34109 Mexico Israel 35.016.7 7 4 20 24 30 to 34.9% ” Slovakia 26.7 4 15 United Kingdom Jamaica upon by the parties. Ukraine Lebanon UkraineIran 61 South Sudan 28.5 109 / 383 12.0 6 / 50 37114UgandaCroatia 34.919.2 160 29/ 459 / 151 — — — /— — / — 139 Gabon 14.8 21 / 142 18.0 18 / 100 34 Mexico 35.0 7 20 13630 Pakistanto 34.9% 12.0 3 25 134 India 12.5 3 24 (Malvinas) United Kingdom Tunisia b Andorra Botswana Iraq Malawi 62 Philippines 28.0 85 / 304 29.2 7 / 24 38 Guyana 34.8 24 / 69 — — / — ” Samoa* 16.730 2to 34.9% 12 58 Barbados 26.1 6 23 Haiti Ukraine Israel *(Islamic Dotted Rep. line of) represents approximately theHungary Line of ControlBhutan in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed37 Uganda 34.9 38160FijiGuyana / 459 — — / — 34.8 3814224”Guyana / 69KyrgyzstanIndia — — / — 34.819.214.4 24 2378/ 69 / 543120 —10.4— — 25/— — // 240— 140 Brazil 14.6 75 / 513 13.6 11 / 81 137 Malta 11.835 Chile* 2 17 33.3” Mauritius 8 24 ” Burundi12.5 326.1 24 6 23 UnitedParaguay Kingdom a StateFalklandNetherlands of Palestine IslandsMorocco (women in ministerialHungary positions: 3/23 = Denmark13%; womena in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislative Council was dissolved in December 2018). 63 Dominican Republic 27.9 53 / 190 9.4 3 / 32 39 United Kingdom 33.8 220 / 650 27.2 216 / 795 3530 Chile* to 34.9% 33.335 Chile* 8 24 33.3 8 24 Netherlands DenmarkAtlantic Ocean Denmark a Hungary 64 Slovenia 38 Guyana27.8 25 / 90 10.0 4 / 40 34.8 3924United / 69 Kingdom— — / — 33.8 220116” / 650GuatemalaMalaysia27.2 216 / 795 19.014.4 3032 / 158222 19.1— —13 / —68 141 Sao Tome and Principe 14.5 8 / 55 — — / — ” SingaporeTurkey 16.711.8” Honduras* 32 1817 33.3136 Pakistan 7 21 ” Gabon12.0 326.1 25 6 23 DominicanNetherlands Republic Hungary upon by the parties. CroatiaMozambique 39 United Kingdom 33.8 40220 /El 650 Salvador27.2 216 / 795 33.3 28 / 84 — — / — 35 Chile* 33.3” Honduras* 8 24 33.3”” Honduras* 7 United Arab 21 Emirates 33.316.7 7 4 21 24 ” Kenya 26.1 6 23 Netherlands Denmark b A disputeIreland(Malvinas) exists between the GovernmentsCroatia of Argentina and the United KingdomCroatia of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). 65 Lao People’s Dem. Republic39 United27.5 Kingdom41 / 149 — — / — 33.8 40220El / 650Salvador27.2 216 / 795 33.3 4014428”El / 84SalvadorTajikistanGeorgia— — / — 33.319.014.1 28 21/12 84 // 14963 —21.9— — /— 7— / / 32 — 142 India 14.4 78 / 543 10.4 25 / 240 139 Greece 11.1” Italy 2 18 33.3137 Malta 7 21 62 Chad11.8 225.9 17 7 27 Ireland Algeria Nepal 66 Kazakhstan 27.1 29 / 107 10.6 5 / 47 ” Monaco 33.3 8 / 24 — — / — ” Honduras* 33.3” Italy 7 21 33.3” Italy 7 21 33.3 7 21 Mexico Ireland Croatia Libya a State of PalestinePakistan (women in ministerialBosniaMadagascar positions: and Herzegovina3/23 = 13%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislative Council was dissolved in December67 Afghanistan 2018). 40 El Salvador27.0 67 / 248 27.9 19 / 68 33.3 ” 28Monaco / 84 — — / — 33.3 1451188 / 24TogoGuinea-Bissau— — / — 18.713.7 1417 // 10291 — — / — ” Malaysia 14.4 32 / 222 19.1 13 / 68 113” JapanLao People’s Democratic Republic 15.811.1” Republic 3 of Korea 1927 33.3” Turkey 6 18 ” Maldives11.8 225.9 17 7 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina Eswatini New Zealand ” Monaco 33.3 ” 8 / Netherlands24 — — / — 33.3 50 / 150 38.7 29 / 75 ” Italy 33.3” Republic 7 of Korea 21 33.3 6 18 64 Belgium 25.0 3 12 Ireland c FinalBelgium boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the EgyptRepublic of South SudanBosnia has and not Herzegovina yet been determined. 68 Bulgaria 26.7 64 / 240 — — / — ” 8 Netherlands/ 24 — / — 33.3 50146 / 150Burkina38.7 Faso 29 / 75 13.4 3117 / 169127 — 23— / / 106 — 144 Georgia 14.1 21 / 149 — — / — ”” Republic Morocco of Korea 33.315.8 6 3 18 19 Belgium b APoland dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands” Viet Nam(Malvinas).” Monaco26.7 132 / 494 — — / — 33.3 — ” 119NetherlandsColombia 33.318.3 50 / 150 38.721.7 29 / 75 ” Malawi 11.1” Sao 2 Tome and Principe 18 33.3139 Greece 4 12 ” Bolivia11.1 (Plurinational 2 State of) 25.0 18 5 20 Belgium WesternBosnia SaharaPoland and Herzegovina Poland Rep. of Moldova Kazakhstan Lao People’s Dem. Republic 43 Nepal 32.7 90 / 275 37.3 22 / 59 ” Republic of Korea 33.3” Sao 6 Tome and 18 Principe 33.3” Sao 4 Tome and 12 Principe 33.3 4 12 Rep. of Moldova KazakhstanRep. of MoldovaKuwait Kazakhstan Australia 70 Iraq ” Netherlands26.4 87 / 329 — — / — 33.3 4350 Nepal/ 150 38.7 29 / 75 32.7 4390120” Nepal/ 275Dem.Malta People’s37.3 Rep.22 of/ 59 Korea 32.717.613.4 90 121/ 2759 // 67687 37.3— 22 /— 59 / — 145 Guinea-Bissau 13.7 14 / 102 — — / — 115” SouthOman Sudan* 15.611.1” Trinidad 53 and Tobago 3227 33.3” Lao 7People’s Democratic 21 Republic ” Ghana11.1 325.0 27 5 20 Belgium Poland Luxembourg Tonga New Zealand 44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 ” Sao Tome and Principe 33.3” Trinidad 4 and Tobago 12 33.3 7 21 ” Mali 25.0 9 36 Luxembourg Rep. ©of Inter-Parliamentary Moldova Union, 2020Kazakhstan c Final boundary between the RepublicIndia of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yetViet been Nam determined. 71 Djibouti 43 Nepal26.2 17 / 65 — — / — 32.7 4490 Uzbekistan/ 275 37.3 22 / 59 32.0 48121148 / 150JamaicaGhana 17.0 17 / 100 17.513.1 3611 // 27563 23.8— —5 / / 21 — 146 Burkina Faso 13.4 17 / 127 — — / — ”116 Trinidad Antigua and and Tobago Barbuda* 33.315.4 7 2 21 13 Luxembourg Germany LesothoBahrain Romania Myanmar 72 Algeria 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 ” Republic of Moldova 11.1” Uganda 1 9 33.3” Malawi 10 30 ” Palau11.1 225.0 18 2 8 GermanyCabo Verde GermanyRomania Saudi Romania Thailand 45 Zimbabwe 31.9 86 / 270 43.8 35 / 80 ” Trinidad and Tobago 33.3” Uganda 7 21 33.3”” Uganda 10 Cyprus 30 33.315.4 10 2 30 13 Luxembourg Saint Kitts and Nevis Qatar Georgia 73 Cabo Verde 44 Uzbekistan25.0 18 / 72 — — / — 32.0 4548 Zimbabwe/ 150 17.0 17 / 100 31.9 4586122149 Zimbabwe/ 270MongoliaSaint Vincent43.8 and the35 /Grenadines 80 31.917.313.0 86 / 132703 // 2375 43.8— 35 /— 80 / — ” Malta 13.4 9 / 67 — — / — ” Saint Kitts and Nevis* 11.1” Uruguay 1 9 33.3 5 15 20 to 24.9% Germany Romania GeorgiaArabia Mongolia ” Turkmenistan 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 46 San Marino 31.7 19 / 60 — — / — ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 ” Oman 69 Egypt11.1 324.2 27 8 33 Contacts: © Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020Georgia Serbia Mongolia Cambodia 46 San Marino 31.7 15019 / 60Bahamas— — / — 12.8 5 / 39 43.8 7 / 16 ” Uganda 33.3 10 30 ”” Uruguay Hungary 33.315.4 5 2 15 13 Serbia South United Arab Mongolia 45 Zimbabwe 20 to 24.9% 31.9 86 / 270 43.8 35 / 80 46 ”San Republic Marino of Korea 31.717.3 19 51/ 60 / 295 — — — /— — / — 148 Ghana 13.1 36 / 275 — — / — 145 Guinea* 10.843 Zambia 4 37 32.3 10 31 70 Togo 24.0 6 25 Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania Georgia Serbia Armenia 47 Suriname 31.4 16 / 51 — — / — 43 Zambia 32.3 10 31 ” Republic of Moldova 11.1 1 9 Belize Armenia Mongolia 75 China 24.9 742 / 2975 — — / — 47 Suriname 31.4 16” / 51 Dem. Republic— of —the / Congo— 12.8 64 / 500 21.1 23 / 109 149 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13.0 3 / 23 — — / — ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 43” Zambia Saint Lucia* 32.315.4 10 2 31 13 71 Jamaica 23.5 4 17 Serbia France Emirates Armenia Montenegro Philippines 46 San Marino 31.7 19 / 60 — — / — 47 ”SurinameTurkey 31.417.3 16102 / 51 / 589 — — — /— — / — 146 Nepal 10.544 Denmark 2 19 31.6 6 19 Dominica Mali Niger Africa c ” Tunisia 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — 48 Germany 31.2 221 / 709 36.2 25 / 69 44 Denmark 31.6 6 19 ” Saint Kitts and Nevis* ” Slovenia11.1 123.5 9 4 17 Guatemala France Inter-ParliamentaryFrance Union (IPU) Montenegro United SudanNations Entity for GenderMontenegro Equality Azerbaijan 48 Germany 31.2 221152 / 709Palau 36.2 25 / 69 12.5 2 / 16 15.4 2 / 13 150 Bahamas 12.8 5 / 39 43.8 7 / 16 43 Zambia 32.3 10 31 44120 Denmark Algeria*° 31.615.2 6 5 19 33 Armenia Contacts: Bangladesh 77 Republic of Moldova 47 Suriname24.8 25 / 101 — — / — 31.4 16 / 51 — — / — 48125GermanyNiger 31.217.0 221 29/ 709 / 171 36.2— 25 /— 69 / — 147 Nigeria 10.3” Eswatini 3 29 31.6 6 19 ” Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 23.5 8 34 Saint Lucia Azerbaijan Oman Azerbaijan 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 180 26.0 26 / 100 ” Eswatini 31.6 6 19 145 Guinea* 10.8 4 37 Honduras France MontenegroSwitzerland Yemen Micronesia 78 Somalia 48 Germany24.4 67 / 275 24.1 13 / 54 31.2 49221Cameroon / 709 36.2 25 / 69 31.1 56126153 / 180AzerbaijanSyrian Arab26.0 Republic26 / 100 16.812.4 3120 / 250119 — — / — ” Dem. Republic of the Congo 12.8 64 / 500 21.1 23 / 109 44 Denmark 31.6 6 19 ” Eswatini 31.6 6 19 74 Fiji 23.1 3 13 Uruguay E-mail: [email protected] and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 180 26.0 26 / 100 148 Bhutan 10.0” Lebanon10 1 to 14.9% 10 31.6 6 19 Switzerland SwitzerlandSaint Vincent Azerbaijan Chad Jordan 79 Lithuania 24.1 34 / 141 — — / — 50 Trinidad and Tobago 31.0 13 / 42 38.7 12 / 31 ” Lebanon 31.6 6 19 146 Nepal ” Latvia10.5 223.1 19 3 13 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Bulgaria United Nations Entity for Gender Equality (Fed. States of) 49 Cameroon 31.1 5056 Trinidad/ 180 and26.0 Tobago26 / 100 31.0 15413” / 42ZambiaLiberia38.7 12 / 31 16.812.3 289 / 16773 3.3— —1 // 30— 152 Palau 12.5 2 / 16 15.4 2 / 13 ” Eswatini 31.6 6 19 ”121 Lebanon Cameroon* 31.614.9 6 7 19 47 El Salvador Senegal www.ipu.org Bulgaria www.unwomen.org 80 Singapore 24.0 24 / 100 — — / — Japan 50 Trinidad and Tobago 31.0 13 / 42 38.7 12 / 31 ” Marshall Islands° 10.0” Panama 1 10 31.6 6 19 76 Argentina* 22.7 5 22 Switzerland and the Grenadines Italy Burkina Bulgaria Eritrea Palau Japan 51 Australia 30.5 46 / 151 48.7 37 / 76 ” Lebanon 31.6” Panama 6 19 31.6 6 19 147 Nigeria 10.3 3 29 United States ofNicaragua America Italy Grenada Gambia (The) E-mail: [email protected] and the EmpowermentUzbekistan of Women (UN Women) Marshall Islands 81 ArmeniaJapan 50 Trinidad23.5 and31 / 132 Tobago— — / — 31.0 51 13Australia / 42 38.7 12 / 31 30.5 5146128” Australia/ 151SaintSierra Lucia Leone48.7 37 / 76 30.516.712.3 46 /18 1513 / 18146 48.727.3— 37 /— 376 / / 11 — 153 Syrian Arab Republic 12.4 31 / 250 — — / — ”122 Panama Namibia 31.614.8 6 4 19 27 77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22.2 2 9 Italy Trinidad and Tobago Bulgaria Faso Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (6) ” San Marino 10.048 Dominica 1 10 31.3148 Bhutan 5United 16 States of America10.0 1United 10 States of America Djibouti Japan 82 United States of America 23.4 101 / 431 25.0 25 / 100 Dem. People’s52 Angola Rep. of Korea 30.0 66156 / 220Hungary— — / — 12.1 52 24Angola / 199 — — / — 30.0 154 66Liberia / 220 — — / — 12.3 9 / 73 3.3 1 / 30 ” Panama 31.648 Dominica 6 19 31.348 Dominica 5 16 31.3 5 16 ” Gambia (The) 22.2 4 18 Italy Costa Rica Guinea-Bissau Monaco Uzbekistan Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 83 Israel 51 Australia23.3 28 / 120 — — / — 30.5 46 / 151 48.7 37 / 76 52129AngolaParaguay 30.016.3 66 / 13220 / 80 —20.0 — / 9— / 45 123 Burkina Faso 14.349 United 4 KingdomUnited 28 States of America30.4 7 23 ” Liberia 22.2 4 18 Monaco Venezuela Barbados Nigeria www.ipu.org North Macedonia www.unwomen.org Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea ” Latvia 30.0 30 / 100 — — / — 48 Dominica 31.349 United 5 Kingdom 16 30.4 7 23 5 to 9.9% ” Marshall Islands° 10.0 1 10 Monaco North Macedonia SouthNorth Macedonia Kyrgyzstan ” Lesotho 52 Angola23.3 28 / 120 21.9 7 / 32 30.0 ” 66 Latvia/ 220 — — / — 30.0 ” 30130157 Latvia/ 100ThailandCôte d’Ivoire— — / — 30.016.212.0 30 /8130 100 / 500251 —10.419.2 — 26/19 — / / 250 99 ” Sierra Leone 12.3 18 / 146 — — / — 49” United Estonia Kingdom~ 30.414.3 7 2 23 14 ” Micronesia (Federated States of)* 22.2 2 9 Panama Argentina (Bolivarian Guinea c Kyrgyzstan Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea Republic of Korea ” Luxembourg 30.0 18 / 60 — — / — 151 Afghanistan 9.750 Madagascar 3 31 30.0” San 6 Marino 20 10.0 1 10 Monaco Guyana North Macedonia San Marino Sudan Ethiopia Sri Lanka KyrgyzstanBrunei Republic of Korea 85 Malawi ” Latvia22.9 44 / 192 — — / — 30.0 ” 30 Luxembourg/ 100 — — / — 30.0 13118” / 60LibyaLiechtenstein— — / — 16.012.0 303 / 18825 — — / — 156 Hungary 12.1 24 / 199 — — / — 49 United Kingdom 30.450 Madagascar 7 23 30.050” Madagascar 6 Indonesia 20 30.014.3 6 5 20 35 ” Montenegro 22.2 4 18 San Marino Republic of) Sierra Leone Spain 86 GuineaRepublic of Korea22.8 26 / 114 — — / — ” Luxembourg 30.0 18 / 60 (5) — — / — 30.0 39 / 130 — — / — 152 Kyrgyzstan 9.5” New 2 Zealand 21 30.0 6 20 82 Cuba 21.9 7 32 Chile SanSpain Marino Central African Kyrgyzstan Darussalam Tajikistan (5) (5) ” Peru 50 Madagascar 30.0” New 6 Zealand 20 30.0” New 6 Zealand 20 30.0 6 20 5 to 9.9% San Marino Suriname Spain Albania About this mapTajikistanAlbania Turkmenistan Republic of Korea 87 Chile ” Luxembourg22.6 35 / 155 23.3 10 / 43 30.0 ” 18Peru / 60 — — / — 30.0 ” 39132159 Peru/ 130MadagascarCongo — — / — 30.015.911.3 39 /2417 130 / 151 —19.418.8 — /1213 — / 6269 157 Côte d’Ivoire 12.0 30 / 251 19.2 19 / 99 153” NauruCambodia* 14.39.4 13 32 7 25 to 29.9%~ ” Senegal 21.9 7 32 Liberia Cameroon Rep. TurkmenistanAlbania Turkmenistan Tajikistan 88 Czechia 22.5(5) 45 / 200 14.8 12 / 81 25 to 29.9% ” New Zealand 30.0 6 20 25 to 29.9% 151 Afghanistan 84 North9.7 Macedonia 321.7 31 5 23 Spain Colombia Benin Tajikistan Tu rke y ” Peru 30.0 39 / 130 — — / — 133160 RussianAntigua25 Federationand to Barbuda 29.9% 15.811.1 712 // 45018 25 52.917.1to 29.9%299 / 17017 ” Liechtenstein 12.0 3 / 25 — — / — 127 Jordan 13.85225 Luxembourg 4to 29.9% 29 29.4 5 17 Albania Ghana Turkmenistan Tu rke y Somalia Greece Jammu and Kashmir* ” Panama 22.5 16 / 71 — — / — 56 Montenegro 29.6 24 / 81 — — / — 52 Luxembourg 29.4154 5 Brazil 17 9.1 2 22 152 Kyrgyzstan ” United9.5 Republic of 2Tanzania* 21.7 21 5 23 The colour coding of Greecethe countries reflects the percentage of Greecewomen in unicameralTu rke y parliaments or inJammu the lower and house Kashmir* of parliament, and correspondsJammuMalaysia toand the Kashmir* data found in the world 90 Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 22.2 37 / 167 — — / — 56 Montenegro25 to 29.9% 29.6 13424” / 81ChadMyanmar— — / — 15.411.1 2548 / 162432 12.1— 27— // 223— 159 Congo 11.3 17 / 151 18.8 13 / 69 25 to 29.9% 52128 Luxembourg Guatemala 29.413.3 5 2 17 15 86 Cabo Verde 21.4 3 14 56 Montenegro 29.6 5724 /Albania 81 — — / — 29.5 36 / 122 — — / — 155 Philippines* 8.6” Paraguay 3 35 29.4153 Cambodia* 5 17 9.4 3 32 Greece TuTo grke o y Côte d’Ivoire JammuAndorra and Kashmir* Nauru Kiribati 91 Romania 56 Montenegro21.9 72 / 329 14.7 20 / 136 29.6 57 24Albania / 81 — — / — 29.5 36162” / 122JordanBotswana— — / — 15.410.8 207 / 13065 15.4— —10 / 65— 160 Antigua and Barbuda 11.1 2 / 18 52.9 9 / 17 52 Luxembourg 29.4” Paraguay 5 17 29.4”” Paraguay 5 Syrian Arab 17 Republic 29.413.3 5 4 17 30 ” Kuwait 21.4 3 14 Bahamas Andorra ranking of womenAndorra in parliament on the right-hand side of the map. AKenya world ranking of women in ministerial positions is on the left-hand side of the map. China 92 Kenya 21.8 76 / 349 30.9 21 / 68 57 Albania 29.5 36 / 122 — — / — 156 Comoros* 8.354 Czechia 1 12 28.6154 Brazil 4 14 88 Congo9.1 221.2 22 7 33 Bahamas Maldives China China 163 Nauru 10.5 58 Canada2 / 19 — — / — 29.0 98 / 338 48.5 48 / 99 ” Paraguay 29.454 Czechia 5 17 28.654 Czechia 4 14 28.6 4 14 Bahamas Andorra PortugalEquatorial Guinea Cyprus Papua New Guinea 93 Bosnia and Herzegovina57 Albania21.4 9 / 42 20.0 3 / 15 29.5 5836 Canada/ 122 — — / — 29.0 5898136 Canada/ 338Egypt 48.5 48 / 99 29.015.1 98 /90 338 / 596 48.5— 48 /— 99 / — ” Myanmar 11.1 48 / 432 12.1 27 / 223 130” DjiboutiTonga* 13.08.355 Australia 31 2312 26.7 8 30 Portfolios89 Botswana Bahamas 21.1 4 held 19 by Women MinistersPortugal All data reflectsWomen theCyprus situation on 1 January 2020.in AsDemocratic thethe source of the highestdata presented here, Inter-Parliamentary positionsChina Union is responsible Syrianfor the Arabcriteriaof Rep. applied State in displaying the information. World and 94regionalSeychelles 21.2 7 / 33 averages— — / — 164 Samoa 10.0 59 Estonia5 / 50 — — / — 28.7 29 / 101 — — / — 155 Philippines* 8.6 3 35 Cuba Portugal Syrian Arab Rep.Cyprus 58 Canada 29.0 5998 Estonia/ 338 48.5 48 / 99 28.7 29137 / 101Bahrain— — / — 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 162 Botswana 10.8 7 / 65 — — / — 54 Czechia 28.655 Australia 4 14 26.755131 Australia 8 Russian Federation 30 26.712.9 8 4 30 31 90 Benin 20.8 5 24 Cuba Cuba Sao Tome and Principe Republic of Syrian Arab Rep. Afghanistan ” Uruguay 21.2 21 / 99 29.0 9 / 31 59 Estonia 28.7 ”29 / Poland101 — — / — 28.7 132 / 460 24.0 24 / 100 158 Uzbekistan 8.0” Ireland 2 25 26.7156 Comoros* 4 15 ” Zimbabwe8.3 120.8 12 5 24 Portugal Ecuador Cyprus Malta Afghanistan 96 Honduras 21.1 27 / 128 — — / — 5 to 9.9% 55 Australia 26.7” Ireland 8 30 26.7” Ireland 4 15 26.7 4 15 Cuba Malta TheSyrian designations Arab Rep. employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expressionUganda of any opinionAfghanistan whatsoever on the part of UN Women or of the 59 Estonia 28.7 ” 29 Poland/ 101 — — / — 28.7 ”132Poland / 460 24.0 24 / 100 28.7 132 / 460 24.010 to24 14.9% / 100 163 Nauru 10.5 2 / 19 — — / — 132159 CôteBangladesh d’Ivoire* 12.87.7” Slovakia 62 4726 26.7” Tonga* 4 15 92 Central8.3 African Republic* 1 20.0 12 7 35 (1451 portfoliosJamaica in 190 Portfolioscountries) held byJamaicaMalta Women MinistersLebanon Afghanistan the Congo WomenLebanon in theIran highest positions of State97 Equatorial Guinea 21.0 21 / 100 16.7World12 / 72 61 Southand Sudan regional28.5 109165 / 383 Japan 12.0averages6 / 50 9.9 61 46South / 464 Sudan22.9 56 / 245 28.5 164 109Samoa / 383 12.0 6 / 50 10.0 5 / 50 — — / — Tuvalu ” Poland 28.7 132 / 460 24.0 24 / 100 138 Bhutan 14.9 7 / 47 16.0 4 / 25 ” Ireland 26.7” Slovakia 4 15 26.7”” Slovakia 4 Niger 15 26.712.8 4 5 15 39 ” Croatia 20.0 4 20 Malta Jamaica Inter-ParliamentaryTunisia UnionGabon concerning the legal status of anyLebanon Irancountry, territory, city or area or ofSeychelles its authorities,Iran or concerningSingapore theIraq delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 98 Bangladesh 20.9 73 / 349 — — / — 61 South Sudan 28.5 62109 /Philippines 383 12.0 6 / 50 28.0 85 / 304 29.2 7 / 24 ” Lithuania 7.758 Barbados 1 13 26.1158 Uzbekistan 6 23 ” Mauritania8.0 220.0 25 5 25 Tunisia Iraq United Rep. Israel ” Ireland 20.9 33 / 158 31.7 19 / 60 62 Philippines 28.0 85166 / 304Qatar 29.2 7 / 24 9.8 4 / 41 — — / — 5 to 9.9% ” Slovakia 26.758 Barbados 4 15 26.158 Barbados 6 23 26.1 6 23 Jamaica Haiti Tunisia Lebanon IsraelIran Morocco Iraq Rwanda (Islamic Rep. of) Bhutan 61 South Sudan 28.5 109 / 383 12.0 6 / 50 62139PhilippinesGabon 28.014.8 85 /21 304 / 142 29.218.0 7 /18 24 / 100 134 India 12.5” Burundi 3 24 26.1 6 23 ” Monaco 20.0 1 5 Haiti Haiti (1451b portfoliosMorocco in 190 countries) Congo (IslamicIsrael Rep. of) a Bhutan of women100 Ukraine in parliament20.8 88 / 423 — — / — 63 Dominican Republic 27.9 53 / 190 9.4 3 / 32 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 159 Bangladesh ” Sudan7.7 220.0 26 4 20 Tunisia 112 Iraq* DMoroccootted line represents approximatelya the Line of Control in Jammuof Tanzania and Kashmir agreed upon (Islamicby India andRep. Pakistan. of)a The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet beenBhutan agreed 62 Philippines 28.0 6385 Dominican/ 304 29.2 Republic 7 / 24 27.9 6353140167 Dominican/ 190BrazilEswatini 9.4Republic 3 / 32 27.914.69.6 53 /75 1907 / 51373 9.413.633.3 3 / 111032 / 8130 165 Japan 9.9 46 / 464 22.9 56 / 245 58 Barbados 26.1” Burundi 6 23 26.1”” Burundi 6 Mauritius 23 26.112.5 6 3 23 24 Family / ChildrenFalkland / Youth Islands / Elderly / Disabled Brazil Israel a a Burundi Indonesia 101 Greece 20.7 62 / 300 — — / — 64 Slovenia 27.8 25 / 90 10.0 4 / 40 162 Armenia 7.1” Gabon 1 14 26.1” Lithuania 6 23 7.7Haiti 1 13 15 to 19.9% Morocco Dominican Republic (Islamic Rep. of) a Bhutan ” Slovakia 20.7 31 / 150 — — / — 64 Slovenia 27.8 16825 / 90Mali 10.0 4 / 40 9.5 14 / 147 — — / — 166 Qatar 9.8 4 / 41 — — / — ” Burundi 26.1” Gabon 6 23 26.1” Gabon 6 23 26.1 6 23 Dominican RepublicPacific Ocean 112 Dominican Republic a upon by the parties. 1 63 Dominican Republic 27.9 53 / 190 9.4 3 / 32 64141SloveniaSao Tome and Principe 27.814.5 25 / 890 / 55 10.0— 4 /— 40 / — 136” PakistanEquatorial Guinea 12.07.1” Kenya 32 2528 26.1 6 23 97 Serbia 19.0 4 21 Social Affairs (Malvinas) a Timor-Leste 103 Morocco 20.5 81 / 395 11.7 14 / 120of women65 Lao People’s Dem. Republic in27.5 parliament41169 / 149Belize — — / — 9.4 65 Lao3 / 32 People’s21.4 Dem. Republic3 / 14 27.5 41 / 149 — — / — ” Gabon 26.1” Kenya 6 23 26.1 6 23 161 Lesotho 98 Malaysia7.4Dominican 2 Republic18.5 27 5 27 112 Women heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) Solomon Islands 104 Indonesia 64 Slovenia20.3 117 / 575 — — / — 27.8 25 / 90 10.0 4 / 40 65142LaoIndia People’s Dem. Republic 27.514.4 41 /78 149 / 543 —10.4 — 25/ — / 240 167 Eswatini 9.6 7 / 73 33.3 10 / 30 ”137 Kenya Malta 26.111.8 6 2 23 17 Family /a Children State of /Palestine Youth / Elderly(women /Angolain Disabled ministerial positions: 3/23 = 13%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislative Council was dissolved in December 2018). Nepal 66 Kazakhstan 27.1 29 / 107 10.6 5 / 47 ” Qatar 7.162 Chad 1 14 25.9162 Armenia 7 27 ” Somalia*7.1 118.5 14 5 27 103 Environment / Natural Resources / Energy Equatorial Guinea Algeria Nepal Pakistan ” Mauritania 65 Lao20.3 People’s31 / 153 Dem.— Republic— / — 27.5 6641 Kazakhstan/ 149 — — / — 27.1 6629170” Kazakhstan/ 107MalaysiaBrunei Darussalam10.6 5 / 47 27.114.49.1 29 /32 1073 / 22233 10.619.1— 5 /— 1347 / 68— 168 Mali 9.5 14 / 147 — — / — ” Kenya 26.162 Chad 6 23 25.962” Chad 7 Turkey 27 25.911.8 7 2 27 17 100 Timor-Leste* 18.2 2 11 Mexico Peru Algeria 112 Algeria PakistanLibya Nepal 1 106 Pakistan 20.2 69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 67 Afghanistan 27.0 67 / 248 27.9 19 / 68 165 Tunisia~ 6.9” Maldives 2 29 25.9” Equatorial 7Mexico Guinea 27 7.1 2Mexico 28 Social AffairsLibya Libya Pakistan Samoa 66 Kazakhstan 27.1 6729 Afghanistan/ 107 10.6 5 / 47 27.0 67144171 / 248GeorgiaCentral27.9 African Republic19 / 68 14.18.6 2112 / 149140 — — / — 169 Belize 9.4 3 / 32 21.4 3 / 14 62 Chad 25.9” Maldives 7 27 25.9” Maldives 7 27 25.9 7 27 101 Eritrea* 17.6 3 17 88 Employment / LabourAlgeria / Vocational Training b A dispute exists between the Governments of ArgentinaZambia and the UnitedNepal Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereigntyWomen over the headsFalkland Islands of (Malvinas).state (10/152 = 6.6%) 107 Barbados Single house20.0 6 / 30 Upper42.9 9 /house 21 Both houses 67 Afghanistan 27.0 6867 / Bulgaria248 27.9 19 / 68 26.7 64 / 240 — — / — 139 Greece 11.164 Belgium 2 18 25.0 3 12 ” Romania 17.6 3 17 Libya Pakistan and women heads of government (12/193 = 6.2%) ” Cambodia 20.0 25 / 125 16.1 10 / 62 5 / 58 — / — ” Maldives 25.964 Belgium 7 27 25.0166 3 Bahamas 12 6.7 1Mexico 15 ” Qatar 7.1 1 14 103 Environment / Natural ResourcesEgypt / Energy Egypt 67 Afghanistan 27.0 6867 Bulgaria/ 248 27.9 19 / 68 26.7 6864145” Bulgaria/ 240Guinea-BissauGambia —(The) — / — 26.713.78.6 64 /14 240 / 102 — — — /— — / — 170 Brunei Darussalam 9.1 3 / 33 — — / — 64” BelgiumLao People’s Democratic Republic 25.011.1 3 3 12 27 ~ ” Suriname 17.6 3 17 80 Western Sahara Egypt Indian Ocean ” MauritiusNew orZealand lower 20.0house14 / 70 —or Senate— / — combined ” Viet Nam 26.7 132 / 494 — — / — ” Mongolia 6.7” Bolivia 1 (Plurinational 15 State of) 25.0165 Tunisia 5 20 6.9 2 29 Women’sWestern Affairs Sahara / Gender Equality Bolivia c Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. ” Saint Kitts and Nevis 68 Bulgaria20.0 3 / 15Lao People’s Dem.26.7 Republic”64 Viet/ 240 Nam — — / — 26.7 ”132146173 Viet/ 494BurkinaTonga Nam —Faso — / — 26.713.47.4 132 17/ 2494 / 12727 — — — /— — / — 171 Central African Republic 8.6 12 / 140 — — / — 64 Belgium 25.0” Bolivia 3 (Plurinational 12 State of) 25.0”” Bolivia 5 Malawi (Plurinational 20 State of) 25.011.1 5 2 20 18 104 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.4 8 46 88Western SaharaEgypt Employment / Labour / Vocational Training Kuwait Lao People’s Dem. Republic Lao People’s Dem. Republic Single house Upper house Both70 housesIraq 26.4 87 / 329 — — / — 168 China* 6.5” Ghana 2 31 25.0166 Bahamas 5 20 ” Dominican6.7 Republic 117.4 15 4 23 79 Western Sahara (Plurinational Bangladesh (HG), Barbados Zimbabwe(HG), Belgium (HG),Kuwait Bolivia (Plurinational State of)Kuwait (HS/HG),and Denmark women (HG), Estonia heads (HS), of government (12/193 = 6.2%) ” Viet Nam 15 to 19.9% 26.7 70132Iraq / 494 — — / — 26.4 7087174” Iraq/ 329MaltaBenin — — / — 26.413.47.2 87 / 32996 / 6783 — — — /— — / — ” Gambia (The) 8.6 5 / 58 — — / — ” Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 25.0” Ghana 5 20 25.0”” Ghana 5 Oman 20 25.011.1 5 3 20 27 ” Poland 17.4 4 23 Culture Lao People’s Dem. Republic 111 Saudi Arabia 19.9 30 / 151Viet Nam— — / — 71 Djibouti 26.2 17 / 65 — — / — ” Iran (Islamic Republic of)* 6.5” Mali 2 31 25.0” Mongolia 9 36 6.7 1 15 80State of) Women’s© Inter-ParliamentaryAffairs / Gender Equality Union, 2020 Kuwait Comoros India Bahrain IndiaViet NamVanuatu 70 Iraq 26.4 7187 Djibouti/ 329 — — / — or26.2 lower7114817517 houseDjibouti / 65GhanaKiribati — or Senate— / — 26.213.16.5combined17 36/ 365 / 27546 — — — /— — / — 173 Tonga 7.4 2 / 27 — — / — ” Ghana 25.0” Mali 5 20 25.0”” Mali 9 Republic of 36 Moldova 25.011.1 9 1 36 9 ” United States of America* 17.4 4 23 79 Trade / Industry Namibia Bahrain Bahrain Saudi India World averagesMyanmar Viet Nam 112 Cyprus 24.9%19.6 11 / 56 — 24.7%— / — 24.9% 72 Algeria 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 170 Belize* 6.3” Palau 1 16 25.0168 China* 2 8 108 Sierra6.5 Leone 217.2 31 5 29 79 Cabo Verde Ethiopia (HS), FinlandSaudi (HG), GeorgiaIndia (HS), Germany (HG), IcelandMauritiusBangladesh (HG), Nepal (HG), (HS), Barbados New ZealandMyanmar (HG), (HG), Belgium NorwayViet (HG), Nam (HG), Bolivia (PlurinationalMyanmar State of) (HS/HG), Denmark (HG), Estonia (HS),” Fiji 71 Djibouti19.6 10 / 51 — — / — 26.2 72 17Algeria / 65 — — / — 25.8 72119149176Algeria / 462SaintKuwait Vincent6.8 and the9 / Grenadines132 25.813.06.3 119 / 34462 / 2363 6.8 — 9 / —132 / — 174 Benin 7.2 6 / 83 — — / — ” Mali 25.0” Palau 9 36 25.0” Palau 2 8 25.0 2 8 109 Israel 16.7 4 24 Cabo Verde Cabo Verde Culture Bahrain Saudi 114 Croatia 19.2 29 / 151Thailand— — / — 73 Cabo Verde 25.0 18 / 72 — — / — ” SaintSri Lanka° Kitts and Nevis* 11.16.3 1 16 9 20 to 24.9% 76 Saint Kitts and Nevis Contacts: Botswana MyanmarMalawi Qatar Thailand Thailand 72 Algeria 25.8 73119 Cabo/ 462 Verde6.8 9 / 132 25.0 15018” / 72BahamasTuvalu — — / — 12.86.3 51 / 3916 43.8— —7 / / 16 — 175 Kiribati 6.5 3 / 46 — — / — ” Palau 25.0 2 8 20 to 24.9% ” Iran (Islamic Republic of)*” Samoa* 6.5 216.7 31 2 12 Cabo VerdeSaint Kitts and NevisEducation Paraguay Saudi Qatar Qatar Arabia Fiji ” Kyrgyzstan 19.2 23 / 120 — — / — 73 Cabo Verde 25.0 ”18 /Turkmenistan 72 — — / — 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 145 Guinea* 10.820 4to 24.9% 37 Saint Kitts and Nevis79 Trade / IndustryAtlantic Ocean Arabia Thailand 116 Guatemala 19.0 30 World/ 158 — averages— / — ” Turkmenistan 25.024.9%31178 / 124Comoros— 24.7%— / — 6.1 24.9%2 / 33 — — / — 69 Egypt 24.2” 8 Yemen 33 6.369 Egypt 2 32 24.2170 Belize* 8 33 ” Singapore6.3 116.7 16 3 18 73 San MarinoQatar (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), SlovakiaArabia (HS),Mozambique SwitzerlandEthiopia (HS), (HS/HG), Finland Trinidad (HG), Georgia and Tobago (HS), (HS) GermanyUnited (HG), Arab Iceland (HG), NepalCambodia (HS), New Zealand (HG), Norway (HG), 73 Cabo Verde Cambodia 25.0 18 / 72 — — / — ” ”Turkmenistan Dem. Republic of the Congo 25.012.8 31 /64 124 / 500 —21.1 — 23/ — / 109 176 Kuwait 6.3 4 / 63 — — / — 20 to 24.9% 69146 Egypt Nepal 24.210.5 8 2 33 19 ” United Arab Emirates 16.7Saint 4Kitts and 24 Nevis Public Works / Territorial Planning Antigua and Barbuda Arabia Mauritania United Arab Regional averages Cambodia” Tajikistan 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 7 / 32 ” Marshall Islands 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 20 to 24.9% 173 Tajikistan 5.970 Togo 1 17 24.0” Sri 6Lanka° 25 6.3 1 16 Belize Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda76Mauritania EducationInter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality Madagascar United Arab 118 Togo ” Turkmenistan18.7 17 / 91 — — / — 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 152 Palau 20 to 24.9% 12.5 2 / 16 20 15.4to 24.9%2 / 13 ” Tuvalu 6.3 1 / 16 — — / — 69 Egypt 24.270 Togo 8 33 24.070147 Togo 6 Nigeria 25 24.010.3 6 3 25 29 Belize 113 Japan 15.861 3 19 Mauritania Eswatini Cambodia Philippines 75 China 24.9 742 / 2975 — — / — 174 Kazakhstan 5.071 Jamaica 1 20 23.5 4 17 ” Morocco Belize 15.8Antigua 3 and 19 Barbuda Research and Development / Science and Technology United Arab c Emirates Philippines 119 Colombia 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 23 / 106 75 China 20 to 24.9% 24.9 742153” / 2975SyrianSolomon Arab— Islands Republic— / — 12.46.1 313 / 25049 — — / — 178 Comoros 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 70 Togo 24.071 Jamaica 6 25 23.5 4 17 ” Yemen 6.3 2 32 Mauritania 73 Dominica E-mail: [email protected] andMali the EmpowermentNiger ofEmirates Women (UN Women) San Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia Australia(HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago (HS)Philippines120 Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 17.6 121 / 687 — — / — 75 China 24.9 742” / Tunisia2975 — — / — 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — 71148 Jamaica Bhutan 23.510.0Belize” 4 Slovenia 1 17 10 23.5 4 17 115 South Sudan* 15.660 5 32 Guatemala Dominica Dominica Mali NigerPublic Works / MaliTerritorial Planningc Niger c Sudan* Emirates Philippines Regions* are classifiedTonga by descending order of the percentage75 China ofRegional women in unicameralaverages24.9 ”742 parliaments Tunisia/ 2975 — — / — 24.9 54154181 / 217LiberiaIran (Islamic— Republic— / — of) 12.35.9 179 / 73289 3.3— —1 / / 30 — ” Marshall Islands 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 71 Jamaica 23.5” Slovenia 4 17 23.5” 4 Solomon Islands* 17 5.0 1 20 173Guatemala Tajikistan 116 Antigua5.9 and Barbuda* 115.4 17 2 13 Foreign Affairs (including Development Assistance) www.ipu.org Sudan Emirates www.unwomen.orgSudan Lesotho Bangladesh 121 Jamaica 17.5 11 / 63 23.8 5 / 21 ” Tunisia 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — ”” Slovenia Marshall Islands° 23.510.0 4 1 17 10 Guatemala Dominica Mali 61 Niger Saint Lucia c Women speakers of parliament (57/278Bangladesh = 20.5%) Oman 122 Mongolia 17.3 13 / 75 — — / — 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 77 12Republic / 225 of Moldova— — / — 24.8 25 / 101 — — / — Guatemala” Venezuela2 to (Bolivarian 4.9% Republic of) 23.5174 Kazakhstan 8 34 ” Cyprus5.0 115.4 20 2 13 Saint Lucia Sudan Research and Development / Science and Technology Oman Oman Yemen Bangladesh ” Tunisia 24.9 7754 Republic/ 217Micronesia of— Moldova— / — 24.8 7725” Republic/ 101Sierra ofLeone— Moldova— / — 24.812.3 25 /18 101 / 146 — — — /— — / — ” Solomon Islands 6.1 3 / 49 — — / — ” Slovenia 23.5” Venezuela 4 (Bolivarian 17 Republic of) 23.5” ”Venezuela 8 San Marino (Bolivarian 34 Republic of) 23.510.0 8 1 34 10 ” Hungary 15.456 2 13 Honduras Home Affairs / ImmigrationSaint Lucia (including Integration and refugees) SouthYemen Bangladesh * or the lower house of parliament.Micronesia ” Republic of Korea 17.3Micronesia51 / 295 — — / — 78 Somalia 0.1 to 4.9% 24.4 67 / 275 24.1 13 / 54 176 Iraq 4.574 Fiji 1 22 23.1Honduras” Solomon 3 Islands* 13 5.0Honduras 1 20 60 Oman ChadYemen ” Turkey 77 Republic17.3 102 ofRegions* / Moldova589 — are— / — classified24.8 78 25by Somalia/ 101descending— order— / — of the24.4 percentage7867156 Somalia/ 275Hungary of women24.1 in13 / unicameral54 24.412.1 parliaments67 /24 275 / 199 24.1— 13 /— 54 / — 181 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 5.9 17 / 289 — — / — ” Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 23.574 Fiji 8 34 23.174 Fiji 3 13 23.1 3 13 ” Saint Lucia* 15.4Saint 2Lucia 13 Saint Vincent Foreign AffairsChad (includingYemen Development Assistance)Africa Jordan Women speakersJordan of parliamentMicronesia (57/278 = 20.5%) (Fed. States of) 79 Lithuania 24.1 34 / 141 — — / — 177 Bahrain 4.3Honduras” Latvia 15 to 9.9% 23 23.1 3 13 120 Algeria*° 50 15.2 5 33 El Salvador Saint Vincent Agriculture / FoodSaint / Forestry Vincent / Fishing Senegal Andorra, Antigua andChad Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus,Jordan Belgium, Belize, Bolivia (Fed. States of) 125 Niger 78 Somalia17.0 29 / 171 — — / — 24.4 7967 Lithuania/ 275 24.1 13 / 54 24.1 7934157183 Lithuania/ 141CôteLebanon d’Ivoire— — / — 24.112.04.7 34 /30 6141 // 128251 —19.2— — /—19 — / 99— 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 12 / 225 — — / — 74 Fiji 23.1” Latvia 3 13 23.1 3 13 El Salvador 2 to 4.9% Senegal56 126 Azerbaijan (Fed.16.8 States20 / 119 of)— — / — 80 Singapore 24.0 24 / 100 — — / — ”151 Latvia Afghanistan~ 23.19.776 3 Argentina* 3 13 31 22.7 5 22 El Salvador Saint10 Vincent to 14.9% and the Grenadines ChadSenegalandUruguay the GrenadinesHome Affairs / Immigration (including IntegrationJordan and refugees)Burkina Eritrea Palau 79 Lithuania or thePalau lower house24.1 of parliament.8034 Singapore/ 141 — — / — 24.0 24184” / 100LiechtensteinMaldives— — / — 12.04.6 34 / 2587 — — / — 0.1 to 4.9% 76 Argentina* 22.7178 5 Myanmar 22 3.8 1 26 176 Iraq 121 Cameroon*4.5 147 14.9 22 7 47 and the GrenadinesGrenada Burkina Eritrea (Fed. StatesNordic of) countries Palau ” Zambia 43.9%16.8 28 / 167 — —— / — — 80 Singapore 24.0 24 / 100 — — / — ” Latvia 23.1 3 13 76152 Argentina* Kyrgyzstan 22.79.5El Salvador 5 2 22 21 Grenada NicaraguaSenegal Health GambiaBurkina (The) Eritrea 128 Saint Lucia 16.7 3 / 18 27.3 3 / 11 185 NigeriaMarshall Islands 3.4 81 12Armenia / 350 7.3 8 / 109 23.5 31 / 132 — — / — 179 Turkmenistan 3.777 Bosnia 1 and Herzegovina 27 22.2Nicaragua 2 9 122 Namibia 14.8and the 4 Grenadines 27 Grenada 50Gambia (The) Trinidad and TobagoAgriculture / Food / Forestry(Plurinational / Fishing State of), BosniaFaso and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, DemocraticAndorra, Republic Antigua of andthe Congo,Barbuda, Dominica, Argentina, Equatorial Bahamas,Palau Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia 80 SingaporeMarshall Islands 24.0 8124 Armenia/ 100 — — / — 23.5 8131159 Armenia/ 132Congo — — / — 23.511.3 31 /17 132 / 151 —18.8 — /13 — / (6) 69 183 Lebanon 4.7 6 / 128 — — / — 76 Argentina* 22.777 Bosnia 5 and Herzegovina 22 22.2 2 9 177 Bahrain 4.3Nicaragua 1 23 Burkina Gambia (The) Eritrea Djibouti 129 Paraguay 16.3 13 / 80 20.0 9 / 45 Marshall Islands (6) 82 United States of America 23.4 101 / 431 25.0 25 / 100 77153 Bosnia Cambodia* and Herzegovina 22.29.4 2 3 9 32 123Grenada Burkina Faso40 14.3 4 28 Trinidad and Tobago Housing / UrbanTrinidad Affairs and Tobago Faso Faso Djibouti 82 United States of America 23.4 101186 / 431Haiti 25.0 25 / 100 (6) 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10 Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 81 Armenia 23.5 31 / 132 — — / — 160 Antigua and Barbuda 11.1 2 / 18 52.9 9 / 17 184 Maldives 4.6 4 / 87 — — / — 180 Belarus 3.4Nicaragua” Gambia 1 (The) 29 22.2178 Myanmar 4 18 ” Estonia3.8 114.3 26 2 14 Costa RicaGambia (The) 47 Argentina Guinea-Bissau Djibouti Marshall Islands130 Thailand 16.2 81 / 500 10.4 26 / 250 82 United States of America 23.4 101 / 431 25.0 25 / 100 77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22.2” Gambia 2 (The) 9 22.2” Gambia 4 (The) 18 22.2 4 18 Trinidad and Tobago Faso Health 131 Libya 16.0 30 Nordic/ 188 — countries— (6) / — 43.9% — 83—Israel 23.3 28 / 120 — — / — 154 Brazil 9.1” Liberia 2 22 22.2Costa 4Rica 18 ” Indonesia40Costa Rica 14.3 5 35 Guinea-Bissau ChileVenezuela Guinea-BissauBarbados Guinea, Eswatini,Djibouti Ethiopia, Gabon, GambiaNigeria (The), Indonesia, Italy,(Plurinational Japan, Kazakhstan, State of), Lao Bosnia People’s and Democratic Herzegovina, Republic, Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Equatorial 82 United States of America 23.4 83101Israel / 431 25.0 25 / 100 23.3 8328187” Israel/ 120MyanmarOman — — / — 23.311.12.3 28 /48 1202 / 43286 —12.117.4 — 27/15 — / / 223 86 185 Nigeria 3.4 12 / 350 7.3 8 / 109 ” Liberia 22.2181 4 Azerbaijan 18 3.0 1 33 179 Turkmenistan 3.7 1 27 Venezuela Barbados Justice Nigeria South Americas 132 Madagascar 31.1%15.9 24 / 151 19.4 32.1%12 / 62 31.3% (7) ” Lesotho 23.3 28 / 120 21.9 7 / 32 ” Gambia (The) 22.2 4 18 ”155 Liberia Philippines* 22.28.6Costa 4 Rica 3 18 35 ” Nauru 14.3 1 7 PanamaGuinea-Bissau Venezuela40 Barbados Housing / Urban Affairs SouthNigeria SouthAbout this map 83 Israel 23.3 ” 28 Lesotho/ 120 — — / — 23.3 28162188 / 120BotswanaYemen 21.9 7 / 32 10.80.3 17 // 30165 2.7— —3 / /111 — 186 Haiti 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10

Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 Guinea 71 / 450 29 / 170 ” Micronesia (Federated0% States of)* 22.2180 Belarus 2 9 12733 Jordan3.4 113.8 29Barbados 4 29 (BolivarianNigeria c 133 Russian Federation 15.8 17.1 ” Lesotho 23.3 28 / 120 21.9 7 / 32 ” Liberia 22.2” Micronesia 4 (Federated 18 States of)* 22.2” Micronesia 2 (Federated 9 States of)* 22.2 2 9 Panama Venezuela Panama (Bolivarian Sports Guinea Guinea South The colour coding ofc the countries reflects the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world 134 Chad 15.4 25 / 162 — — / — 85 Malawi 22.9 44 / 192 — — / — 156 Comoros* 8.3” Montenegro 1 12 22.2 4 18 128 Guatemala 13.3 2 15 (Bolivarian40 Guyana Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi,c Mexico (2 chambers),Guinea,Sudan Mozambique, Eswatini,Ethiopia Ethiopia, Netherlands, Gabon, Norway, Gambia Poland, (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan,Sri Lao Lanka People’s Democratic Republic,Brunei ” Lesotho 23.3 8528 Malawi/ 120 21.9 7 / 32 22.9 8544163 Malawi/ 192 Nauru — — / — 22.910.5 44 / 1922 / 19 — — — /— — / 0%— 187 Oman 2.3 2 / 86 17.4 15 / 86 182 Brunei Darussalam 0.0Panama 0 16 181 Azerbaijan 3.0 1 33 Guyana Guyana Justice ranking Sudanof women in parliament on the right-hand side of the map. A worldSudan ranking of women in ministerial positions is on the left-hand side of the map. Sri Lanka Brunei Brunei ” Jordan 15.4 20 Americas/ 130 15.4 10 / 65 31.1% 32.1% 31.3%86 Guinea 22.8 26 / 114 — — / — ” Micronesia (Federated States of)* 22.2” Montenegro 2 9 22.2”” Montenegro 4 Tonga* 18 22.28.3 4 1 18 12 (BolivarianPortfolios32” Syrian Arab Republic 13.3 4 held 30 byGuinea Women MinistersRepublic of) c SierraWomen Leone Ethiopia in the highestEthiopia positions of StateSri Lanka World and regional averages86 Guinea 22.8 26164189 / 114SamoaMicronesia— (Federated— / —States of) 10.00.0 50 / 5014 — — / — 188 Yemen(7) 0.3 1 / 301 2.7 3 / 111 ” Kiribati 0.082 Cuba 0 13 21.9 7 32 0%Guyana Republic of) Republic of) Local GovernmentSierra Leone Sierra Leone Sudan Central African Brunei Europe (Nordic countries included)Darussalam136 Egypt 8530.1%Malawi15.1 90 / 596 — 29.1%— / — 22.9 4429.9% / 192 — — / — 86 Guinea 22.8 26 / 114 — — / — ” Montenegro 22.282 Cuba 4 18 21.9 7 32 130 Djibouti 13.0 3 23 33 Suriname EthiopiaCentral AfricanAll data reflects the situation on 1 January 2020.Central As the sourceAfrican of the data presented here, Inter-ParliamentarySri Lanka Union is responsible for the criteria applied in displaying the information. Darussalam Darussalam 137 Bahrain 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 87 Chile 22.6 35 / 155 23.3 10 / 43 82158 Cuba Uzbekistan 21.98.0 7 2 32 25 Republic131 Russianof) Federation 12.9 4 31 Suriname Suriname Sports Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, SanLatvia, Marino, Lesotho, Serbia, Liberia, South Madagascar, Africa, Spain Malawi, (2 chambers), Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, 86 Guinea 22.8 8726 Chile/ 114 — — / — 22.6 35” / 155 Papua New23.3 Guinea10 / 43 0.0 0 / 111 —5 to —9.9% / — 0% ” Papua New Guinea* 0.0” Senegal 0 32 21.9182 Brunei 7 Darussalam 32 31 0.0 0 16 Sierra Leone Tourism Central African Liberia Cameroon Rep. 10 to 14.9% 87 Chile 22.6 8835 / Czechia155 23.3 10 / 43 22.5 45 / 200 14.8 12 / 81 82 Cuba 21.9” Senegal 7 32 21.9”159 Senegal 7 Bangladesh 32 21.97.7 7 2 32 26 132 Côte d’Ivoire* 12.8Suriname 6 47 (1451 portfolios in 190 countries)32 Liberia Liberia Cameroon Rep. The designations employed and the presentation of Rep.material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN WomenDarussalam or of the 87 Chile 22.6 8835 Czechia/ 155 23.3 10 / 43 22.5 45165” / 200 JapanVanuatu14.8 12 / 81 9.90.0 460 / 46452 22.9— 56— / / 245 — 189 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — ” Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 0.084 North 0 Macedonia 10 21.7” Kiribati 5 23 0.0 0 13 Colombia Local Government Inter-Parliamentary UnionCameroon concerning the legal status of any country,Benin territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 138 Bhutan 14.9 7 Europe/ 47 16.0 (Nordic4 / 25 countries included) 30.1%88 Czechia 29.1% 22.5 29.9%45 / 200 14.8 12 / 81 ” Senegal 21.984 North 7 Macedonia 32 21.7 5 23 30” Niger Colombia12.8 5 39 Rep. Benin BeninSuriname, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, 139 Gabon 14.8 21 / 142 18.0 18 / 100 ” Panama 22.5 16 / 71 — — / — 84” North Lithuania Macedonia 21.77.7 5 1 23 13 134 India 12.5 3 24 LiberiaColombia Public Administration / Public ServiceCameroon Ghana Republic of Moldova, RussianSomalia Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Serbia,Europe South (Nordic Africa, countries Spain (2 chambers), not included) 8828.7%Czechia 29.1% 22.5 ” 4528.8% Panama/ 200 14.8 12 / 81 22.5 16616 / 71Qatar — — / — Information9.8 4 / 41 not— available— / — ” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — ” Saudi Arabia* 0.0” United 0 Republic 22 of Tanzania* 21.7” Papua 5 New Guinea* 23 0.0 0 32 31 Ghana b * Dotted line represents approximately the LineSomalia of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed 140 Brazil 14.6 75 / 513 13.6 11 / 81 ” Panama 22.5 9016 /Venezuela 71 — (Bolivarian— /Rep. — of) 22.2 37 / 167 — — / — 84 North Macedonia 21.7” United 5 Republic 23 of Tanzania* 21.7” United 5 Republic 23 of Tanzania* 21.7 5 23 Colombia ” Mauritius 12.5 3 24 Benin GhanaFalkland Islands Tourism Somalia of womenMalaysia in parliament90 Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 22.2 37Eritrea / 167 — — / — ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 / 52 — — / — 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 27 112 141 Sao Tome and Principe” Panama14.5 8 / 55 — — / — 22.5 16 / 71 — — / — 90167VenezuelaEswatini (Bolivarian Rep. of) 22.29.6 37 / 1677 / 73 —33.3 — /10 — / 30 ” Thailand 0.086 Cabo 0 Verde 24 21.4” Saint 3 Vincent and 14 the Grenadines*136 Pakistan0.0 012.0 10 3 25 Ghana FamilyEconomy / Children / Development / Youth / Elderly / Disabled upon by the parties. About this map Malaysia Malaysia Nauru 91 Romania 21.9 72 / 329 14.7 20 / 136 ” United Republic of Tanzania* 21.786 Cabo 5 Verde 23 21.486162 Cabo 3 Armenia Verde 14 21.47.1 3 1 14 14 30 To g o (Malvinas) Public AdministrationSomaliaTo g o / PublicUruguay Service (2 chambers),Côte d’Ivoire Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. Suriname, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, Nauru142 India 90 Venezuela14.4 78 Kiribati(Bolivarian/ 543 10.4 Rep.25 / 240of) 22.2 9137 Romania/ 167 — — / — 21.9 72168 / 329Mali 14.7Kiribati20 /No 136 parliament9.5 14 on / 147 1 January— —2020 / — Information not available ” Tuvalu 0.0” Kuwait 0 8 21.4” Saudi 3 Arabia* 14 26 137 Malta0.0 011.8 22 2 17 Côte d’IvoireTo g o a State of Palestine (women in ministerial positions: 3/23 = 13%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislative Council was dissolvedMalaysia in December 2018). ” Malaysia 14.4 32 Europe/ 222 19.1 Nauru (Nordic13 / 68 countries not Kiribatiincluded) 28.7%91 Romania 29.1% 21.9 28.8%72 / 329 14.7 20 / 136 86 Cabo Verde 21.4” Kuwait 3 14 21.4 3 14 ” Turkey 11.8 2 17 112 Communications / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs CôteTh ed’Ivoire colour coding of the countries reflects the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and1 corresponds to the dataKenya found in the world 92 Kenya 21.8 76 / 349 30.9 21 / 68 ” Kuwait 21.4 3 14 Social Affairs NauruMaldives 91 Romania 21.9 9272 Kenya/ 329 14.7 20 / 136 21.8Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. 76169Sudan / 349Belize 30.9 21 / 68 9.4 3 / 32 21.4 3 / 14 Eritrea ” EquatorialVanuatu Guinea 7.10.088 Congo 20 2812 21.2 7 33 To g o 27 Côte d’Ivoire Economy /r aDevelopmentnking of womebn Ain d pisputearliam existsent o betweenn the rig theht-Kenya haGovernmentsnd side of tofhe Argentina map. A w andorl dthe ra Unitednking oKingdomf wome nof i nGreat min iBritainsKenyaterial andpos Northernitions is oIrelandn the lconcerningeft-hand s isovereigntyde of the m overap. the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Sub-Saharan Africa Kiribati 144 Georgia 24.4%14.1 21 / 149 — 24.1%— / — 24.4% 92 Kenya 21.8 76 / 349 30.9 21 / 68 ” Kuwait 21.488 Congo 3 14 21.2 7 33 ” Thailand 25 139 Greece0.0 011.1 24 2 18 Women heads of state (10/152 =Maldives 6.6%) Maldives 145 Guinea-Bissau 13.7 14 / 102 — — / — 93 Bosnia and Herzegovina 21.4 9 / 42 20.0 3 / 15 88” Congo Qatar 21.27.1 7 1 33 14 ” Lao People’s Democratic Republic 11.1 3 27 103 Finance / Budget Equatorial Guinea Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. New Zealand 92 Kenya Papua New21.8 Guinea9376 Bosnia/ 349 and30.9 Herzegovina21 / 68 21.4 931709 Bosnia/ 42Brunei and Darussalam20.0 Herzegovina3 / 15 21.49.1 9 / 423 / 33 20.0— 3 /— 15 / — No parliament on 1 January 2020 ” Viet Nam 0.089 Botswana 0 24 21.1” Tuvalu 4 19 0.0 0 8 26 Environment / Natural Resources / EnergyEquatorial Guinea Kenya All data reflects cth eFinalsitu aboundarytion on 1 betweenJanuary the 20 2Republic0. As th eofs Sudanource andof th thee d Republicata pres eofn tSouthed he Sudanre, Inte hasr-P anotrlia yetmeMaldives beenntary determined. Union is respoDemocraticnsible for the criteria applied in displaying the information. Papua New Guinea Papua146 Burkina New Faso Guinea 13.4 17 / 127 — — / — 94 Seychelles 21.2 7 / 33 — — / — 88 Congo 21.289 Botswana 7 33 21.1 4~ 19 ” Malawi 11.1 2 18 CommunicationsEquatorialDemocratic Guinea / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs 94 Seychelles 21.2 7 / 33 — — / — 89 Botswana 21.1 4 19 Democratic 12 / 140 — / — Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. 165 Tunisia Information6.990 not Benin 2 available 29 20.8 5 24 22 88 Equatorial Guinea Women deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%) Papua New Guinea ” Malta Single93 Bosnia house13.4 and9 Sub-Saharan/ Herzegovina67 Upper— — house/ — Africa21.4 Both9 / 42 houses20.0 3 / 15 24.4%94171SeychellesCentral African24.1% Republic 21.28.6 24.4%7 / 33 — — — / — Sudan 89 Botswana 21.190 Benin 4 19 20.8 5 24 ” Vanuatu ” Oman0.0 011.1 12 3 27 EmploymentDefence and / Veteran Labour /Affairs Vocational Training Democratic The designation©s Inter-Parliamentaryemployed and the Union,presen 2020tatioSaon of mTomeaterial andonand thi sPrincipe map dwomeno not imply the exp reheadsssion of any op inofion w hgovernmentatsoever on the part of UN Wo m(12/193en or of the = 6.2%) 148 Ghana 13.1 36 / 275 — — / — ” Uruguay 21.2 21 / 99 29.0 9 / 31 90166 Benin Bahamas 20.86.7 5 1 24 15 ” Republic of Moldova 11.1 1 9 25 Sao Tome and Principe Finance / Budget Republic of Asia 9420.5%Seychelles 16.7% 21.2 ” 720.0% Uruguay/ 33 — — / — 21.2 ” 21”Uruguay / 99Gambia29.0 (The) 9 / 31 21.28.6 21 / 599 / 58 29.0— 9 /— 31 / — ” Zimbabwe 20.8Democratic 5 People’s 24 Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya” Zimbabwe 20.8” Viet 5 Nam 24 22 0.0 0 24 Ecuador Sao TomeIn tander-PRepublica rPrincipeliamentary ofUn ion concerning the legal status of any coRepublicuntry, territo rofy, c ity or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 149 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13.0 3 / 23 — — / — (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new elections96 areHonduras expected in May 2020. The figures on the map 21.1 27 / 128 — — / — 90 Benin 20.8 5 24 ”” Zimbabwe Mongolia 20.86.7 5 1 24 15 ”Ecuador Saint Kitts and Nevis* 11.1 1 9 Ecuador80 Women’sHuman Rights Affairs / Gender Equality Contacts: Uganda 150 Bahamas or lower” Uruguay 12.8house5 / 39 43.8or Senate7 / 16 21.2 96combined21Honduras / 99 29.0 9 / 31 21.1 correspond9627173 Honduras/ to128 Tongathe situation— prior to the October— / 2019— elections.21.17.4 27 / 1282 / 27 — — — /— — / — 92 Central African Republic* 20.0 7 35 Information145 Guinea* not available10.8 4 37 22 Sao Tome and Principe Republic of Uganda Women deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%) 97 Equatorial Guinea 21.0 21 / 100 16.7 12 / 72 ” Zimbabwe 20.892 Central 5 African 24 Republic* 20.092 Central 7 African 35 Republic* 20.0 7 35 Ecuador Defence and* Do tVeteranted line repr eAffairssentsOf app rtheoxim a220tely th echambers Line of Control i nin Ja m166mu a ncountriesd Kashmir agree dfor upo nwhich by India a ninformationd Pakistan. The thefina lis sCongota available,tus of Jammu an d94 Kas hmhaveir Ugandahas natot yleastet been aonegreed woman deputy speaker. ” Dem. Republic of the Congo96 Honduras12.8 64 / 500 21.1 23 / 109 21.1 9727 Equatorial/ 128 Guinea— — / — 21.0(2) South21174 Africa: / 100 TheBenin figures 16.7on the distribution12 /of 72seats in the Upper House7.2 do not include6 / 83the 36 special rotating— delegates— /appointed — on 168 China* 6.5” Croatia 2 31 20.0 416 20 146 Nepal 10.5 2 19 79 Transport the CongoInter-ParliamentaryBangladesh Union (IPU) (HG), BarbadosUnitedthe NationsCongo (HG), Entity Belgiumfor Gender Equality (HG), Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (HS/HG), Denmark (HG), Estonia (HS), 2 Asia/ 16 2 / 13 Tuvalu20.5%97 Equatorial Guinea16.7% 21.0 20.0%21 / 100 16.7 12 / 72 92 Central African Republic* 20.0” Croatia 7 35 20.0‡ The total 4 includes ministers 20 and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/heads of government were also Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya 22 Culture upon by the parties. Uganda Gabon Seychelles Singapore 152 Palau Tuvalu 12.5 15.4 Tuvalu an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore calculated on the basis98 of theBangladesh 54 permanent seats. (1) 20.9 Bolivia: Elections73 /held 349 in October —2019 were invalidated,— / — and new elections are expected in May 2020. The figures on the map ”” Croatia Iran (Islamic Republic of)*20.0 6.5 4 2 20 31 147 Nigeria 10.3 3 29 theGabon Congo Human Rights GabonE-mail: [email protected] and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)Seychelles Singapore Middle East and North Africa 153 Syrian Arab Republic 9717.5%Equatorial12.4 31 Guinea/ 250 — 10.8%— / — 21.0 982116.6% Bangladesh/ 100 16.7 12 / 72 20.9 9873175 Bangladesh/ 349Kiribati — — / — 20.96.5 73 / 3493 / 46 — — — /— — / — correspond to the situation prior to the October 2019 elections. included when they held ministerial portfolios. Heads of governmental or ”public Mauritaniaagencies have not been included. 20.0 513 25 148 Bhutan 10.0 1 10 79 UnitedSeychelles Rep. Singapore Tuvalu 24.7% 24.9% (3) Namibia: The figures on the National Assembly correspond to the provisional” resultsIreland of the November 2019 elections, excluding 20.9 33 / 158 31.7 19 / 60 ” Croatia 20.0” Mauritania 4 20 20.0” Mauritania 5 25 20.0 5 25 TradePopulation / IndustryGabon a State of Paleswww.ipu.orgtine (women in mUnitedinisterial Rep.positions: 3/23 = 13www.unwomen.org%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine LegislativeOf Co uthencil w 220as dis schambersolved in Decembe rin 20 11668). countries for which information is available, 94 haveWorld at least averages one woman deputy speaker.154 Liberia 9824.9%Bangladesh12.3 9 / 73 3.3 1 / 30 20.9 ” 73 Ireland/ 349 — — / — 20.9 33176 / 158Kuwait 31.7 19 / 60 6.3 4 / 63 — — / — (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on 170 Belize* 6.3” Monaco 1 16 20.0 1 5 ” Marshall Islands° 10.0 1 10 16 Transport EthiopiaNote: (HS/HG) (HS), = TheSeychelles headFinland of state (HG), is also Georgia the head of government.(HS),United Germany Rep.Singapore (HG), Iceland (HG), Nepal (HS), New Zealand (HG), Norway (HG),Rwanda ” Sierra Leone 12.3 18 / 146 — — / — members” Irelandyet to be appointed. Newly elected members are due20.9 to be sworn100 in33 March / Ukraine158 2020. 31.7 19 / 60 20.8 88 / 423 — — / — ” Mauritania 20.0” Monaco 5 25 20.0° The Government 1 was formed 5 in January 2020 following elections held in 2019. ‡ The total includes ministers11 and deputy heads of government.” Prime San Marino ministers/heads of government10.0 were also 1 10 b A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United KingdCongoom of Great Britain aRwandand Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). 100 Ukraine 20.8 88 / 423 — — / — an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. ”” Monaco Sri Lanka° 20.06.3” 1 Sudan 1 5 16 20.0 4 20 76 EducationInformation / Media Congo United Rep. Congo of TanzaniaRwanda 156 Hungary ” Ireland12.1 24 Middle/ 199 — East— / — and20.9 North33 / 158 Africa31.7 19 / 60 (4) 17.5% Dominica:100 ”Ukraine TheTuvalu figures correspond to10.8% the results of the December20.8 20196.3 elections.16.6%88 /They 4231 /do 16 not include— 9 —members to— be / — appointed— / — by the ~ At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formed following the 2019 elections was not included when they held ministerial portfolios. Heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. 5 to 9.9% 13 1 of TanzaniaRwanda of Tanzania 157 Côte d’Ivoire 12.0 30 / 251 19.2 19 / 99 101 Greece (3) 20.7 Namibia: The62 figures / 300 on the National— Assembly— correspond / — to the provisional results of the November 2019 elections, excluding ” Monaco 20.0” Sudan 1 5 20.0”” Sudan 4 Yemen 20 20.06.3 4 2 20 32 ~ Congo Brazil Populationc Final boundary betwSane enOnly the MarinoR electedepublic o headsf S u(HS),dan of an stated Serbiathe Rhaveepub lbeeni c(HG), of S takenouth Singapore S uintodan account.has not ye t (HS),been det eSlovakiarmined. (HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago (HS) Burundi PacificIndonesia 10016.6%Ukraine 43.8% 20.8 1018819.4% Greece/ 423 — — / — 20.7 President10162178 Greece /and 300 Comoros2 ex officio —members (the —Speaker / — and the Attorney20.7 General).6.1 62 / 3002 / 33 — — — /— — / — yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. 157 to 19.9% 151 Afghanistan 9.7 3 31 73 Brazil PublicParliamentary Works / AffairsTerritorial Planning of Tanzania Burundi Note: (HS/HG) = The headBurundiIndonesia of state is also the head of government. ” Liechtenstein 12.0 3 / 25 — — / — ” Slovakia 20.7members yet to31 be / appointed. 150 Newly— elected members— / are— due to be sworn in March 2020. ” Sudan 20.0 4 20 15 to 19.9% ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections152 Kyrgyzstan held in 2019. 9.5Pacific 2 21Ocean 11 Brazil Indonesia Regional averages 159 Congo 101 Greece11.3 17 / 151 18.8 13 / 69 20.7 ” 62 Slovakia/ 300 — — / — 20.7(5) Peru: 31The” /figures 150Marshall correspond— Islands to the situation— /prior — to the dissolution 6.1of Parliament in2 September/ 33 2019. —New elections —are due/ — in 2020. 173 Tajikistan 5.99715 Serbia 1to 19.9%Pacific 17 Ocean19.0 4 21Pacific Ocean Information© In/t eMediar-Parliamentary U*nioOutn, 20 of20 a total ofBurundi 271 parliamentary chambers, two have 2 additional speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers. ” Slovakia 20.7 10331 / Morocco150 — — / — (4) 20.5 Dominica: The81 figures / 395 correspond 11.7to the results of14 the / 120December 2019 elections. They do not include 9 members to be appointed by the 9715 Serbia to 19.9% 19.0Source: IPU. 4 Data obtained 21from national governments, permanent missions to the United Nations and * publicly ~ At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government153 to Cambodia*be formed following theBrazil 2019 elections9.4 was not61 3 32 Indonesia 1 160 Antigua and Barbuda ” Slovakia11.1 2 / 18Timor-Leste52.9 9 / 17 20.7 10331 Morocco/ 150 — — / — 20.5(6) United81 States” / 395 Solomonof America:11.7 Total Islands refers to 14all voting/ 120 members of the House6.1 of Representatives.3 / 49 — — / — 97174 Serbia Kazakhstan Pacific Ocean19.05.0 4 1 21 20 154 Brazil 9.1 2 22 Research and Development / Science and Technology Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. Timor-Leste 48 Pacific/ 432 27 / 223 Solomon16.6%103 Morocco Islands 43.8% 20.5 19.4%81 / 395 11.7 14 / 120 President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker and the Attorney General). ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available information. 98 Malaysia 18.50 510 27 20 30 40 50 60 70 807 90 100 110 Parliamentary Affairs * The composition of IPU regional groupings mayTimor-Leste be consulted” Myanmar at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings.11.1 12.1 (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected104 in 2003,Indonesia and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. 20.3 117 / 575 — — / — 97 Serbia 19.098 Malaysia 4 21 18.5 5 27 yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim.155 Philippines* 8.6 3 35 * 162 Botswana Solomon103 MoroccoIslands10.8 7 / 65 — — / — 20.5Solomon10481 Indonesia/Islands 395 11.7 14 / 120 20.3 117181 / 575Iran (Islamic— Republic— / — of) 5.9 17 / 289 — — / — (5) Peru: The figures correspond to the situation prior to the dissolution of Parliament in September 2019. New elections are due in 2020. 98” Malaysia Solomon Islands* 18.55.0” 5 Somalia* 1 27 20 18.5 5 27 60 Foreign Affairs (including Development Assistance) Contacts: Angola Timor-Leste Regions* are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments 104 Indonesia 20.3 117 / 575 — — / — 98 Malaysia 18.5” Somalia* 5 27 18.5 5 27 Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent156 Comoros* missions to the United Nations and8.3 * publicly 1 12 Source: Adapted from the Women in Politics 2020 IPU MAP Angola Women speakers of parliament* Out of a total(57/278 of 271 parliamentary = 20.5%) chambers, two have 2 additional speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers.Solomon Islands 163 Nauru 10.5 2 / 19 — — / — ” Mauritania 20.3 31182 / 153Sri Lanka— — / — 5.3 ” 12Mauritania / 225 — — / — (6) 20.3 United States 31of America: / 153 Total refers— to all voting— members / — of the House of Representatives. ” Somalia* 18.5 52 to 274.9% ” Tonga* 8.3 1 12 Portfolios held by Women Ministers AngolaWomen in the highest positions of State World and regional averages 164 Samoa 104 Indonesia10.0 5 / 50 — — / — 20.3 117 / 575 — — / — ” Mauritania 20.3 31 / 153 — — / — 100 Timor-Leste* ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available18.2 information. 2 11 56 0 10 20 30 40 50 60Peru 70 80 90 100 110 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality 106 Pakistan (7) 20.2 Yemen: Data corresponds69 / 342 to the composition19.2 of the House20 / of 104 Representatives elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. 100 Timor-Leste* 18.2 2 11 Peru Home Affairs / ImmigrationAngola (including Integration and refugees) or the lower house of parliament. * The composition5 to 9.9% of IPU regional106 groupingsPakistan may be consulted at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings.20.2 69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 0.1 to 4.9% ” Somalia* 18.5 5 27 100176 Timor-Leste* Iraq 18.24.5 2 1 11 22 158 Uzbekistan 8.0 2 25 Peru E-mail: [email protected] and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) ” Mauritania 20.3 31 / 153 — — / — 106 Pakistan Samoa 20.2 69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 101 Eritrea* 17.6 3 17 159 Bangladesh 7.7 2 26 (1451 portfolios in 190 countries) 165 Japan 9.9 46 / 464 22.9Samoa56 / 245 107 Barbados 20.0 6 / 30 42.9 9 / 21 100 Timor-Leste* 18.2101 Eritrea* 2 11 17.6101 Eritrea* 3 17 17.6 3 17 Peru 50 Agriculture / Food / Forestry / Fishing www.ipu.org Andorra, Antiguaw wandw.unw Barbuda,omen.org Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh,Zambia Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia 106 Pakistan 20.2 10769 Barbados/ 342 19.2 Samoa20 / 104 20.0 1071836 Barbados/ 30Lebanon42.9 9 / 21 20.04.7 6 / 630 / 128 42.9— 9 /— 21 / — 177 Bahrain 4.3” Romania 1 23 17.6 3 17 ” Lithuania 7.7 1 13 Zambia Zambia Samoa166 Qatar 9.8 4 / 41 — — / — ” Cambodia 20.0 25 / 125 16.1 10 / 62 101 Eritrea* 17.6” Romania 3 17 17.6”178 Romania 3 Myanmar 17 17.63.8 3 1 17 26 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 112 Family / Children / Youth / Elderly / Disabled of women in parliament 167 Eswatini 107 Barbados9.6 7 / 73 33.3 10 / 30 20.0 ” 6 Cambodia/ 30 42.9 9 / 21 20.0 ” 25184 Cambodia/ 125Maldives16.1 10 / 62 20.04.6 25 / 1254 / 87 16.1— 10 /— 62 / — ” Suriname 17.6 3 17 47 Health Zambia Nordic countries 168 Mali 43.9%9.5 14 / 147 — —— / — — ” Mauritius 20.0 14 / 70 — — / — ” Romania 17.6” Suriname 3 17 17.6 3 17 162 Armenia 7.1 1 14 112 (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria,1 Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Equatorial Indian Ocean ” Cambodia 20.0 ” 25 Mauritius/ 125 16.1 10 / 62 20.0 ” 18514Mauritius / 70Nigeria — — / — 20.03.4 14 12/ 70 / 350 — 7.3 — /8 — / 109 ”179 Suriname Turkmenistan 17.63.7104 3Democratic 1 Republic 17 27 of the Congo 17.4 8 46 ” Equatorial Guinea 7.1 2 28 Bolivia Bolivia Social Affairs Women heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) Indian Ocean Indian Ocean 169 Belize 9.4 3 / 32 21.4 3 / 14 ” Saint Kitts and Nevis 20.0 3 / 15 ” Suriname 17.6104 Democratic 3 Republic 17 of the Congo 17.4 8 46 ” Qatar 40 7.1 1 14 BoliviaHousing / Urban Affairs 103 170 Brunei Darussalam ” Mauritius9.1 3 / 33 — — / — 20.0 ” 14Saint / 70 Kitts —and Nevis— / — 20.0 1863 / 15Haiti 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10 Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 104 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.4 8 46 Environment / Natural Resources / Energy Indian Ocean ” Saint Kitts and Nevis 20.0 3 / 15 180 Belarus 3.4” Dominican 1 Republic 29 17.4 4 23 ~ (Plurinational 171 Central African Republic 8.6 12 / 140 — — / — 15 to 19.9% 104 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.4” Dominican 8 Republic 46 17.4 4 23 165Bolivia Tunisia 6.9 2(Plurinational 29 88 Employment / Labour / Vocational Training Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan,Zimbabwe Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Single house Upper house Both houses ” Saint Kitts and Nevis 20.0 3 / 15 187 Oman 15 to 19.9% 2.3 2 / 86 17.4 15 / 86 ”181 Dominican Azerbaijan Republic 17.43.0 4 1 23 33 166 Bahamas40 6.7 1 15 (PlurinationalJustice Zimbabwe and women heads of government (12/193 = 6.2%) Americas ” Gambia (The) 31.1%8.6 5 / 58 — 32.1%— / — 31.3% 15 to 19.9% ” Poland 17.4 4 23 80 Zimbabwe Comoros or lower house or Senate combined (7) 111 Saudi Arabia 19.9 30 / 151 — — / — ” Dominican Republic 17.4” Poland 4 23 17.4” Poland 4 23 17.4 4 23 (Plurinational” Mongolia 6.7 1 15 State of) Women’s Affairs / Gender Equality Comoros 173 Tonga 7.4 2 / 27 — — / — 111 Saudi Arabia15 to 19.9% 19.9 11130188 Saudi/ 151Yemen Arabia— — / — 19.90.3 30 /1 151 / 301 — 2.7 — /3 — / 111 ” United States of 0%America* 17.4 4 23 33 State of) State of) Zimbabwe Comoros 174 Benin 7.2 6 / 83 — — / — Vanuatu 112 Cyprus 19.6 11 / 56 — — / — ” Poland 17.4” United 4 States 23 of America* 17.4 4 23 168 China* 6.5 2 31 Sports 79 Culture Latvia,Bangladesh Lesotho, (HG), Liberia, Barbados Madagascar, (HG), Belgium (HG), Malawi, Bolivia (Plurinational MexicoNamibia State (2 chambers), of) (HS/HG), Denmark Mozambique, (HG), Estonia (HS), Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Vanuatu 111 Saudi ArabiaVanuatu 19.9 11230 Cyprus/ 151 — — / — 19.6 11211Cyprus / 56 — — / — 19.6 11 / 56 — — / —0% ”182 United Brunei States Darussalam of America* 17.40.0108 4 Sierra 0 Leone 23 16 17.2 5 29 State” Iran of)(Islamic Republic of)* 6.5 2 31 Namibia Comoros Mauritius 175 Kiribati 6.5 3 / 46 — — / — ” Fiji 19.6 10 / 51 — — / — 32 79 Trade / Industry Namibia Mauritius World averages 24.9%Vanuatu24.7% 24.9% 176 Kuwait 112 Cyprus6.3 4 / 63 — — / — 19.6 ” 11Fiji / 56 — — / — 19.6 18910 / 51Micronesia— (Federated— / —States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — ” United States of America* 17.4108 Sierra 4 Leone 23 17.2108” Sierra 5 Kiribati Leone 29 17.20.0 5 0 29 13 170 Belize* 6.3 1 16 Local Government Ethiopia (HS), Finland (HG), Georgia (HS), Germany (HG), Iceland (HG), Nepal (HS), New Zealand (HG), NorwayMauritius (HG), Europe (Nordic countries included) 30.1% 29.1% 29.9% ” Fiji 19.6 11410 /Croatia 51 — — / — 19.2 29 / 151 — — / — 109 Israel 16.7 4 24 ” Sri Lanka° 6.3 1 16 76 EducationNamibia Republic of Moldova,Mauritius Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Spain (2 chambers), ” Tuvalu 6.3 1 / 16 — — / — 114 Croatia 19.2 29 / 151 — — / — 108 Sierra Leone 17.2109 Israel 5 29 16.7109 Israel 4 24 16.7 4 24 Botswana Malawi 178 Comoros ” Fiji 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 19.6 10 / 51 — — / — 114 ”Croatia Papua New Guinea 19.20.0 29 / 0151 / 111 — — — /— — / — ” Papua New Guinea* 0.0” Samoa* 0 32 16.7 2 12 31” Yemen 6.3 2 32 Tourism 73 Public Works / Territorial Planning Botswana San Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia (HS),Malawi Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago (HS)Malawi Regional averages Fiji ” Kyrgyzstan 19.2 23 / 120 — — / — 109 Israel 16.7” Samoa* 4 24 16.7 2 12 173 Tajikistan 5.9 1 17 Paraguay Botswana ” Marshall Islands Fiji114 Croatia6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 19.2 ” 29 Kyrgyzstan/ 151 — — / — 19.2 23” / 120Vanuatu— — / — 0.0 0 / 52 — — / — ”” Samoa*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 16.70.0 2 0 12 10 Paraguay 61 Atlantic Ocean Fiji ” Kyrgyzstan 19.2 11623 / Guatemala120 — — / — 19.0 30 / 158 — — / — ” Singapore 16.7 3 18 30174 Kazakhstan 5.0 1 20 Paraguay Atlantic OceanResearch and DevelopmentBotswana / Science and Technology Suriname, Switzerland,Malawi Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, Mozambique ” Solomon Islands 6.1 3 / 49 — — / — 30 / 158 — / — ” Samoa* 16.7” Singapore 2 12 16.7 3 18 Public Administration / Public Service Atlantic Ocean Mozambique* Europe (Nordic countriesFiji not included)181 Iran (Islamic Republic of)”28.7%Kyrgyzstan5.9 17 / 289 — 29.1%— / — 19.2 1162328.8% Guatemala/ 120 — — / — 19.0 116 Guatemala — 19.0Information30 / 158 not— available— / — ”” Singapore Saudi Arabia* 16.70.0” 3 United 0 Arab 18Emirates 22 16.7 4Paraguay 24 ” Solomon Islands* 5.0 1 20 60 Foreign Affairs (including Development Assistance) Women speakers of parliament (57/278 = 20.5%) Mozambique Regions* are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments ” Tajikistan 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 7 / 32 ” Singapore 16.7” United 3 Arab Emirates 18 16.7 4 24 27 2 to 4.9% Atlantic Ocean Mozambique 182 Sri Lanka 116 Guatemala5.3 12 / 225 — — / — 19.0 ” 30 Tajikistan/ 158 — — / — 19.0 ” 12EritreaTajikistan / 63 21.9 7 / 32 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 7 / 32 ”” United Thailand Arab Emirates 16.70.0113 4 Japan 0 24 24 15.8 3 19 Economy56 / Development Home Affairs / Immigration (including Integration and refugees) or the lower house ofMadagascar parliament. 0.1 to 4.9% 118 Togo 18.7 17 / 91 — — / — ” United Arab Emirates 16.7113 Japan 4 24 15.8 3 19 176 Iraq 4.5 1 22 Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam andMadagascar Zimbabwe. Madagascar Eswatini ” Tajikistan 19.0 11812Togo / 63 21.9 7 / 32 18.7 11817Togo / 91 — — No/ — parliament18.7 17 / on91 1 January— — / 2020— 113” Japan Tuvalu 15.80.0 3 0 19 8 26 177 Bahrain 4.3 1 23 50 Agriculture / Food / Forestry / Fishing Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda,Eswatini Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, EswatiniBelarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia 183 Lebanon 4.7 6 / 128 — — / — 119 Colombia 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 23 / 106 ” Morocco 15.8 3 19 Communications / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs Madagascar 184 Maldives 4.6 4 / 87 — — / — 119 Colombia 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 23 / 106 118 Togo 18.7 17 / 91 — — / — Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. 113 Japan 15.8” Morocco 3 19 15.8”” Morocco 3 Vanuatu 19 15.80.0 3 0 19 12 178 Myanmar 3.8 1 26 47 Health Eswatini Nordic countries 43.9% Sub-Saharan— Africa— 24.4% Australia 24.1% 24.4% 119 SudanColombia 18.3 12031 / Dem.169 People’s21.7 Rep.23 of / Korea106 17.6 121 / 687 — — / — 115 South Sudan* 15.6 5 32 179 Turkmenistan 3.7 1 27 (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Equatorial Australia 185 Nigeria 3.4 12 / 350 7.3 8 / 109 120 Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 17.6 121 / 687 Tonga— — / — ” Morocco 15.8115 South 3 Sudan* 19 15.6 5 32 25 40 Finance / Budget Housing / Urban Affairs Australia 186 Haiti 119 Colombia2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 23 / 106 120 Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 17.6 121 / 687 — — / — 115” South Viet Sudan* Nam 15.60.0116 5 Antigua 0 and 32 Barbuda* 24 15.4 2 13 Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 180 Belarus 3.4 1 29 Tonga Tonga 121 Jamaica 17.5 11 / 63 23.8 5 / 21 116 Antigua and Barbuda* 15.4 2 13 181 Azerbaijan 3.0 1 33 40 Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho AmericasAustralia 31.1% 32.1% 31.3% 187 Oman 120 Dem.2.3 People’s2 / 86 Rep.17.4 of Korea15 / 86 17.6 121121Jamaica / 687 — — / — 17.5 12111Jamaica / 63 23.8 5 / 21 17.5 11 / 63 23.8 5 / 21 115 South Sudan* 15.6 5 32 116 Antigua and Barbuda* 15.4 2 13 22 Justice WomenLesotho deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%) Tonga (7) 122 Mongolia 17.3 13 / 75 — — / — Information” not Cyprus available 15.4 2 13 0% Defence and Veteran Affairs Lesotho 188 Yemen 0.3 1 / 301 2.7 3 / 111 ” Cyprus 15.4 2 13 33 Sports Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Asia 12120.5%Jamaica 16.7%0% 17.5 1221120.0%Mongolia / 63 23.8 5 / 21 17.3 12213Mongolia / 75 — — / — 17.3 13 / 75 — — / — 116 Antigua and Barbuda* 15.4 2 13 ” Cyprus 15.4 2 13 182 Brunei Darussalam 0.0 0 16 Lesotho South (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new elections” areRepublic expected in Mayof Korea 2020. The figures on the map 17.3 51 / 295 — — / — Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya” Hungary 15.4 2 13 22 32 South 189 Micronesia (Federated 122States of)Mongolia0.0 0 / 14 — — / — 17.3 ”13 Republic/ 75 of— Korea — / — 17.3 51 / 295 — — / — ” Cyprus 15.4” Hungary 2 13 15.4” Hungary 2 13 15.4 2 13 ” Kiribati 0.0 0 13 Human Rights Local Government Republic of Moldova, RussianSouth Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Spain (2 chambers), Europe (Nordic countries included) 30.1% 29.1% 29.9% correspond” Republic to the situation of priorKorea to the October 2019 elections.17.3 ”51 / Turkey295 — — / — 17.3 102 / 589 — — / — ” Saint Lucia* 15.4 2 13 ” Papua New Guinea* 0.0 0 32 31 Of the 220 chambers in 166 countries for which information is available, 94 have at least one woman deputy speaker. ” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — 16 Tourism South Africa ” Republic of0 / Korea52 — / — 17.3 ” 51 Turkey/ 295 — — / — 17.3(2) South”102 Africa:Turkey / 589 The figures on— the distribution— of/ —seats in the Upper17.3 House do 102not include / 589 the 36 special— rotating delegates— / — appointed on ” Hungary 15.4” Saint 2 Lucia* 13 15.4” Saint 2 Lucia* 13 15.4 2 13 ” Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 0.0 0 10 Transport Africa ” Vanuatu 0.0 — 125 Niger 17.0 29 / 171 — — / — ‡ The total includes ministers and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/heads120 Algeria*° of government were also 15.2 5 33 30 Public Administration / Public Service Suriname, Switzerland, Togo,Africa Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, ” TurkeyInformation not available 17.3 125102Niger / 589 — — / — 17.0 an ad 29hoc /basis, 171 and all percentages— given— are / therefore — calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. ” Saint Lucia* 15.4120 Algeria*° 2 13 15.2120 Algeria*° 5 33 15.2 5 33 ” Saudi Arabia* 0.0 0 22 Europe (Nordic countries not included) 28.7% Middle29.1% East and28.8% North Africa 17.5% 10.8% 16.6% 125 Niger 17.0 12629 / Azerbaijan171 — — / — 16.8 20 / 119 — — / — included when they held ministerial portfolios. Heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. 10 to13 14.9% ” Thailand 0.0 0 24 27 Population Economy / DevelopmentAfrica Uruguay Eritrea 126 Azerbaijan 16.8(3) Namibia:20 /The 119 figures on the— National —Assembly / — correspond to the provisional results of the November 2019 elections, excluding 120 Algeria*° 15.2 5 33 10 to 14.9% Uruguay Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. No125 parliamentNiger on 1 January 2020 17.0 29 / 171 — — / — 126 Azerbaijan 16.8 20 / 119 — — / — ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections held121 in 2019.10 Cameroon* to 14.9% 14.9 7 47 ” Tuvalu 0.0 0 8 26 Uruguay Communications / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs Note: (HS/HG) = The head of state is also the head of government. members yet to be appointed. Newly elected members are due to be sworn in” MarchZambia 2020. 16.8 28 / 167 — — / — Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan ” Zambia 16.8 28 / 167 — — / — 121 Cameroon* 14.9 7 47 11 ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 12 Information / Media Sub-Saharan Africa 24.4% 24.1% 24.4% 126 Azerbaijan 16.8 20 / 119 — — / — ” Zambia 16.8 28 / 167 — — / — 10 to 14.9% ~121 Cameroon* 14.9 7 47 Uruguay 25 Finance / Budget 1 (4) Dominica: The figures correspond to the results of the December 2019 elections.128 TheySaint do not Lucia include 9 members to be appointed by the 16.7 3 / 18 27.3 3 / 11 At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formed122 following Namibia the 2019 elections was not 14.8 4 27 ” Viet Nam 0.0 0 24 Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. Pacific ”16.6%Zambia 43.8% 16.8 1282819.4% Saint/ 167 Lucia— — / — 16.7 128 3 Saint/ 18 Lucia27.3 3 / 11 16.7 3 / 18 27.3 3 / 11 121 Cameroon* 14.9122 Namibia 7 47 14.8122 Namibia 4 27 14.8 4 27 7 22 Women deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%) President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker and the Attorney General).129 Paraguay 16.3 13 / 80 20.0 9 / 45 yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. 123 Burkina Faso 14.3 4 28 Information not available Parliamentary Affairs Defence and Veteran Affairs Asia 20.5% 16.7% 20.0% 128 Saint Lucia 16.7 129 3 Paraguay/ 18 27.3 3 / 11 16.3(5) Peru: The13 figures/ 80 correspond20.0 to the situation9 /prior 45 to the dissolution of Parliament in September 2019. New elections are due in 2020. 122 Namibia 14.8123 Burkina 4 Faso 27 14.3123 Burkina 4 Faso 28 14.3 4 28 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya 22 Human Rights * Out of a total of 271 parliamentary chambers, two have 2 additional speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers. (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new elections are expected in May 2020. The figures on the map 129 Paraguay 16.3 13013 /Thailand 80 20.0 9 / 45 16.2 81 / 500 10.4 26 / 250 Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent missions” to the Estonia United Nations and * publicly 14.3 2 14 Argentina Of the 220 chambers in 166 countries for which information is available, 94 have at least one woman deputy speaker. correspond to the situation prior to the October 2019129 elections.Paraguay 16.3 13013Thailand / 80 20.0 9 / 45 16.2(6) United81 States / 500 of America:10.4 Total refers to 26all voting / 250 members of the House of Representatives. 123 Burkina Faso 14.3” Estonia 4 28 14.3 2 14 Argentina 16 (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on 130 Thailand 16.2 81 / 500 10.4 26 / 250 ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available” Estoniainformation. 14.3 2 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Argentina Transport * The composition of IPU regional groupings may be consulted at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected131 in 2003,Libya and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. 16.0 30 / 188 — — / — ” Indonesia 14.3 5 35 ‡ The total includes ministers and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/heads of government were also Chile Middle East and North Africa 17.5% 10.8% 16.6% an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore130 calculatedThailand on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. 16.2 13181 Libya/ 500 10.4 26 / 250 16.0 13130 Libya/ 188 — — / — 16.0 30 / 188 — — / — ” Estonia 14.3” Indonesia 2 14 14.3” Indonesia 5 35 14.3 5 35 included when theyArgentina held ministerial portfolios. Heads of governmentalChile or public agencies have not been included. 13 Chile Population About this map (3) Namibia: The figures on the National Assembly correspond to the provisional results of the November 2019 elections, excluding 132 Madagascar 15.9 24 / 151 19.4 12 / 62 ” Nauru 14.3 1 7 ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections held in 2019. 11 Note:About (HS/HG) = The head of statethis is also the headmap of government. members yet to be appointed. Newly elected members131 are dueLibya to be sworn in March 2020. 16.0 13230 Madagascar/ 188 — — / — 15.9 13224 Madagascar/ 151 19.4 12 / 62 15.9 24 / 151 19.4 12 / 62 ” Indonesia 14.3” Nauru 5 35 14.3 1 7 Information / Media About this map (4) Dominica: The figures correspond to the results of the December 2019 elections. They do not include 9 members to be appointed by the ” Nauru 14.3 1 7 Chile ~ 1 133 Russian Federation 15.8 71 / 450 17.1 29 / 170 127 Jordan 13.8 4 29 At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formed following the 2019 elections was not 7 Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. Pacific 16.6% 43.8% 19.4% President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker132 and the AttorneyMadagascar General). 15.9 13324 Russian/ 151 Federation19.4 12 / 62 15.8 71 / 450 17.1 29 / 170 ” Nauru 14.3127 Jordan 1 7 13.8 4 29 yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. Parliamentary Affairs About this map The colour coding of the countries reflects the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world 133 Russian Federation 15.8 13471 / Chad450 17.1 29 / 170 15.4 25 / 162 — — / — 127 Jordan 13.8128 4 Guatemala 29 13.3 2 15 The colour coding of the countries reflects the percentage of women in *unicameralOut of a total of 271 parliaments parliamentary chambers, or in two the have lower2 additional housespeakers andof three parliament, have 1 additional speaker,and corresponds for a total of 278 speakers. to the data found in the world (5) Peru: The figures correspond to the situation prior133 to the dissolution Russian of Parliament Federation in September 2019. New elections are due in 2020. 15.8 13471 Chad/ 450 17.1 29 / 170 15.4 25 / 162 — — / — 127 Jordan 13.8128 Guatemala 4 29 13.3 2 15 Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent missions to the United Nations and * publicly The colour coding of the countries reflects the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world (6) United States of America: Total refers to all voting members of the House of Representatives. 134 Chad 15.4 25 / 162 — — / — ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations ” Jordan 15.4 20 / 130 15.4 10 / 65 128 Guatemala 13.3” 2 Syrian Arab 15Republic 13.3 4 30 available information. 0 10 20 30 40 50The 60 colour 70 coding 80 of the 90 countries100 reflects110 the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament,ranking and of womencorresponds in parliament to the data on foundthe right-hand in the world side of the map. A world ranking of women in ministerial* The positions composition of IPUis regionalon the groupings left-hand may be consulted side atof https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. the map. (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the 134House of RepresentativesChad elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. 15.4 ” 25 Jordan/ 162 — — / — 15.4 20 / 130 15.4 10 / 65 128 Guatemala 13.3” Syrian 2 Arab Republic 15 13.3 4 30 ranking of women in parliament on the right-handranking of side women of the in map. parliament A world on ranking the right-hand of women side in ministerialof the map. positions A world ranking is on the of left-hand women in side ministerial of the map. positions is on the left-hand side of the map. ” Jordan 15.4 13620 / Egypt130 15.4 10 / 65 15.1 90 / 596 — — / — ” Syrian Arab Republic 13.3130 4 Djibouti 30 13.0 3 23 ” Jordan 15.4 13620 Egypt/ 130 15.4 10 / 65 15.1 90 / 596 — — / — ” Syrian Arab Republic 13.3130 Djibouti 4 30 13.0 3 23 ranking of women in parliament on the right-hand side of the map. A world ranking of women in ministerial positions is on the Allleft-hand data reflects side of the the situationmap. on 1 January 2020. As the source of the data presented here, Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsible for the criteria applied in displaying the information. 136 Egypt 15.1 13790 / Bahrain596 — — / — 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 130 Djibouti 13.0131 3 Russian Federation 23 12.9 4 31 All data reflects the situation on 1 JanuaryAll 2020. data Asreflects the source the situationof the data on presented1 January here,2020. Inter-Parliamentary As the source of the Uniondata ispresented responsible here, for Inter-Parliamentary the criteria applied Unionin displaying is responsible the information. for the criteria applied in displaying the information. 136 Egypt 15.1 13790 Bahrain/ 596 — — / — 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 130 Djibouti 13.0131 Russian 3 Federation 23 12.9 4 31 137 Bahrain 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 10 to 14.9% 131 Russian Federation 12.9132 4 Côte d’Ivoire* 31 12.8 6 47 All data reflects the situation on 1 January 2020. As the source of the data presented here, Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsibleThe for designations the criteria employedapplied in anddisplaying the presentation the information. of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN Women or of the 137 Bahrain 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 10 to 14.9% 131 Russian Federation 12.9132 Côte 4 d’Ivoire* 31 12.8 6 47 The designations employed and the presentationThe designations of material employed on this map and do the not presentation imply the expression of material of on any this opinion map do whatsoever not imply the on expressionthe part of UNof any Women opinion or ofwhatsoever the on the part of UN Women or of the 138 Bhutan 10 to 14.9% 14.9 7 / 47 16.0 4 / 25 132 Côte d’Ivoire* 12.8” 6 Niger 47 12.8 5 39 Inter-Parliamentary Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 138 Bhutan 10 to 14.9% 14.9 7 / 47 16.0 4 / 25 132 Côte d’Ivoire* 12.8” Niger 6 47 12.8 5 39 The designations employed and the presentationInter-Parliamentary of material on Union this concerningmap do not theimply legal the status expression of any of country, any opinion territory, whatsoever city or area on theor of part its ofauthorities, UN Women or orconcerning of the the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 138 Bhutan 14.9 1397 / Gabon47 16.0 4 / 25 14.8 21 / 142 18.0 18 / 100 ” Niger 12.8134 5 India 39 12.5 3 24 Inter-Parliamentary Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 138 Bhutan 14.9 139 7 Gabon/ 47 16.0 4 / 25 14.8 21 / 142 18.0 18 / 100 ” Niger 12.8134 India 5 39 12.5 3 24 Inter-Parliamentary Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory,b city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the* D delimitationotted line represents of its frontiers approximately or boundaries. the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed 139 Gabon 14.8 14021 / Brazil142 18.0 18 / 100 14.6 75 / 513 13.6 11 / 81 134 India 12.5 3 24 b b * Dotted lineFalkland represents Islands approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed 139 Gabon 14.8 14021 Brazil/ 142 18.0 18 / 100 14.6 75 / 513 13.6 11 / 81 ” Mauritius 12.5 3 24 ” Mauritius 12.5 3 24 Falkland Islands Falkland Islands * Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed 140 Brazil 14.6 14175 / Sao513 Tome13.6 and Principe11 / 81 14.5 8 / 55 — — / — 134 India 12.5 3 24 ” Mauritius 12.5 3 24 b * Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final uponstatus by of the Jammu parties. and Kashmir has not yet been agreed 140 Brazil 14.6 14175 Sao/ 513 Tome 13.6and Principe11 / 81 14.5 8 / 55 — — / — 136 Pakistan 12.0 3 25 Falkland Islands upon by the parties.(Malvinas) upon by the parties. 141 Sao Tome and Principe 14.5 1428 / India55 — — / — 14.4 78 / 543 10.4 25 / 240 ” Mauritius 12.5136 Pakistan 3 24 12.0136 Pakistan 3 25 12.0 3 25 (Malvinas) 141 Sao Tome and Principe 14.5 142 8 India/ 55 — — / — 14.4 78 / 543 10.4 25 / 240 137 Malta 11.8 2 17 upon by the (Malvinas)parties. a State of Palestine (women in ministerial positions: 3/23 = 13%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislative Council was dissolved in December 2018). 142 India 14.4 ”78 / Malaysia543 10.4 25 / 240 14.4 32 / 222 19.1 13 / 68 136 Pakistan 12.0137 Malta 3 25 11.8137 Malta 2 17 11.8 2 17 (Malvinas) a State of Palestine (women in ministeriala positions:State of Palestine 3/23 = 13%; (women women in ministerialin parliament: positions: data not 3/23 available = 13%; as women the Palestine in parliament: Legislative data Council not available was dissolved as the Palestine in December Legislative 2018). Council was dissolved in December 2018). 142 India 14.4 ” 78 Malaysia/ 543 10.4 25 / 240 14.4 32 / 222 19.1 13 / 68 ” Turkey 11.8 2 17 ” Malaysia 14.4 14432 / Georgia222 19.1 13 / 68 14.1 21 / 149 — — / — 137 Malta 11.8” Turkey 2 17 11.8” Turkey 2 17 11.8 2 17 a State of Palestine (women in ministerial positions: 3/23 = 13%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislativeb A dispute Council exists was between dissolved the in Governments December 2018). of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). ” Malaysia 14.4 14432 Georgia/ 222 19.1 13 / 68 14.1 21 / 149 — — / — 139 Greece 11.1 2 18 b A dispute exists between the Governmentsb A dofispute Argentina exists and between the United the Governments Kingdom of Great of Argentina Britain and and Northern the United Ireland Kingdom concerning of Great sovereignty Britain and overNorthern the Falkland Ireland concerningIslands (Malvinas). sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). 144 Georgia 14.1 14521 / Guinea-Bissau149 — — / — 13.7 14 / 102 — — / — ” Turkey 11.8139 Greece 2 17 11.1139 Greece 2 18 11.1 2 18 144 Georgia New14.1 Zealand14521 Guinea-Bissau/ 149 — — / — 13.7 14 / 102 — — / — ” Lao People’s Democratic Republic 11.1 3 27 b A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerningc Final sovereigntyboundary between over the the Falkland Republic Islands of Sudan (Malvinas). and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. New Zealand 145 Guinea-Bissau 13.7 14614 / Burkina102 Faso— — / — 13.4 17 / 127 — — / — 139 Greece 11.1” Lao 2 People’s Democratic 18 Republic 11.1” Lao 3 People’s Democratic 27 Republic 11.1 3 27 c Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. New Zealand145 Guinea-Bissau 13.7 14614 Burkina/ 102 Faso— — / — 13.4 17 / 127 — — / — ” Malawi 11.1 2 18 c Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. New Zealand 146 Burkina Faso 13.4 ”17 / Malta127 — — / — 13.4 9 / 67 — — / — ” Lao People’s Democratic Republic 11.1” Malawi 3 27 11.1” Malawi 2 18 11.1 2 18 c Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. 146 Burkina Faso 13.4 ” 17 Malta/ 127 — — / — 13.4 9 / 67 — — / — ” Oman 11.1 3 27 © Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020 ” Malta 13.4 1489 / Ghana67 — — / — 13.1 36 / 275 — — / — ” Malawi 11.1” Oman 2 18 11.1” Oman 3 27 11.1 3 27 © Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020 © Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020 ” Malta 13.4 148 9 Ghana/ 67 — — / — 13.1 36 / 275 — — / — ” Republic of Moldova 11.1 1 9 148 Ghana 13.1 14936 / Saint275 Vincent— and the— Grenadines / — 13.0 3 / 23 — — / — ” Oman 11.1” Republic 3 of Moldova 27 11.1” Republic 1 of Moldova 9 11.1 1 9 © Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020 148 Ghana 13.1 14936 Saint/ 275 Vincent— and the Grenadines— / — 13.0 3 / 23 — — / — ” Saint Kitts and Nevis* 11.1 1 9 149 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13.0 1503 / Bahamas23 — — / — 12.8 5 / 39 43.8 7 / 16 ” Republic of Moldova 11.1” Saint 1 Kitts and 9 Nevis* 11.1” Saint 1 Kitts and 9 Nevis* 11.1 1 9 Contacts: Contacts: 149 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13.0 150 3 Bahamas/ 23 — — / — 12.8 5 / 39 43.8 7 / 16 145 Guinea* 10.8 4 37 Contacts: 150 Bahamas 12.8 ”5 / Dem.39 Republic43.8 of the7 Congo/ 16 12.8 64 / 500 21.1 23 / 109 ” Saint Kitts and Nevis* 11.1145 Guinea* 1 9 10.8145 Guinea* 4 37 10.8 4 37 150 Bahamas 12.8 ”5 Dem./ 39 Republic43.8 of the 7Congo / 16 12.8 64 / 500 21.1 23 / 109 146 Nepal 10.5 2 19 Contacts: Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality ” Dem. Republic of the Congo 12.8 15264 / Palau500 21.1 23 / 109 12.5 2 / 16 15.4 2 / 13 145 Guinea* 10.8146 Nepal 4 37 10.5146 Nepal 2 19 10.5 2 19 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality ” Dem. Republic of the Congo 12.8 15264 Palau/ 500 21.1 23 / 109 12.5 2 / 16 15.4 2 / 13 147 Nigeria 10.3 3 29 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality 152 Palau 12.5 1532 / Syrian16 Arab15.4 Republic2 / 13 12.4 31 / 250 — — / — 146 Nepal 10.5147 Nigeria 2 19 10.3147 Nigeria 3 29 10.3 3 29 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality E-mail: [email protected] and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) 152 Palau 12.5 153 2 Syrian/ 16 Arab15.4 Republic2 / 13 12.4 31 / 250 — — / — 148 Bhutan 10.0 1 10 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) 153 Syrian Arab Republic 12.4 15431 / Liberia250 — — / — 12.3 9 / 73 3.3 1 / 30 147 Nigeria 10.3148 Bhutan 3 29 10.0148 Bhutan 1 10 10.0 1 10 www.ipu.org www.unwomen.org 153 Syrian Arab Republic 12.4 15431 Liberia/ 250 — — / — 12.3 9 / 73 3.3 1 / 30 ” Marshall Islands° 10.0 1 10 E-mail: [email protected] www.ipu.organd the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)www.unwomen.org 154 Liberia 12.3 ” 9 / Sierra73 Leone3.3 1 / 30 12.3 18 / 146 — — / — 148 Bhutan 10.0” Marshall 1 Islands° 10 10.0” Marshall 1 Islands° 10 10.0 1 10 www.ipu.org www.unwomen.org 154 Liberia 12.3 ” 9 Sierra/ 73 Leone3.3 1 / 30 12.3 18 / 146 — — / — ” San Marino 10.0 1 10 www.ipu.org www.unwomen.org ” Sierra Leone 12.3 15618 / Hungary146 — — / — 12.1 24 / 199 — — / — ” Marshall Islands° 10.0” San 1 Marino 10 10.0” San 1 Marino 10 10.0 1 10 ” Sierra Leone 12.3 15618 Hungary/ 146 — — / — 12.1 24 / 199 — — / — 5 to 9.9% 156 Hungary 12.1 15724 / Côte199 d’Ivoire— — / — 12.0 30 / 251 19.2 19 / 99 ” San Marino 10.0 1 10 5 to 9.9% 156 Hungary 12.1 15724 Côte/ 199 d’Ivoire— — / — 12.0 30 / 251 19.2 19 / 99 151 Afghanistan5 to 9.9%~ 9.7 3 31 157 Côte d’Ivoire 12.0 ”30 / Liechtenstein251 19.2 19 / 99 12.0 3 / 25 — — / — 151 Afghanistan5 to 9.9%~ 9.7 3~ 31 157 Côte d’Ivoire 12.0 ” 30 Liechtenstein/ 251 19.2 19 / 99 12.0 3 / 25 — — / — 151 Afghanistan 9.7152 3 Kyrgyzstan 31 9.5 2 21 ” Liechtenstein 12.0 1593 / Congo25 — — / — 11.3 17 / 151 18.8 13 / 69 151 Afghanistan~ 9.7152 Kyrgyzstan 3 31 9.5 2 21 ” Liechtenstein 12.0 159 3 Congo/ 25 — — / — 11.3 17 / 151 18.8 13 / 69 152 Kyrgyzstan 9.5153 2 Cambodia* 21 9.4 3 32 159 Congo 11.3 16017 / Antigua151 and18.8 Barbuda13 / 69 11.1 2 / 18 52.9 9 / 17 152 Kyrgyzstan 9.5153 Cambodia* 2 21 9.4 3 32 159 Congo 11.3 16017 Antigua/ 151 and18.8 Barbuda13 / 69 11.1 2 / 18 52.9 9 / 17 153 Cambodia* 9.4154 3 Brazil 32 9.1 2 22 160 Antigua and Barbuda 11.1 ” 2 / Myanmar18 52.9 9 / 17 11.1 48 / 432 12.1 27 / 223 153 Cambodia* 9.4154 Brazil 3 32 9.1 2 22 160 Antigua and Barbuda 11.1 ” 2 Myanmar/ 18 52.9 9 / 17 11.1 48 / 432 12.1 27 / 223 154 Brazil 9.1155 2 Philippines* 22 8.6 3 35 ” Myanmar 11.1 16248 / Botswana432 12.1 27 / 223 10.8 7 / 65 — — / — 154 Brazil 9.1155 Philippines* 2 22 8.6 3 35 ” Myanmar 11.1 16248 Botswana/ 432 12.1 27 / 223 10.8 7 / 65 — — / — 155 Philippines* 8.6156 3 Comoros* 35 8.3 1 12 162 Botswana 10.8 1637 / Nauru65 — — / — 10.5 2 / 19 — — / — 155 Philippines* 8.6156 Comoros* 3 35 8.3 1 12 162 Botswana 10.8 1637 Nauru/ 65 — — / — 10.5 2 / 19 — — / — 156 Comoros* 8.3” 1 Tonga* 12 8.3 1 12 Portfolios held by Women Ministers Women in the highest positions of State World and regional averages163 Nauru 10.5 1642 / Samoa19 — — / — 10.0 5 / 50 — — / — ” Tonga* 8.3 1 12 Portfolios held by Women Ministers Women in the highest positions of State World and regional averages 164 Samoa 10.0 5 / 50 — — / — 156 Comoros* 8.3 1 12 ” Tonga* 8.3 1 12 Portfolios held by Women Ministers Women in the highest positions of State World and regional163 Nauru averages10.5 2 / 19 — — / — 164 Samoa 10.0 5 / 50 — — / — 158 Uzbekistan 8.0 2 25 5 to 9.9% ” Tonga* 8.3158 Uzbekistan 1 12 8.0 2 25 Portfolios held by Women Ministers Women in the highest positions of State World and regional averages 164 Samoa 10.0 5 / 50 — — / — 5 to 9.9% 158 Uzbekistan 8.0159 2 Bangladesh 25 7.7 2 26 (1451 portfolios in 190 countries) 5 to 9.9% 46 / 464 56 / 245 158 Uzbekistan 8.0159 Bangladesh 2 25 7.7 2 26 (1451 portfolios in 190 countries)(1451 portfolios in 190 countries) 165 Japan 5 to 9.9% 9.9 46 / 464 22.9 56 / 245 165 Japan 9.9 22.9 159 Bangladesh 7.7” 2 Lithuania 26 7.7 1 13 165 Japan 9.9 16646 / Qatar464 22.9 56 / 245 9.8 4 / 41 — — / — 159 Bangladesh 7.7” Lithuania 2 26 7.7 1 13 (1451 portfolios in 190 countries) 165 Japan 9.9 16646 Qatar/ 464 22.9 56 / 245 9.8 4 / 41 — — / — ” Lithuania 7.7161 1 Lesotho 13 7.4 2 27 112 of women in parliamentof women in parliament166 Qatar 9.8 1674 / Eswatini41 — — / — 9.6 7 / 73 33.3 10 / 30 ” Lithuania 7.7161 Lesotho 1 13 7.4 2 27 112 Family / Children / Youth / Elderly / Disabled of women in parliament166 Qatar 9.8 167 4 Eswatini/ 41 — — / — 9.6 7 / 73 33.3 10 / 30 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 Family / Children / Youth / Elderly112 / Disabled 167 Eswatini 9.6 1687 / Mali73 33.3 10 / 30 9.5 14 / 147 — — / — 162 Armenia 7.1 1 14 162 Armenia 7.1 1 14 Family / Children / Youth / Elderly / Disabled of women in parliament 168 Mali 9.5 14 / 147 — — / — 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 112 1 167 Eswatini 9.6 7 / 73 33.3 10 / 30 162 Armenia 7.1” 1 Equatorial Guinea 14 7.1 2 28 112 Family / Children / Youth / Elderly112 / Disabled Social Affairs 1 168 Mali 9.5 16914 / Belize147 — — / — 9.4 3 / 32 21.4 3 / 14 162 Armenia 7.1” Equatorial 1 Guinea 14 7.1 2 28 Social Affairs 112 Social Affairs 1Women heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) 168 Mali 9.5 16914 Belize/ 147 — — / — 9.4 3 / 32 21.4 3 / 14 ” Equatorial Guinea 7.1” 2 Qatar 28 7.1 1 14 112 103 Women1 heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) 169 Belize 9.4 1703 / Brunei32 Darussalam21.4 3 / 14 9.1 3 / 33 — — / — ” Equatorial Guinea 7.1” Qatar 2 28 7.1 1 14 Social Affairs 103 Environment / Natural Resources / Energy Women heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) 169 Belize 9.4 170 3 Brunei/ 32 Darussalam21.4 3 / 14 9.1 3 / 33 — — / — ” Qatar 7.1165 1 Tunisia~ 14 6.9 2 29 Environment / Natural103 Resources / EnergyEnvironment / Natural Resources / Energy Women heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) 170 Brunei Darussalam 9.1 1713 / Central33 African— Republic— / — 8.6 12 / 140 — — / — ” Qatar 7.1165 Tunisia 1~ 14 6.9 2~ 29 103 88 170 Brunei Darussalam 9.1Single171 3 houseCentral/ 33 African — Upper Republic— / house— 8.6 Both12 /houses 140 — — / — 165 Tunisia 6.9166 2 Bahamas 29 6.7 1 15 Environment88 / Natural Resources / EnergyEmployment88 / Labour / Vocational Training Employment / Labour / Vocational Training and women heads of government (12/193 = 6.2%) Single house Upper house SingleBoth househouses Upper house Both houses 171 Central African Republic 8.6 ”12 / Gambia140 (The)— — / — 8.6 5 / 58 — — / — 165 Tunisia~ 6.9166 Bahamas 2 29 6.7 1 15 Employment / Labour / Vocational Training and women heads of governmentand women (12/193heads of = 6government.2%) (12/193 = 6.2%) 171 Central African Republic 8.6 ” 12 Gambia/ 140 (The)— — / — 8.6 5 / 58 — — / — 5 / 58 — / — 166 Bahamas 6.7” 1 Mongolia 15 6.788 1 15 Employment / Labour / Vocational Training 80 Women’s Affairs / Gender Equality Single house Upper house Both houses or lower house or Senate combined” Gambia (The) 8.6 173 Tonga — 7.4 2 / 27 — — / — 166 Bahamas 6.7” Mongolia 1 15 6.7 1 15 80 Women’s80 Affairs / Gender Equality and women heads of government (12/193 = 6.2%) or lower house or Senate or lowercombined” Gambiahouse (The) or Senate 8.6 combined173 5 Tonga/ 58 — — / — 7.4 173 2 Tonga/ 27 — — / — 7.4 2 / 27 — — / — ” Mongolia 6.7168 1 China* 15 6.5 2 31 Women’s Affairs / Gender Equality 174 Benin 7.2 6 / 83 — — / — ” Mongolia 6.7168 China* 1 15 6.5 2 31 80 Women’s79 Affairs / Gender Equality 79 Culture Bangladesh (HG), Barbados (HG), Belgium (HG), Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (HS/HG), Denmarkor lower house (HG), Estoniaor Senate(HS), combined 173 Tonga 7.4 174 2 Benin/ 27 — — / — 7.2 174 6 Benin/ 83 — — / — 7.2 6 / 83 — — / — 168 China* 6.5” 2 Iran (Islamic 31 Republic of)* 6.5 2 31 Culture79 Culture Bangladesh (HG), Barbados (HG),Bangladesh Belgium (HG), (HG), Bolivia Barbados (Plurinational (HG), Belgium State of)(HG), (HS/HG), Bolivia Denmark (Plurinational (HG), State Estonia of) (HS),(HS/HG), Denmark (HG), Estonia (HS), 175 Kiribati 6.5 3 / 46 — — / — 168 China* 6.5” Iran 2 (Islamic Republic 31 of)* 6.5 2 31 79 79 174 Benin 7.2 175 6 Kiribati/ 83 — 24.7%— / — 6.5 17524.9%3 Kiribati/ 46 — — / — 6.5 3 / 46 — — / — ” Iran (Islamic Republic of)* 6.5170 2 Belize* 31 6.3 1 16 Culture79 Bangladesh (HG),Trade Barbados / Industry (HG), Belgium (HG), Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (HS/HG), Denmark (HG), Estonia (HS), World24.7% averages24.9% 24.9% 176 Kuwait 6.3 4 / 63 — — / — ” Iran (Islamic Republic of)* 6.5170 Belize* 2 31 6.3 1 16 Trade79 / Industry Trade / Industry Ethiopia (HS), Finland (HG), Georgia (HS), Germany (HG), Iceland (HG),Ethiopia Nepal (HS), (HS), Finland New Zealand (HG), Georgia (HG), Norway (HS), Germany (HG), (HG), Iceland (HG), NepalWorld (HS), averages New Zealand (HG), NorwayWorld (HG), averages 24.9% 24.9%175 Kiribati 24.7% 6.5 17624.9%3 Kuwait/ 46 — — / — 6.3 176 4 Kuwait/ 63 — — / — 6.3 4 / 63 — — / — 170 Belize* 6.3” 1 Sri Lanka° 16 796.3 1 16 76 Ethiopia (HS), Finland (HG), Georgia (HS), Germany (HG), Iceland (HG), Nepal (HS), New Zealand (HG), Norway (HG), 24.7% 24.9% ” Tuvalu 6.3 1 / 16 — — / — 170 Belize* 6.3” Sri 1 Lanka° 16 6.3 1 16 76 Trade / Industry 76 Education Education World averages 24.9% 176 Kuwait 6.3 ” 4 Tuvalu/ 63 — — / — 6.3 ” 1 Tuvalu/ 16 — — / — 6.3 1 / 16 — — / — ” Sri Lanka° 6.3” 1 Yemen 16 6.3 2 32 Education Ethiopia (HS), Finland (HG), Georgia (HS), Germany (HG), Iceland (HG), Nepal (HS), New Zealand (HG),San Norway Marino (HG), (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia (HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago (HS) 178 Comoros 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — ” Sri Lanka° 6.3” Yemen 1 16 6.3 2 32 76 Education 73 Public Works / TerritorialSan Planning Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia (HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago (HS) ” Tuvalu 6.3 178 1 Comoros/ 16 — — / — 6.1 178 2 Comoros/ 33 — — / — 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — ” Yemen 6.3173 2 Tajikistan 32 5.9 1 17 73 73 Public Works / Territorial Planning San Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia (HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago (HS)Regional averages Regional averages ” Marshall Islands 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — ” Yemen 6.3173 Tajikistan 2 32 5.9 1 17 Public Works / TerritorialSan Planning Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia (HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago (HS) Regional averages 178 Comoros 6.1 ” 2 Marshall/ 33 Islands— — / — 6.1 ” 2 Marshall/ 33 Islands— — / — 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 173 Tajikistan 5.9174 1 Kazakhstan 17 73 5.0 1 2061 Public Works / Territorial Planning 61 Research and Development / Science and Technology ” Solomon Islands 6.1 3 / 49 — — / — 173 Tajikistan 5.9174 Kazakhstan 1 17 5.0 1 20 61 Research and Development / ScienceResearch and Technology and Development / Science and Technology Regional averages ” Marshall Islands 6.1 ” 2 Solomon/ 33 Islands— — / — 6.1 ” 3 Solomon/ 49 Islands— — / — 6.1 3 / 49 — — / — 174 Kazakhstan 5.0” 1 Solomon Islands* 20 61 5.0 1 20 60 * * Regions* are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments 181 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 5.9 17 / 289 — — / — 174 Kazakhstan 5.0” Solomon 1 Islands* 20 5.0 1 20 60 Research and Development60 / ScienceForeign and Technology Affairs (including Development Assistance) Foreign Affairs (including Development Assistance) Women speakers* of parliament (57/278Regions* are = 20.5%)classified by descendingRegions* order are of classified the percentage by descending of women orderin unicameral of the percentage parliaments” Solomon of Islandswomen in unicameral6.1 181parliaments3 Iran/ 49 (Islamic— Republic— of) / — 5.9 18117 Iran/ 289 (Islamic— Republic— of) / — 5.9 17 / 289 — — / — ” Solomon Islands* 5.0 1 20 2 to 4.9% Foreign Affairs (including Development Assistance) Women speakers* of parliamentWomen speakers (57/278 of= 20.5%)parliament (57/278 = 20.5%) 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 12 / 225 — — / — 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 12 / 225 — — / — ” Solomon Islands* 5.0 1 20 2 to 4.9% 60 Foreign Affairs (including Development Assistance) 56 Home Affairs / Immigration (including Integration and refugees) Regions* are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or the lower house of181 parliament.Iran (Islamic Republic of) 5.9 17 / 289 — — / — 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 12 / 225 — — / — 0.1 to 4.9% 176 Iraq2 to 4.9% 4.5 156 22 56 Home Affairs / Immigration (including Integration and refugees) Women speakers of parliament (57/278 = 20.5%) or the lower house of parliament. or the lower house of parliament. 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 12 / 225 — — / — 0.1 to 4.9% 176 Iraq2 to 4.9% 4.5176 Iraq 1 22 4.5 1 22 50 Home Affairs / Immigration (including Integration and refugees) 0.1 to 4.9% 177 Bahrain 56 4.3 150 23 Home Affairs / Immigration (including Integration and refugees) Agriculture / Food / Forestry / Fishing Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,or Bahamas,the lower houseBahrain, of parliament.Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia 183 Lebanon 0.1 to 4.9% 4.7 6 / 128 — — / — 183 Lebanon 4.7 6 / 128 — — / — 176 Iraq 4.5177 Bahrain 1 22 4.3177 Bahrain 1 23 4.3 1 23 50 Agriculture / Food / Forestry / FishingAgriculture / Food / Forestry / Fishing Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina,Andorra, Bahamas,Antigua and Bahrain, Barbuda, Bangladesh, Argentina, Belarus, Bahamas, Belgium, Bahrain, Belize, Bangladesh, Bolivia Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia 183 Lebanon 4.7 1846 / 128Maldives — — / — 4.6 4 / 87 — — / — 178 Myanmar50 3.8 1 26 47 Nordic countries183 Lebanon 4.7 43.9%1846 /Maldives 128 — —— / — 4.6 4 /— 87 — — / — 177 Bahrain 4.3178 Myanmar 1 23 3.8178 Myanmar 1 26 3.8 1 26 47 Agriculture / Food / Forestry / Fishing Andorra, AntiguaHealth and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia Nordic countries 43.9% — — 184 Maldives 4.6 1854 / Nigeria87 — — / — 3.4 12 / 350 7.3 8 / 109 179 Turkmenistan 3.7 1 27 47 Health Health (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Democratic(Plurinational Republic of Statethe Congo, of), Bosnia Dominica, and Herzegovina, Equatorial Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, EquatorialNordic countries 43.9%184 Maldives — 4.6 185 4— Nigeria/ 87 — — / — 3.4 12 / 350 7.3 8 / 109 178 Myanmar 3.8179 Turkmenistan 1 26 3.7179 Turkmenistan 1 27 3.747 1 27 40 Housing / Urban Affairs (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Democratic RepublicNordic of the countries Congo, Dominica, Equatorial 43.9% — — 185 Nigeria 3.4 18612 / Haiti350 7.3 8 / 109 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10 Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 180 Belarus 3.440 1 29 Health40 Housing / Urban Affairs 185 Nigeria 3.4 18612 Haiti/ 350 7.3 8 / 109 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10 Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 Housing / Urban Affairs(Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Equatorial 186 Haiti 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10 179 Turkmenistan 3.7180 Belarus 1 27 Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 3.4180 Belarus 1 29 3.440 1 29 40 Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 187 Oman 2.3 2 / 86 17.4 15 / 86 181 Azerbaijan 3.040 1 33 Housing / Urban Affairs Justice Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Americas 186 Haiti 2.5 18731.1%3 /Oman 118 0.0 32.1%0 / 10 2.3 31.3%2 / 86 17.4 15 / 86 (7) Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 187 Oman 2.3 2 / 86 17.4 15 / 86 180 Belarus 3.4181 Azerbaijan 1 29 3.0181 Azerbaijan 1 33 3.0 1 33 40 Justice Justice Americas Americas 31.1% 32.1% 31.1%31.3% 32.1% 31.3% (7) 188 Yemen 0.3 1 / 301 2.7 3 / 111 181 Azerbaijan 3.0 1 33 0% 40 0% Justice 33 Guinea, Eswatini,Sports Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Americas 31.1% 32.1% 31.3% 187 Oman 2.3 188 2 Yemen/ 86 17.4 15 / 86 0.3 1881 /Yemen 301 (7) 2.7 3 / 111 0.3 1 / 301 2.7 3 / 111 182 Brunei Darussalam0% 33 0.0 0 16 33 Sports Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Latvia,Mozambique, Lesotho, Netherlands, Liberia, Madagascar, Norway, Poland, Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, (7) 0% 0% 182 Brunei Darussalam0% 0.0 0 16 Sports Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, 188 Yemen 0.3 1 / 301 2.7 3 / 111 0% 182 Brunei Darussalam 33 0.0” 0 Kiribati 16 32 0.0 0 13 Sports 32 Local Government Europe (Nordic countries included) 18930.1%Micronesia (Federated29.1% States of) 0.0 29.9%0 / 14 — — / — 189 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — 182 Brunei Darussalam 0.0” Kiribati 0 16 0.0 0 13 32 Local Government Local Government Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway,Republic Poland, of Moldova, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino,Europe Serbia, (Nordic South Africa, countries Spain included)(2 chambers), 30.1% 29.1% 29.9% 0% 189 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — ” Kiribati 0.0” 0 Papua New 13Guinea* 0.0 0 32 31 Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Spain (2 chambers), Europe (Nordic countries included) 30.1% 29.1% 29.9%” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — ” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — ” Kiribati 0.0” Papua 0 New Guinea* 13 0.0 0 32 32 31 Local Government Tourism Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino,Europe Serbia, South(Nordic Africa, countries Spain (2included) chambers), 30.1% 29.1% 29.9% 189 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — ” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — ” Papua New Guinea* 0.0” 0Saint Vincent 32 and the Grenadines* 0.0 0 10 31 Tourism Tourism Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Spain (2 chambers), ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 / 52 — — / — ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 / 52 — — / — ” Papua New Guinea* 0.0” Saint 0 Vincent and 32 the Grenadines* 0.0 0 10 31 30 Suriname, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, ” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 / 52 — — / — ” Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 0.0” 0 Saudi Arabia* 10 30 0.0 0 22 30 Tourism Public AdministrationSuriname, / Public Service Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, Europe (Nordic countries not included) 28.7% 29.1% Information28.8% not available Information not available ” Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 0.0” Saudi 0 Arabia* 10 0.0 0 22 Public Administration / Public ServicePublic Administration / Public Service Suriname, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America,Europe (Nordic countries not Europeincluded) (Nordic countries28.7% not included)29.1% 28.7%”28.8%Vanuatu 29.1% 0.0 28.8%0 / 52 — — / — Information not available ” Saudi Arabia* 30 0.0” 0 Thailand 22 0.0 0 24 27 Suriname, Switzerland,Economy /Togo, Development Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, Eritrea Eritrea ” Saudi Arabia* 0.0” Thailand 0 22 0.0 0 24 27 27 Public Administration / Public ServiceEconomy / Development Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet NamEurope and Zimbabwe.(Nordic countries not included) 28.7% 29.1% 28.8% Information not available Eritrea ” Thailand 0.0 0 24 Economy / Development Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. No parliament on 1 January 2020 No parliament on 1 January 2020 ” Tuvalu 0.0 0 8 27 ” Tuvalu 0.0 0 8 Economy / Development 26 Communications / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. Eritrea No parliament on 1 January 2020 ” Thailand 0.0 0 24 ” Tuvalu 0.0 0 8 26 26 Communications / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. Sub-Saharan Africa 24.4% 24.1% 24.4% Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 12 Communications / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs Sub-Saharan Africa 24.4% 24.1% 24.4% No parliamentSource: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan on 1 January 2020 Sub-Saharan Africa 24.4% 24.1% 24.4% Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan ” Tuvalu 0.0” Vanuatu 0 8 0.0” Vanuatu 0 12 26 0.0 0 12 25 Communications / Telecommunications25 / Postal Affairs Finance / Budget ” Viet Nam 0.0 0 24 25 Finance / Budget Finance / Budget Sub-Saharan Africa 24.4% 24.1% 24.4% Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan ” Vanuatu 0.0” Viet 0 Nam 12 0.0” Viet 0 Nam 24 25 0.0 0 24 22 Women deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%) ” Viet Nam 0.0 0 24 Information not available 22 Information not available22 Finance / Budget Defence and Veteran Affairs Women deputy speakersWomen of parliament deputy speakers (147/582 of = parliament25.3%) (147/582 = 25.3%) Information not available Defence and Veteran Affairs Defence and Veteran Affairs Asia 20.5% 16.7% 20.0% (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new elections are expected in May 2020. The figures on the map 22 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya 22 HumanWomen Rights deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%) Asia Asia 20.5% 16.7% 20.5%20.0% 16.7% (1) Bolivia: 20.0%Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new elections are expected in May 2020. The figures on the map InformationDemocratic not People’savailable Republic of Korea, Haiti, DemocraticLibya People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya 22 22 Defence and Veteran Affairs Human Rights Asia 20.5% 16.7% 20.0% (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new electionscorrespond are expected to the situation in May prior 2020. to theThe October figures 2019 on the elections. map Human Rights Of the 220 chambers in 166 countries for which information is available, 94 have at least one woman deputy speaker. (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new electionscorrespond are toexpected the situation in May prior 2020. to the The October figures 2019 on elections. the map correspond to the situation prior to the October 2019 elections. (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya 22 16 Transport Of the 220 chambers in 166 countriesOf the for 220 which chambers information in 166 is countries available, for 94 which have atinformation least one womanis available, deputy 94 havespeaker. at least one woman deputy speaker. (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on ‡ The total includes ministers16 and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/heads of government16 were also Human Rights Transport correspond to the situation prior to the October 2019 elections. (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution of seats in the Upper House ando adnot hocinclude basis, the and 36 allspecial percentages rotating givendelegates are therefore appointed calculated on on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. ‡ The total includes ministers and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/heads of government were also Transport Of the 220 chambers in 166 countries for which information is available, 94 have at least one woman deputy speaker. Middle East and North Africa an ad 17.5%hoc basis, and all percentages given are10.8% therefore calculated on the basis of16.6% the 54 permanent seats. ‡ The total includes ministers16 and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/headsincluded when they of 13government held ministerial were portfolios. also Heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. Transport 13 Population Middle East and North AfricaMiddle East and North17.5% Africa 10.8% (2) South17.5% Africa:16.6% The figures on the distribution10.8% of seats in the Upper House do not16.6% include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore calculated on(3) the Namibia:basis of the The 54 figures permanent on theseats. National Assembly correspond to the provisional results of the November 2019 elections, excluding ‡ The total includes ministers and deputy heads of government. Prime includedministers/heads when they of heldgovernment ministerial were portfolios. also Heads of governmental includedor public whenagencies they have held notministerial been included. portfolios. Heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. 13 Population an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore calculated(3) on the Namibia: basis of The the 54figures permanent on the seats. National Assembly correspond to(3) the provisional Namibia: Theresults figures of the on Novemberthe National 2019 Assembly elections, correspond excluding to the provisional results of the November 2019 elections, excluding ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections held in 2019. Population Note: (HS/HG) = The head of state is also the head of government.Middle East and North Africa 17.5% 10.8% 16.6% members yet to be appointed. Newly elected members are due to be sworn in March 2020. included when they held ministerial portfolios. Heads of governmental° Torhe public Government agencies was have formed not been in January included. 2020 following elections held in 2019. 13 11 Information / Media Note: (HS/HG) = The head of state is also the headNote: of government. (HS/HG) = The head of state is also the head of government. (3) Namibia: The figures on the National Assembly correspond to the provisionalmembers yetresults to be ofappointed. the November Newly 2019elected elections, members excluding are due to be swornmembers in March yet to2020. be appointed. Newly elected members are due to be sworn in March 2020. ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections held~ in 2019. 11 11 Population Information / Media 1 (4) Dominica: The figures correspond to the results of the December 2019 elections. They do not include 9 members to be appointed by the ~ At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formed following the 2019 elections was not Information / Media Note: (HS/HG) = The head of state is also the head1 of government. Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. Pacific members yet to be appointed. Newly elected members are due to (4)be sworn Dominica: in 16.6%March The 2020. figures correspond to the results43.8% of the December (4)2019 elections. Dominica: They19.4% The figuresdo not include correspond 9 members to the toresults be appointed of the December by the 2019 elections.President They and do 2 notex officioinclude 9members members (the to Speakerbe appointed and the by theAttorney General). ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections held A tin the 2019. time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be ~formed At the followingtime of publication the11 2019 electionsof the map, was data not on the Government to be formed following the 2019 elections was not 7 Only elected heads of state have been taken into1 account. Pacific 16.6% 43.8% 19.4% yet available.7 Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. Information / Media Parliamentary Affairs Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. Pacific (4) Dominica:16.6% The figures correspond to the results43.8% of the December 2019 elections.President19.4% Theyand 2do ex not officio include members 9 members (the toSpeaker be appointed and the by Attorneythe General).President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker and the Attorney (5)General). Peru: The figures correspond to the situation prior to the dissolution of Parliament in September 2019. New elections are due in 2020. ~ At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formedyet available. following Figures the 2019 correspond elections to was the not Government ad interim. yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. 7 Parliamentary Affairs Parliamentary Affairs 1 Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent missions to the United Nations and * publicly Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. * Out of a total of 271 parliamentary chambers, two have 2Pacific additional speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers.16.6% 43.8% 19.4% President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker and the Attorney(5) General). Peru: The figures correspond to the situation prior to the dissolution(5) of Peru:Parliament The figures in September correspond 2019. to Newthe situationelections priorare dueto the in 2020. dissolution(6) of Parliament United States in September of America: 2019. Total New refers elections to all votingare due members in 2020. of the House of Representatives. yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent missions to the7 United Nations and * publicly Parliamentary Affairs * Out of a total of 271 parliamentary chambers, two* Out have of 2a additionaltotal of 271 speakers parliamentary and three chambers, have 1 additionaltwo have 2speaker, additional for speakersa total of and278 threespeakers. have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers. (6) United States of America: Total refers to all voting members of the House of Representatives. Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanentISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU).missions Based on United Nations available to the information. United Nations and * publicly 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 * The composition of(5) IPU Peru:regional The figures groupings correspond may to the besituation consulted prior to the at dissolution https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. of Parliament in September 2019. New elections are due in 2020. (6) United States of America: Total refers to all voting members of the House(7) of Yemen: Representatives. Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available information. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 * Out of a total of 271 parliamentary chambers, two have 2 additional speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers. (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent missions to the United Nations and * publicly ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available information. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 * The composition of IPU regional groupings may* be The consulted composition at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. of IPU regional groupings may be consulted at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings.(6) United States of America: Total refers to all voting members of the House of Representatives. (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001.

ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available information. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 * The composition of IPU regional groupings may be consulted at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. Women in Women in parliament The countries are ranked and colour-coded according to the percentage Women in Women in parliament of women in unicameral parliaments or the lower house of parliament, ministerial positions reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 January 2020. The countries are ranked and colour-coded according to the percentage The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in of women in unicameral parliaments or the lower house of parliament, Rank Country Lower or single house Upper house or Senate ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats ministerial positions reflecting elections/appointments up to 1 January 2020. 50 to 65% The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ Women in Politics: 2020 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 Rank Country Lower or single house Upper house or Senate 60 to 69.9% 2 Cuba 53.2 322 / 605 — — / — ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats 3 Bolivia (Plurinational State of)(1) 53.1 69 / 130 47.2 17 / 36 1 Spain° 66.7 10 15 50 to 65% 61.1 11 18 4 United Arab Emirates 50.0 20 / 40 — — / — Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ 2 Finland Women in Politics: 2020 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 50 to 59.9% 40 to 49.9% 60 to 69.9% 2 Cuba 53.2 322 / 605 — — / — 5 Mexico 48.2 241 / 500 49.2 63 / 128 3 Nicaragua* 58.8 10 17 Situation on 1 January 2020 3 Bolivia (Plurinational State of)(1) 53.1 69 / 130 47.2 17 / 36 1 Spain° 66.7 10 15 6 Nicaragua 47.3 43 / 91 — — / — 4 Colombia 57.9 11 19 20 / 40 — / — 2 Finland 61.1 11 18 4 United Arab Emirates 50.0 — 7 Sweden 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 5 Austria° 57.1 8 14 40 to 49.9% 50 to 59.9% 6 Peru 55.0 11 20 8 Grenada 46.7 7 / 15 30.8 4 / 13 3 Nicaragua* 58.8 10 17 5 Mexico 48.2 241 / 500 49.2 63 / 128 7 Sweden 54.5 12 22 Situation on 1 January 2020 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — 4 Colombia 57.9 11 19 6 Nicaragua 47.3 43 / 91 — — / — (2) 8 Rwanda 53.6 15 28 10 South Africa 46.3 184 / 397 38.9 21 / 54 5 Austria° 57.1 8 14 7 Sweden 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 9 Albania 53.3 8 15 11 Finland 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — 6 Peru 55.0 11 20 8 Grenada 46.7 7 / 15 30.8 4 / 13 10 France 52.9 9 17 12 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — 7 Sweden 54.5 12 22 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — 13 Spain 44.0 154 / 350 39.0 103 / 264 11 Andorra 50.0 6 12 (2) 8 Rwanda 53.6 15 28 10 South Africa 46.3 184 / 397 38.9 21 / 54 ” Canada 50.0 18 36 14 Senegal 43.0 71 / 165 — — / — 9 Albania 53.3 8 15 11 Finland 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — 15 Namibia(3) 42.7 41 / 96 19.0 8 / 42 ” Costa Rica* 50.0 12 24 10 France 52.9 9 17 12 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — 16 Switzerland 41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0 8 16 11 Andorra 50.0 6 12 13 Spain 44.0 154 / 350 39.0 103 / 264 17 Norway 41.4 70 / 169 — — / — 40 to 49.9% ” Canada 50.0 18 36 14 Senegal 43.0 71 / 165 — — / — 18 Mozambique 41.2 103 / 250 — — / — 15 South Africa* 48.3 14 29 15 Namibia(3) 42.7 41 / 96 19.0 8 / 42 ” Costa Rica* 50.0 12 24 19 Argentina 40.9 105 / 257 40.3 29 / 72 16 Ethiopia 47.6 10 21 16 Switzerland 41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0 8 16 Greenland 20 New Zealand 40.8 49 / 120 — — / — 17 El Salvador* 47.1 8 17 17 Norway 41.4 70 / 169 — — / — 21 Belgium 40.7 61 / 150 45.0 27 / 60 40 to 49.9% 18 Georgia 45.5 5 11 18 Mozambique 41.2 103 / 250 — — / — 15 South Africa* 48.3 14 29 (Denmark) 22 Belarus 40.0 44 / 110 25.0 15 / 60 ” Seychelles 45.5 5 11 19 Argentina 40.9 105 / 257 40.3 29 / 72 16 Ethiopia 47.6 10 21 ” North Macedonia 40.0 48 / 120 — — / — 20 Netherlands 44.4 8 18 20 New Zealand 40.8 49 / 120 — — / — 17 El Salvador* 47.1 8 17 Greenland ” Portugal 40.0 92 /230 — — / — 21 Mozambique° 42.9 9 21 21 Belgium 40.7 61 / 150 45.0 27 / 60 18 Georgia 45.5 5 11 35 to 39.9% ” Norway 42.9 9 21 (Denmark) 22 Belarus 40.0 44 / 110 25.0 15 / 60 ” Seychelles 45.5 5 11 25 Denmark 39.7 71 / 179 — — / — ” Switzerland 42.9 3 7 ” North Macedonia 40.0 48 / 120 — — / — 20 Netherlands 44.4 8 18 26 France 39.5 228 / 577 33.3 116 / 348 24 Portugal 42.1 8 19 ” Portugal 40.0 92 /230 — — / — 21 Mozambique° 42.9 9 21 Iceland Norway 27 Ecuador 39.4 54 / 137 — — / — 25 Grenada* 41.7 5 12 35 to 39.9% ” Norway 42.9 9 21 28 Austria 39.3 72 / 183 37.7 23 / 61 26 Angola 40.0 12 30 25 Denmark 39.7 71 / 179 — — / — ” Switzerland 42.9 3 7 Sweden 29 Ethiopia 38.8 212 / 547 32.0 49 / 153 ” Germany 40.0 6 15 Latvia 26 France 39.5 228 / 577 33.3 116 / 348 24 Portugal 42.1 8 19 30 Timor-Leste 38.5 25 / 65 — — / — ” Guyana 40.0 8 20 Iceland Norway Estonia Russian Federation 27 Ecuador 39.4 54 / 137 — — / — (4) 25 Grenada* 41.7 5 12 Canada Lithuania 31 Dominica 38.1 8 / 21 — — / — ” Iceland 40.0 4 10 28 Austria 39.3 72 / 183 37.7 23 / 61 26 Angola 40.0 12 30 ” Iceland 38.1 24 / 63 — — / — ” Liechtenstein 40.0 2 5 Sweden Belarus Liechtenstein 29 Ethiopia 38.8 212 / 547 32.0 49 / 153 ” Germany 40.0 6 15 Latvia 33 Serbia 37.7 93 / 247 — — / — 35 to 39.9% Austria 30 Timor-Leste 38.5 25 / 65 — — / — ” Guyana 40.0 8 20 Estonia Finland (4) 34 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 145 / 393 — — / — Canada31 Ecuador 37.9 11 29 Lithuania Russian FederationCzechia 31 Dominica 38.1 8 / 21 — — / — ” Iceland 40.0 4 10 Slovakia 35 Burundi 36.4 44 / 121 46.2 18 / 39 32 Bulgaria 36.8 7 19 ” Iceland 38.1 24 / 63 — — / — ” Liechtenstein 40.0 2 5 Belarus Liechtenstein 36 Italy 35.7 225 / 630 34.4 110 / 320 33 Ukraine 35.3 6 17 Slovenia 33 Serbia 37.7 93 / 247 — — / — 30 to 34.9% 35 to 39.9% 34 Mexico 35.0 7 20 Finland Austria 34 United Republic of Tanzania 36.9 145 / 393 — — / — 31 Ecuador 37.9 11 29 Czechia United Kingdom Ukraine 37 Uganda 34.9 160 / 459 — — / — 30 to 34.9% Slovakia 35 Burundi 36.4 44 / 121 46.2 18 / 39 32 Bulgaria 36.8 7 19 38 Guyana 34.8 24 / 69 — — / — 35 Chile* 33.3 8 24 Denmark Hungary 36 Italy 35.7 225 / 630 34.4 110 / 320 33 Ukraine 35.3 6 17 Slovenia Netherlands 39 United Kingdom 33.8 220 / 650 27.2 216 / 795 ” Honduras* 33.3 7 21 30 to 34.9% 34 Mexico 35.0 7 20 Croatia 40 El Salvador 33.3 28 / 84 — — / — ” Italy 33.3 7 21 United Kingdom Ukraine Ireland 37 Uganda 34.9 160 / 459 — — / — ” Monaco 33.3 8 / 24 — — / — 30 to 34.9% ” Republic of Korea 33.3 6 18 Bosnia and Herzegovina 38 Guyana 34.8 24 / 69 — — / — 35 Chile* 33.3 8 24 Denmark Hungary Belgium ” Netherlands 33.3 50 / 150 38.7 29 / 75 ” Sao Tome and Principe 33.3 4 12 Netherlands Poland Rep. of Moldova Kazakhstan 39 United Kingdom 33.8 220 / 650 27.2 216 / 795 ” Honduras* 33.3 7 21 43 Nepal 32.7 90 / 275 37.3 22 / 59 ” Trinidad and Tobago 33.3 7 21 Croatia Luxembourg 40 El Salvador 33.3 28 / 84 — — / — 44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 ” Italy 33.3 7 21 Ireland ” Uganda 33.3 10 30 Germany Romania ” Monaco 33.3 8 / 24 — — / — 45 Zimbabwe 31.9 86 / 270 43.8 35 / 80 ” Republic of Korea 33.3 6 18 Bosnia and Herzegovina ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 Belgium Georgia Mongolia ” Netherlands 33.3 50 / 150 38.7 29 / 75 46 San Marino 31.7 19 / 60 — — / — ” Sao Tome and Principe 33.3 4 12 Poland Rep. of Moldova Kazakhstan Serbia 43 Zambia 32.3 10 31 Armenia 43 Nepal 32.7 90 / 275 37.3 22 / 59 47 Suriname 31.4 16 / 51 — — / — ” Trinidad and Tobago 33.3 7 21 Luxembourg 44 Denmark 31.6 6 19 France Montenegro 44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 48 Germany 31.2 221 / 709 36.2 25 / 69 ” Uganda 33.3 10 30 Germany Romania Azerbaijan ” Eswatini 31.6 6 19 Georgia 45 Zimbabwe 31.9 86 / 270 43.8 35 / 80 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 180 26.0 26 / 100 ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 Serbia Switzerland Mongolia 46 San Marino 31.7 19 / 60 — — / — Women in ” Lebanon 31.6 6 19 Bulgaria Women in parliament 50 Trinidad and Tobago 31.0 13 / 42 38.7 12 / 31 43 Zambia 32.3 10 31 Armenia 47 Suriname 31.4 16 / 51 — — / — ” Panama 31.6 6 19 Italy Japan 51 Australia 30.5 46 / 151 48.7 37 / 76 44 Denmark 31.6 6 19 France Montenegro Uzbekistan 48 Germany 31.2 221 / 709 36.2 25 / 69 48 Dominica 31.3 5 16 United States of America Azerbaijan The countries are ranked and colour-coded according to the percentage 52 Angola 30.0 66 / 220 — — / — ” Eswatini 31.6 6 19 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 180 26.0 26 / Dem.100 People’s Rep. of Korea 49 United Kingdom 30.4 7 23 Switzerland Monaco North Macedonia ” Latvia 30.0 30 / 100 — — / — ” Lebanon 31.6 6 19 ofKyrgyzstan women in unicameral parliaments or the lower50 houseTrinidad of and parliament, Tobago 31.0 13 / 42 38.7 12 / 31 50 Madagascar 30.0 6 20 Bulgaria Japan Republic of Korea ” Luxembourg 30.0 18 / 60 — — / — ministerial positions” Panama 31.6 6 19 Italy San Marino reflecting elections/appointments up 51to 1 AustraliaJanuary 2020. 30.5 46 / 151 48.7 37 / 76 (5) ” New Zealand 30.0 6 20 Uzbekistan Spain ” Peru 30.0 39 / 130 — — / — 48 Dominica 31.3 5 16 United States of America Albania Turkmenistan Tajikistan 52 Angola 30.0 66 / 220 — — / — The countries are ranked according to the percentage of women in 25 to 29.9% Monaco Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 25 to 29.9% 49 United Kingdom 30.4 7 23 North Macedonia Greece Tu rke y RankJammuCountry and Kashmir* Lower or single” houseLatvia Upper house or Senate 30.0 30 / 100 — — / — ministerial positions, reflecting appointments up to 1 January 2020. 52 Luxembourg 29.4 5 17 Kyrgyzstan % Women Women/Seats % Women Women/Seats 56 Montenegro 29.6 24 / 81 — — / — 50 Madagascar 30.0 6 20 San Marino Republic of Korea ” Luxembourg 30.0 18 / 60 — — / — 57 Albania 29.5 36 / 122 — — / — ” Paraguay 29.4 5 17 Spain Andorra (5) 50 to 65% 39 / 130 — / — ” New Zealand 30.0 6 20 Albania Bahamas Turkmenistan Tajikistan ”ChinaPeru 30.0 — 58 Canada 29.0 98 / 338 48.5 48 / 99 Rank Country % Women Women Total ministers ‡ 54 CzechiaWomen28.6 4 14 in Politics: 2020 Cyprus 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 25 to 29.9% 25 to 29.9% 55 Australia 26.7 8 30 Tu rke y Portugal Syrian Arab Rep. 59 Estonia 28.7 29 / 101 — — / — 5260 Luxembourgto 69.9% 29.4 5 17 Greece Cuba Jammu and Kashmir* 2 Cuba 53.2 32256 / 605Montenegro— — / — 29.6 24 / 81 — — / — ” Ireland 26.7 4 15 Afghanistan (1) ” Poland 28.7 132 / 460 24.0 24 / 100 1 Spain° 66.7” 10 Paraguay 15 29.4 5 17 Malta 3 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 53.1 6957 / 130Albania47.2 17 / 36 29.5 36 / 122 — — / — ” Slovakia 26.7 4 15 Andorra Jamaica China Lebanon 61 South Sudan 28.5 109 / 383 12.0 6 / 50 2 Finland 61.154 11 Czechia 18 28.6 4 14 Bahamas Iran 4 United Arab Emirates 50.0 2058 / 40Canada— — / — 29.0 98 / 338 48.5 48 / 99 58 Barbados 26.1 6 23 Portugal Cyprus Tunisia Iraq 62 Philippines 28.0 85 / 304 29.2 7 / 24 5550 Australiato 59.9% 26.7 8 30 Cuba Haiti Syrian Arab Rep. Morocco Israel (Islamic Rep. of) Bhutan 59 Estonia40 to 49.9% 28.7 29 / 101 — — / — ” Burundi 26.1 6 23 Afghanistan a a 5 Mexico 48.2 241 / 500 49.2 63 / 128 63 Dominican Republic 27.9 53 / 190 9.4 3 / 32 3 Nicaragua* 58.8” 10 Ireland 17 26.7 4 15 MaltaSituation on 1 January 2020 ” Poland 28.7 132 / 460 24.0 24 / 100 64 Slovenia 27.8 25 / 90 10.0 4 / 40 ” Gabon 26.1 6 23 Dominican Republic 4 Colombia 57.9” 11 Slovakia 19 26.7 4 15 Jamaica Lebanon 6 Nicaragua 47.3 4361 / 91South Sudan— — / — 28.5 109 / 383 12.0 6 / 50 ” Kenya 26.1 6 23 Iran 65 Lao People’s Dem. Republic 27.5 41 / 149 — — / — 5 Austria° 57.158 8 Barbados 14 26.1 6 23 Tunisia Iraq 7 Sweden 47.0 16462 / 349Philippines— — / — 28.0 85 / 304 29.2 7 / 24 62 Chad 25.9 7Haiti 27 Israel Bhutan Nepal 66 Kazakhstan 27.1 29 / 107 10.6 5 / 47 6 Peru 55.0” 11 Burundi 20 26.1 6 23 Morocco a (Islamic Rep. of) Algeria Libya Pakistan 8 Grenada 46.7 763 / 15Dominican30.8 Republic4 / 13 27.9 53 / 190 9.4 3 / 32 ” Maldives 25.9 7 27 Mexico a 13 / 28 — / — 67 Afghanistan 27.0 67 / 248 27.9 19 / 68 7 Sweden 54.5” 12 Gabon 22 26.1 6 23 Dominican Republic 9 Andorra 46.4 64 Slovenia— 27.8 25 / 90 10.0 4 / 40 64 Belgium 25.0 3 12 Egypt 10 South Africa(2) 46.3 184 / 397 38.9 21 / 54 68 Bulgaria 26.7 64 / 240 — — / — 8 Rwanda 53.6” 15 Kenya 28 26.1 6 23 65 Lao People’s Dem. Republic 27.5 41 / 149 — — / — ” Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 25.0 5 20 Western Sahara 11 Finland 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — ” Viet Nam 26.7 132 / 494 — — / — 9 Albania 53.362 8 Chad 15 25.9 7 27 Nepal 66 Kazakhstan 27.1 29 / 107Lao People’s10.6 Dem.5 / 47 Republic ” Ghana 25.0 5 20 Algeria Libya Pakistan Kuwait 12 Costa Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — 70 Iraq 26.4 87 / 329 — — / — 10 France 52.9” 9 Maldives 17 25.9 7 27 Mexico 67 Afghanistan 27.0 67 / 248 27.9 19 / 68 ” Mali 25.0 9 36 13 SpainIndia 44.0 154 / 350 39.0 103 / 264 Viet Nam 71 Djibouti 26.2 17 / 65 — — / — 11 Andorra 50.064 6 Belgium 12 25.0 3 12 Egypt Bahrain Myanmar 68 Bulgaria 26.7 64 / 240 — — / — 72 Algeria 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 ” Palau 25.0 2 8 Cabo Verde Saudi 14 Senegal 43.0 71” / 165 Viet Nam— — / — 26.7 132 / 494 — — / — ” Canada 50.0” 18 Bolivia (Plurinational 36 State of) 25.0 5 20 Western Sahara (3) Thailand 73 Cabo Verde 25.0 18 / 72 — — / — 20 to 24.9% Saint Kitts and Nevis Lao People’s Dem. Republic Qatar 15 Namibia 42.7 41 / 96 19.0 8 / 42 ” Costa Rica* 50.0” 12 Ghana 24 25.0 5 20 Kuwait Arabia 70 Iraq 26.4 87 / 329 — — / — ” Turkmenistan 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 69 Egypt 24.2 8 33 16 Switzerland 41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 Cambodia ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0” 8 Mali 16 25.0 9 36 India Viet Nam United Arab 71 Djibouti 26.2 17 / 65 — — / — 20 to 24.9% 70 Togo 24.0 6 25 Antigua and Barbuda Bahrain Mauritania 17 Norway 41.4 70 / 169 — — / — 40” Palauto 49.9% 25.0 2 8 Cabo Verde Belize Saudi Myanmar 72 Algeria 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 75 China 24.9 742 / 2975 — — / — 71 Jamaica 23.5 4 17 Thailand Emirates 18 Mozambique 41.2 103 / 250 — — / — Philippines 15 South Africa* 48.3 14 29 Saint Kitts and Nevis Dominica Qatar Mali Niger c 73 Cabo Verde 25.0 18 / 72 — — / — ” Tunisia 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — 20 to 24.9% ” Slovenia 23.5 4 17 Guatemala Arabia Sudan 19 Argentina 40.9 105” / 257Turkmenistan40.3 29 / 72 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 16 Ethiopia 47.669 10 Egypt 21 24.2 8 33 Cambodia Bangladesh 77 Republic of Moldova 24.8 25 / 101 — — / — ” Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 23.5 8 34 Saint Lucia United Arab Oman 20 New Zealand 40.8 49 / 120 — — / — 20 to 24.9% 17 El Salvador* 47.170 8 Togo 17 24.0 6 25 GreenlandAntigua and Barbuda HondurasMauritania Yemen Micronesia 78 Somalia 24.4 67 / 275 24.1 13 / 54 Belize 74 Fiji 23.1 3 13 21 Belgium 40.7 6175 / 150China 45.0 27 / 60 24.9 742 / 2975 — — / — 18 Georgia 45.571 5 Jamaica 11 23.5 4 17 Saint Vincent Emirates Chad Philippines Jordan 79 Lithuania 24.1 34 / 141 — — / — ” Latvia 23.1 3 13 (Denmark)Dominica El Salvador Mali Niger c 22 Belarus 40.0 44” / 110Tunisia25.0 15 / 60 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — (Fed. States of) ” Seychelles 45.5” 5 Slovenia 11 23.5 4 17 Guatemala Sudan and the Grenadines Senegal Palau 80 Singapore 24.0 24 / 100 — — / — 76 Argentina* 22.7 5 22 Oman Bangladesh Burkina Eritrea ” North Macedonia 40.0 4877 / 120Republic— of Moldova— / — 24.8 25 / 101 — — / — 20 Netherlands 44.4” 8Venezuela 18 (Bolivarian Republic of) 23.5 8 34 Saint Lucia Nicaragua Grenada Yemen Gambia (The) Micronesia Marshall Islands 81 Armenia 23.5 31 / 132 — — / — Honduras 77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22.2 2 9 ” Portugal 40.0 9278 /230Somalia— — / — 24.4 67 / 275 24.1 13 / 54 (6) 21 Mozambique° 42.974 9 Fiji 21 23.1 3 13 Trinidad and Tobago Faso Djibouti 82 United States of America 23.4 101 / 431 25.0 25 / 100 ” Gambia (The) 22.2 4 18 Saint Vincent Chad Jordan 79 Lithuania35 to 39.9% 24.1 34 / 141 — — / — ” Norway 42.9” 9 Latvia 21 23.1 3 13 Costa Rica Guinea-Bissau (Fed. States of) 83 Israel 23.3 28 / 120 — — / — El Salvador ” Liberia 22.2 4 18 Senegal Venezuela Barbados Nigeria 25 Denmark 39.7 7180 / 179Singapore— — / — 24.0 24 / 100 — — / — ” Switzerland 42.976 3 Argentina* 7 22.7 5 22 and the Grenadines Burkina Eritrea South Palau ” Lesotho 23.3 28 / 120 21.9 7 / 32 ” Micronesia (Federated States of)* 22.2Grenada 2 9 Panama Guinea 26 France 39.5 22881 / 577Armenia33.3 116 / 348 23.5 31 / 132 — — / — 24 Portugal 42.177 8 Bosnia and 19 Herzegovina 22.2 2 9 Nicaragua Gambia (The) (Bolivarian c Marshall Islands 85 Malawi 22.9 44 / 192 — — / — ” Montenegro 22.2 4 18 Trinidad and TobagoIceland Norway Faso Guyana Djibouti Sudan Ethiopia 27 Ecuador Sri Lanka 39.4 5482 / 137United States— Brunei of —America / — (6) 23.4 101 / 431 25.0 25 / 100 25 Grenada* 41.7” 5 Gambia (The) 12 22.2 4 18 Republic of) 86 Guinea 22.8 26 / 114 — — / — Costa Rica 82 Cuba 21.9 7 32 Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Central African 28 Austria 39.3 7283 / 183Israel 37.7Darussalam23 / 61 23.3 28 / 120 — — / — 26 Angola 40.0” 12 Liberia 30 22.2 4 18 Venezuela Barbados Nigeria Suriname 87 Chile 22.6 35 / 155 23.3 10 / 43 ” Senegal 21.9 7 32 Sweden South 29 Ethiopia 38.8 212” / 547Lesotho32.0 49 / 153 23.3 28 / 120 21.9 7 / 32 ” Germany 40.0” 6Micronesia 15 (Federated States of)* 22.2 2 9 Panama Guinea Latvia Liberia Cameroon Rep. 88 Czechia 22.5 45 / 200 14.8 12 / 81 84 North Macedonia (Bolivarian21.7 5 23 c Benin 30 Timor-Leste 38.5 2585 / 65Malawi— — / — 22.9 44 / 192 — — / — ” Guyana 40.0” 8 Montenegro 20 22.2 4 18 Guyana Estonia Colombia Sudan Ethiopia Russian Federation Sri Lanka Brunei (4) ” Panama 22.5 16 / 71 — — / — Canada ” United Republic of Tanzania*Republic 21.7 of) 5 23 Lithuania Ghana Somalia 31 Dominica 38.1 886 / 21Guinea — — / — 22.8 26 / 114 — — / — ” Iceland 40.082 4 Cuba 10 21.9 7 32 Sierra Leone Central African Darussalam 90 Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 22.2 37 / 167 — — / — 86 Cabo Verde 21.4 3 14 Suriname Liechtenstein ” Iceland 38.1 2487 / 63Chile Malaysia— — / — 22.6 35 / 155 23.3 10 / 43 ” Liechtenstein 40.0” 2 Senegal 5 21.9 7 32 Belarus To g o Nauru Kiribati 91 Romania 21.9 72 / 329 14.7 20 / 136 ” Kuwait 21.4 3 14 Liberia Cameroon Rep. Côte d’Ivoire 33 Serbia 37.7 9388 / 247Czechia— — / — 22.5 45 / 200 14.8 12 / 81 8435 Northto 39.9% Macedonia 21.7 5 23 Benin Austria Kenya 92 Kenya 21.8 76 / 349 30.9 21 / 68 88 Congo Colombia 21.2 7 33 Czechia Finland 34 United Republic ofMaldives Tanzania 36.9 145” / 393Panama— — / — 22.5 16 / 71 — — / — 31 Ecuador 37.9” 11 United Republic 29 of Tanzania* 21.7 5 23 Ghana Somalia 93 Bosnia and Herzegovina 21.4 9 / 42 20.0 3 / 15 89 Botswana 21.1 4 19 Slovakia Equatorial Guinea Democratic 35 Burundi 36.4 4490 / 121Venezuela46.2 (Bolivarian18 / 39 Rep. of) 22.2 37 / 167 —Papua —New / — Guinea 32 Bulgaria 36.886 7 Cabo Verde 19 21.4 3 14 Malaysia 94 Seychelles 21.2 7 / 33 — — / — 90 Benin 20.8 5 24 To g o Nauru 36 Italy Kiribati 35.7 22591 / 630Romania34.4 110 / 320 21.9 72 / 329 14.7 20 / 136 33 Ukraine 35.3” 6 Kuwait 17 21.4 3 14 Côte d’Ivoire Slovenia Sao Tome and Principe ” Uruguay 21.2 21 / 99 29.0 9 / 31 ” Zimbabwe 20.8 5 24 Ecuador Kenya Republic of 92 Kenya30 to 34.9% 21.8 76 / 349 30.9 21 / 68 34 Mexico 35.088 7 Congo 20 21.2 7 33 Maldives 96 Honduras 21.1 27 / 128 — — / — 92 Central African Republic* 20.0 7United 35 Kingdom Ukraine Uganda 37 Uganda 34.9 16093 / 459Bosnia and— Herzegovina— / — 21.4 9 / 42 20.0 3 / 15 8930 Botswanato 34.9% 21.1 4 19 Equatorial Guinea the Congo Papua New Guinea 97 Equatorial Guinea 21.0 21 / 100 16.7 12 / 72 ” Croatia 20.0 4 20 Democratic 38 Guyana 34.8 2494 / 69Seychelles— — / — 21.2 7 / 33 — — / — Tuvalu 35 Chile* 33.390 8 Benin 24 20.8 5 24 Denmark Hungary Gabon Seychelles Singapore 98 Bangladesh 20.9 73 / 349 — — / — ” Mauritania 20.0 5Netherlands 25 Sao Tome and Principe 39 United Kingdom 33.8 220” / 650Uruguay27.2 216 / 795 21.2 21 / 99 29.0 9 / 31 ” Honduras* 33.3” 7 Zimbabwe 21 20.8 5 24 Republic of United Rep. ” Ireland 20.9 33 / 158 31.7 19 / 60 Ecuador” Monaco 20.0 1 5 Croatia Rwanda 40 El Salvador 33.3 2896 / 84Honduras— — / — 21.1 27 / 128 — — / — ” Italy 33.392 7 Central African 21 Republic* 20.0 7 35 Ireland Uganda Congo ” Monaco 33.3 8 / 24 — — / — 100 Ukraine 20.8 88 / 423 — — / — ” Sudan 20.0 4 20 Bosnia and Herzegovinathe Congo of Tanzania 97 Equatorial Guinea 21.0 21 / 100 16.7 12 / 72 ” Republic of Korea 33.3” 6 Croatia 18 20.0 4 20 Burundi Tuvalu” Netherlands 33.3 50 / 150 38.7 29 / 75 101 Greece 20.7 62 / 300 — — / — 15 to Belgium19.9% Gabon Brazil Seychelles Singapore Indonesia 98 Bangladesh 20.9 73 / 349 — — / — ” Sao Tome and Principe 33.3” 4 Mauritania 12 20.0 5 25 Pacific Ocean Poland Rep. of Moldova Kazakhstan 43 Nepal 32.7 90 / 275 37.3 22 / 59 ” Slovakia 20.7 31 / 150 — — / — 97 Serbia 19.0 4 21 United Rep. ” Ireland 20.9 33 / 158 31.7 19 / 60 ” Trinidad and Tobago 33.3” 7 Monaco 21 20.0 1 5 Luxembourg Rwanda 44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 Timor-Leste 103 Morocco 20.5 81 / 395 11.7 14 / 120 98 Malaysia 18.5 5 27 Germany Congo Romania 100 Ukraine 20.8 88 / 423 — — / — Solomon Islands 104 Indonesia 20.3 117 / 575 — — / — ” Uganda 33.3” 10 Sudan 30 20.0 4 20 of Tanzania Angola 45 Zimbabwe 31.9 86101 / 270Greece43.8 35 / 80 20.7 62 / 300 — — / — ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 ” Somalia* 18.5 5Brazil 27 Georgia BurundiMongolia Indonesia 46 San Marino 31.7 19 / 60 — — / — ” Mauritania 20.3 31 / 153 — — / — 15 to 19.9% Pacific Ocean 100 Timor-Leste* 18.2 2 11 Serbia Peru ” Slovakia 20.7 31 / 150 — — / — 106 Pakistan 20.2 69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 43 Zambia 32.397 10 Serbia 31 19.0 4 21 Armenia 47 Suriname 31.4 16 / 51 — — / — 101 Eritrea* 17.6 3 17 Timor-Leste 103 Morocco 20.5 81 / 395 11.7 14 / 120 Samoa 107 Barbados 20.0 6 / 30 42.9 9 / 21 44 Denmark 31.698 6 Malaysia 19 18.5 5 27 France Montenegro Zambia Solomon48 Germany Islands 31.2 221 / 709 36.2 25 / 69 ” Romania 17.6 3 17 Azerbaijan 104 Indonesia 20.3 117 / 575 — — / — ” Cambodia 20.0 25 / 125 16.1 10 / 62 ” Eswatini 31.6” 6 Somalia* 19 18.5 5 27 Angola 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 180 26.0 26 / 100 ” Suriname 17.6 3Switzerland 17 ” Mauritania 20.3 31 / 153 — — / — ” Mauritius 20.0 14 / 70 — — / — ” Lebanon 31.6100 6 Timor-Leste* 19 18.2 2 11 50 TrinidadIndian and Tobago Ocean 31.0 13106 / 42Pakistan38.7 12 / 31 20.2 69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 104 Democratic Republic of thePeru Congo 17.4 8 46 Bulgaria Bolivia ” Saint Kitts and Nevis 20.0 3 / 15 ” Panama 31.6101 6 Eritrea* 19 17.6 3 17 Italy Japan 51 Australia Samoa 30.5 46107 / 151Barbados48.7 37 / 76 20.0 6 / 30 42.9 9 / 21 United States of America ” Dominican Republic 17.4 4 23 ZambiaUzbekistan 15 to 19.9% 48 Dominica 31.3” 5 Romania 16 17.6 3 17 (Plurinational Zimbabwe 52 Angola 30.0 66” / 220Cambodia— — / — 20.0 25 / 125 16.1 10 / 62 ” Poland 17.4 4Monaco 23 Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 111 Saudi Arabia 19.9 30 / 151 — — / — 49 United Kingdom 30.4” 7 Suriname 23 17.6 3 17 North Macedonia State of) Comoros ” Latvia 30.0 30” / 100Mauritius— — / — 20.0 14 / 70 — — / — ” United States of America* 17.4 4 23 Kyrgyzstan Indian Ocean Vanuatu 112 Cyprus 19.6 11 / 56 — — / — 50 Madagascar 30.0104 6Democratic 20 Republic of the Congo 17.4 8 46 Bolivia NamibiaRepublic of Korea ” Luxembourg 30.0 18” / 60Saint Kitts— and Nevis— / — 20.0 3 / 15 108 Sierra Leone 17.2 5San 29 Marino Mauritius (5) ” Fiji 19.6 10 / 51 — — / — ” New Zealand 30.0” 6 Dominican 20 Republic 17.4 4 23 Spain Tajikistan ” Peru 30.0 39 / 130 — — / — 15 to 19.9% 109 Israel (Plurinational16.7 4 24 Albania TurkmenistanZimbabwe 114 Croatia 19.2 29 / 151 — — / — 25” Polandto 29.9% 17.4 4 23 Malawi 111 Saudi 25Arabia to 29.9% 19.9 30 / 151 — — / — ” Samoa* 16.7State of) 2 12 Tu rke y Comoros Botswana Fiji ” Kyrgyzstan 19.2 23 / 120 — — / — 52 Luxembourg 29.4” 5 United States 17 of America* 17.4 4 23 Greece Paraguay Jammu and Kashmir* Vanuatu 56 Montenegro 29.6 24112 / 81Cyprus — — / — 19.6 11 / 56 — — / — ” Singapore 16.7 3 18 Namibia Atlantic Ocean Mozambique 116 Guatemala 19.0 30 / 158 — — / — ” Paraguay 29.4108 5 Sierra Leone 17 17.2 5 29 Andorra Mauritius 57 Albania 29.5 36” / 122Fiji — — / — 19.6 10 / 51 — — / — ” UnitedBahamas Arab Emirates 16.7 4 24 China ” Tajikistan 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 7 / 32 54 Czechia 28.6109 4 Israel 14 16.7 4 24 58 Canada 29.0 98114 / 338Croatia48.5 48 / 99 19.2 29 / 151 — — / — 113 Japan 15.8 3Portugal 19 Cyprus Malawi Madagascar 118 Togo 18.7 17 / 91 — — / — 55 Australia 26.7” 8 Samoa* 30 16.7 2 12 Syrian ArabBotswana Rep. Eswatini 59 FijiEstonia 28.7 29” / 101Kyrgyzstan— — / — 19.2 23 / 120 — — / — ” MoroccoCuba Paraguay 15.8 3 19 119 Colombia 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 23 / 106 ” Ireland 26.7” 4 Singapore 15 16.7 3 18 Atlantic Ocean Afghanistan ” Poland 28.7 132116 / 460Guatemala24.0 24 / 100 19.0 30 / 158 — — / — 115 South Sudan* 15.6 5Malta 32 Mozambique Australia 120 Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 17.6 121 / 687 — — / — ” Slovakia 26.7” 4 United Arab 15 Emirates 16.7 4 24 Jamaica Lebanon 61 South Sudan 28.5 109” / 383Tajikistan12.0 6 / 50 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 7 / 32 Tonga 116 Antigua and Barbuda* 15.4 2 13 Iran 121 Jamaica 17.5 11 / 63 23.8 5 / 21 58 Barbados 26.1113 6 Japan 23 15.8 3 19 Tunisia Iraq Madagascar Lesotho 62 Philippines 28.0 85118 / 304Togo 29.2 7 / 24 18.7 17 / 91 — — / — ” CyprusHaiti 15.4 2 13 Israel (Islamic Rep. of) Eswatini Bhutan 122 Mongolia 17.3 13 / 75 — — / — ” Burundi 26.1” 6 Morocco 23 15.8 3 19 Morocco a 63 Dominican Republic 27.9 53119 / 190Colombia9.4 3 / 32 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 23 / 106 ” Hungary 15.4 2 13 a South ” Republic of Korea 17.3 51 / 295 — — / — ” Gabon 26.1115 6 South Sudan* 23 15.6 5 32 Dominican Republic Australia 64 Slovenia 27.8 25120 / 90Dem. People’s10.0 Rep.4 / of40 Korea 17.6 121 / 687 — — / — ” Saint Lucia* 15.4 2 13 Tonga ” Turkey 17.3 102 / 589 — — / — ” Kenya 26.1116 6 Antigua and 23 Barbuda* 15.4 2 13 Africa 65 Lao People’s Dem. Republic 27.5 41121 / 149Jamaica— — / — 17.5 11 / 63 23.8 5 / 21 120 Algeria*° 15.2 5 33 Lesotho 125 Niger 17.0 29 / 171 — — / — 62 Chad 25.9” 7 Cyprus 27 15.4 2 13 Algeria Nepal 66 Kazakhstan 27.1 29122 / 107Mongolia10.6 5 / 47 17.3 13 / 75 — — / — Mexico 10 to 14.9% Libya Pakistan Uruguay 126 Azerbaijan 16.8 20 / 119 — — / — ” Maldives 25.9” 7 Hungary 27 15.4 2 13 South 67 Afghanistan 27.0 67” / 248 Republic27.9 of Korea19 / 68 17.3 51 / 295 — — / — 121 Cameroon* 14.9 7 47 68 Bulgaria 26.7 64 / 240 — — / — ” Zambia 16.8 28 / 167 — — / — 64 Belgium 25.0” 3 Saint Lucia* 12 15.4 2 13 Egypt ” Turkey 17.3 102 / 589 — — / — 128 Saint Lucia 16.7 3 / 18 27.3 3 / 11 122 Namibia 14.8 4Western 27 Sahara Africa ” Viet Nam 26.7 132125 / 494Niger — — / — 17.0 29 / 171 — — / — ” Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 25.0120 5 Algeria*° 20 15.2 5 33 Kuwait Lao People’s Dem. Republic 129 Paraguay 16.3 13 / 80 20.0 9 / 45 ” Ghana 25.0 5 20 123 Burkina Faso 14.3 4 28 Uruguay 70 Iraq 26.4 87126 / 329Azerbaijan— — / — 16.8 20 / 119 — — / — 10 to 14.9% ” Estonia 14.3 2 14 71 Djibouti 26.2 17 / 65 — — / — 130 Thailand 16.2 81 / 500 10.4 26 / 250 ” Mali 25.0121 9 Cameroon* 36 14.9 7 47 Argentina India Viet Nam ” Zambia 16.8 28 / 167 — — / — ” Indonesia 14.3 5 35 Bahrain 72 Algeria 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 131 Libya 16.0 30 / 188 — — / — ” Palau 25.0122 2 Namibia 8 14.8 4 27 Cabo Verde SaudiChile Myanmar 128 Saint Lucia 16.7 3 / 18 27.3 3 / 11 ” Nauru 14.3 1 7 Thailand About this map 73 Cabo Verde 25.0 18 / 72 — — / — 132 Madagascar 15.9 24 / 151 19.4 12 / 62 12320 Burkinato 24.9% Faso 14.3 4 28 Saint Kitts and Nevis Qatar 129 Paraguay 16.3 13 / 80 20.0 9 / 45 127 Jordan 13.8 4 29 Arabia ” Turkmenistan 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 133 Russian Federation 15.8 71 / 450 17.1 29 / 170 69 Egypt 24.2” 8 Estonia 33 14.3 2 14 The colour coding of the countriesCambodia reflects the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world 130 Thailand 16.2 81 / 500 10.4 26 / 250 134 Chad 15.4 25 / 162 — — / — 128 Guatemala Antigua and Barbuda13.3Argentina 2 15 United Arab 20 to 24.9% 70 Togo 24.0” 6 Indonesia 25 14.3 5 35 Mauritania 131 Libya 16.0 30 / 188 — — / — ” Jordan 15.4 20 / 130 15.4 10 / 65 Belize ” Syrian Arab RepublicChile 13.3 4 30 ranking of women in parliament onPhilippines the right-hand side of the map. A world ranking of women in ministerial positions is on the left-hand side of 75the map.China 24.9 742 / 2975 — — / — 71 Jamaica 23.5” 4 Nauru 17 14.3 1 7 AboutEmirates this map 132 Madagascar 15.9 24 / 151 19.4 12 / 62 136 Egypt 15.1 90 / 596 — — / — 130 Djibouti Dominica 13.0 3 23 Mali Niger c ” Tunisia 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — ” Slovenia 23.5127 4 Jordan 17 13.8 4 29 Guatemala Sudan All data reflects the situation on 1 January 2020. As the source of the data presented here, Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsible for the criteria applied in displaying the information. 133 Russian Federation 15.8 71 / 450 17.1 29 / 170 137 Bahrain 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 131 Russian Federation 12.9 4 31 The colour coding of the countries reflects the percentage of women in unicameralOman parliaments or in the lower houseBangladesh of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world 77 Republic of Moldova 24.8 25134 / 101Chad — — / — 15.4 25 / 162 — — / — ” Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 23.5128 8 Guatemala 34 13.3 2 15 Saint Lucia Micronesia 10 to 14.9% Honduras 132 Côte d’Ivoire* 12.8 6 47 Yemen The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN78 WomenSomalia or of the 24.4 67” / 275Jordan24.1 13 / 54 15.4 20 / 130 15.4 10 / 65 74 Fiji 23.1” 3 Syrian Arab 13 Republic 13.3 4 30 ranking of women in parliament on the right-hand side of the map. A world ranking of women in ministerial positions is on the left-hand side of the map. 138 Bhutan 14.9 7 / 47 16.0 4 / 25 ” Niger Saint Vincent 12.8 5 39 Chad Jordan Inter-Parliamentary Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of79 its frontiersLithuania or boundaries. 24.1 34136 / 141Egypt — — / — 15.1 90 / 596 — — / — ” Latvia 23.1130 3 Djibouti 13 13.0 3 23 El Salvador Senegal (Fed. States of) 139 Gabon 14.8 21 / 142 18.0 18 / 100 134 India and the Grenadines12.5 3 24 All data reflects the situation on 1 January 2020. As the source of the data presented here, Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsible for the criteria applied in displaying the information. Palau 80 Singapore 24.0 24137 / 100Bahrain— — / — 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 76 Argentina* 22.7131 5 Russian Federation 22 12.9 4 31 Burkina Eritrea b * Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed 140 Brazil 14.6 75 / 513 13.6 11 / 81 Nicaragua Grenada” Mauritius 12.5 3Gambia 24 (The) Falkland Islands Marshall Islands 81 Armenia 23.5 31 / 132 — — / — 10 to 14.9% 77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22.2132 2 Côte d’Ivoire* 9 12.8 6 47 The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN Women or of the (6) 141 Sao Tome and Principe 14.5 8 / 55 — — / — 136 Pakistan Trinidad and Tobago12.0 3 25 Faso Djibouti upon by the parties. 82 United States of America 23.4 101138 / 431Bhutan25.0 25 / 100 14.9 7 / 47 16.0 4 / 25 ” Gambia (The) 22.2” 4 Niger 18 12.8 5 39 Inter-Parliamentary Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area(Malvinas) or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 142 India 14.4 78 / 543 10.4 25 / 240 Costa Rica 137 Malta Women11.8 in 2 Guinea-Bissau 17 83 Israel 23.3 28139 / 120Gabon — Women— / — 14.8 in 21parliament / 142 18.0 18 / 100 ” Liberia 22.2134 4 India 18 12.5 3 24 Venezuela Barbados Nigeria South a State of Palestine (women in ministerial positions: 3/23 = 13%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislative Council was dissolved in December 2018). ” Malaysia 14.4 32 / 222 19.1 13 / 68 ” Turkey 11.8 2 17 b * Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed ” Lesotho 23.3 28140 / 120Brazil 21.9 The7 countries/ 32 are ranked14.6 and colour-coded75 / 513 according13.6 to the percentage11 / 81 ” Micronesia (Federated States of)* 22.2” 2 Mauritius 9 12.5 3 24 Panama GuineaFalkland Islands 144 Georgia 14.1 21 / 149 — — / — (Bolivarian139 Greece 11.1 2 18 c b A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty85 overMalawi the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).22.9 44141 / 192Sao Tome— and Principeof— women / — in unicameral14.5 parliaments8 /or 55 the lower house— of parliament,— / — ” Montenegro 22.2136 4 Pakistan 18 12.0 3 25 Guyana upon by the parties.Sudan Ethiopia Sri Lanka Brunei 145 Guinea-Bissau 13.7 14 / 102 — — / — Republic of)” Lao People’sministerial Democratic Republic 11.1 positions 3Sierra 27 Leone(Malvinas) 86 Guinea 22.8 26142 / 114India — — / —reflecting elections/appointments14.4 78 / 543 up to 1 10.4January 2020.25New / 240 Zealand 82 Cuba 21.9137 7 Malta 32 11.8 2 17 Central African Darussalamc Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. 146 Burkina Faso 13.4 17 / 127 — — / — ” Malawi The countriesSuriname are ranked according11.1 to the percentage 2 of women 18 in a State of Palestine (women in ministerial positions: 3/23 = 13%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislative Council was dissolved in December 2018). 87 Chile 22.6 35” / 155Malaysia23.3 Rank10 Country/ 43 14.4 32Lower / 222 or single house19.1 Upper house13 / or 68 Senate ” Senegal 21.9” 7 Turkey 32 11.8 2 17 Rep. ” Malta 13.4 9 / 67 — — / — ” Oman ministerial positions, reflecting 11.1appointments up 3 to 1 JanuaryLiberia 2020. 27 Cameroon 88 Czechia 22.5 45144 / 200Georgia14.8 12 / 81 14.1 %21 Wo /men 149 Women/Seats— % Women —Wo / men/Seats— 84 North Macedonia 21.7139 5 Greece 23 11.1 2 18 Benin b A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland© Inter-Parliamentary Islands (Malvinas). Union, 2020 50 to 65% 148 Ghana 13.1 36 / 275 — — / — Colombia ” Republic of Moldova 11.1 1 9 ” Panama 22.5 16145 / 71Guinea-Bissau— — / — 13.7 14 / 102 — — / — ” United Republic of Tanzania* 21.7 5 23 Rank Country % Women Women TotalGhana ministers ‡ SomaliaWomen in Politics: 2020New Zealand 1 Rwanda 61.3 49 / 80 38.5 10 / 26 149 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13.0 3 / 23 — — / — ” Lao People’s Democratic Republic 11.1 3 27 c Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. 90 Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 22.2 37 / 167 — — / — ” Saint Kitts and Nevis* 11.1 160 to 69.9% 9 Malaysia 146 Burkina Faso 2 Cuba 13.4 1753.2 / 127 322 / 605— — — /— — / — 86 Cabo Verde 21.4” 3 Malawi 14 11.1 2 18 Contacts: (1) 150 Bahamas 12.8 5 / 39 43.8 7 / 16 145 Guinea* 1 Spain° 10.866.7 4 10To g 15 37o Côte d’Ivoire Nauru Kiribati 91 Romania 21.9 72” / 329Malta 14.7 320 Bolivia/ 136 (Plurinational13.4 State of) 953.1 / 67 69 / 130— 47.2 — /17 — / 36 ” Kuwait 21.4” 3 Oman 14 11.1 3 27 4 United Arab Emirates 50.0 20 / 40 — — / — ” Dem. Republic of the Congo 12.8 64 / 500 21.1 23 / 109 146 Nepal 2 Finland 10.561.1 2 11 18 19 © Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020 Kenya 92 Kenya 21.8 76148 / 349Ghana30.9 21 / 68 13.1 36 / 275 — — / — 88 Congo 21.2” 7 Republic of 33 Moldova 11.1 1 9 50 to 59.9% Maldives Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality 40 to 49.9% 152 Palau 12.5 2 / 16 15.4 2 / 13 147 Nigeria 10.3 3 29 Papua New Guinea 93 Bosnia and Herzegovina 21.4 1499 / 42Saint Vincent20.0 and5 the3 Mexico/ Grenadines15 13.0 348.2 / 23 241 / 500— 49.2 — 63/ — / 128 89 Botswana 21.1” 4 Saint Kitts 19 and Nevis* 11.1 1 9 3 Nicaragua* 58.8 10 17 Equatorial Guinea Democratic Situation on 1 JanuaryE-mail: [email protected] 2020 and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) 153 Syrian Arab Republic 12.4 31 / 250 — — / — 148 Bhutan 4 Colombia 10.057.9 1 11 19 10 Contacts: 94 Seychelles 21.2 1507 / 33Bahamas— 6—Nicaragua / — 12.8 547.3 / 39 43 / 9143.8 — 7 /— 16 / — 90 Benin 20.8145 5 Guinea* 24 10.8 4 37 www.ipu.org www.unwomen.org ” Uruguay 21.2 21 / 99 29.0 7 9 Sweden/ 31 47.0 164 / 349 — — / — 154 Liberia 12.3 9 / 73 3.3 1 / 30 ” Marshall Islands°5 Austria° 10.057.1 1 8 14 10 Sao Tome and Principe Republic of ” Dem. Republic of the Congo 12.8 64 / 500 21.1 23 / 109 ” Sierra Leone 12.3 18 / 146 — — / — ” Zimbabwe 20.8146 5 Nepal 24 10.5 2 19 Ecuador 6 Peru 55.0 11 20 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Entity for Gender Equality 96 Honduras 21.1 27152 / 128Palau — 8—Grenada / — 12.5 246.7 / 16 7 / 1515.4 30.8 2 / 413 / 13 ” San Marino7 Sweden 10.054.5 1 12 22 10 Uganda 9 Andorra 46.4 13 / 28 — — / — 156 Hungary 12.1 24 / 199 — — / — 92 Central African Republic* 20.0147 7 Nigeria 35 10.3 3 29 the Congo 97 Equatorial Guinea 21.0 21 / 100 16.7 12 / 72 (2) 8 Rwanda 53.6 155 to 9.9% 28 E-mail: [email protected] and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) 153 Syrian Arab Republic10 South Africa 12.4 3146.3 / 250 184 / 397— 38.9 — /21 — / 54 157 Côte d’Ivoire 12.0 30 / 251 19.2 19 / 99 ” Croatia 20.0148 4 Bhutan 20 10.0 1 10 Gabon Tuvalu 98 Bangladesh 20.9 73 / 349 — 11—Finland / — 46.0 92 / 200 — — / — 151 Afghanistan9~ Albania 9.753.3 3 8 15 31 www.ipu.org www.unwomen.org Seychelles Singapore 154 Liberia 12.3 9 / 73 3.3 1 / 30 ” Liechtenstein 12.0 3 / 25 — — / — ” Mauritania 20.0” 5 Marshall Islands° 25 10.0 1 10 10 France 52.9 9 17 United Rep. ” Ireland 20.9 33 / 158 31.7 1219Costa / 60 Rica 45.6 26 / 57 — — / — 152 Kyrgyzstan 9.5 2 21 ” Sierra Leone 13 Spain 12.3 1844.0 / 146 154 / 350— 39.0 —103 / — / 264 159 Congo 11.3 17 / 151 18.8 13 / 69 ” Monaco 20.0” 1 San Marino 5 10.0 1 10 11 Andorra 50.0 6 12 Congo Rwanda 100 Ukraine 20.8 88 / 423 — — / — 24 / 199 — / — 153 Cambodia*” Canada 9.450.0 3 18 36 32 156 Hungary 14 Senegal 12.1 43.0 71 / 165— — — / — ” Sudan 20.0 4 20 of Tanzania 15 Namibia(3) 42.7 41 / 96 19.0 8 / 42 160 Antigua and Barbuda 11.1 2 / 18 52.9 9 / 17 5 to 9.9% ” Costa Rica* 50.0 12 24 101 Greece 20.7 62157 / 300Côte d’Ivoire— — / — 12.0 30 / 251 19.2 19 / 99 154 Brazil Brazil 9.1 2 22 Burundi Indonesia 16 Switzerland 41.5 83 / 200 26.1 12 / 46 ” Myanmar 11.1 48 / 432 12.1 27 / 223 15115 Afghanistanto 19.9%~ 9.7 3 31 ” Guinea-Bissau 50.0 8 16 ” Slovakia 20.7 31 / 150 — — / — Pacific Ocean 155 Philippines* 8.6 3 35 ” Liechtenstein 17 Norway 12.0 341.4 / 25 70 / 169— — — —/ — / — 162 Botswana 10.8 7 / 65 — — / — 97 Serbia 19.0152 4 Kyrgyzstan 21 9.5 2 21 40 to 49.9% 103 Morocco 20.5 81 / 395 11.7 14 / 120 156 Comoros* 8.3 1 12 Timor-Leste 159 Congo 18 Mozambique 11.3 1741.2 / 151 103 / 25018.8 — 13 /— 69 / — 163 Nauru 10.5 2 / 19 — — / — 98 Malaysia 18.5153 5 Cambodia* 27 9.4 3 32 15 South Africa* 48.3 14 29 Solomon Islands 104 Indonesia 20.3 117 / 575 — 19—Argentina / — 40.9 105 / 257 40.3 29 / 72 ” Tonga* 16 Ethiopia 8.347.6 1 10 21 12 Portfolios held by Women Ministers Women in the highest positions of State 160 Antigua andWorld Barbuda 11.1 and2 / 18 52.9 regional9 / 17 averages 164 Samoa 10.0 5 / 50 — — / — ” Somalia* 18.5154 5 Brazil 27 9.1 2 22 Angola Greenland ” Mauritania 20.3 31 / 153 — 20—New / — Zealand 40.8 49 / 120 — — / — 158 Uzbekistan17 El Salvador* 8.047.1 2 8 17 25 ” Myanmar 21 Belgium 11.1 4840.7 / 432 61 / 15012.1 45.0 27 /27 223 / 60 5 to 9.9% 100 Timor-Leste* 18.2155 2 Philippines* 11 8.6 3 35 Peru 18 Georgia 45.5 5 11 (Denmark) 106 Pakistan 20.2 69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 159 Bangladesh 7.7 2 26 (1451 portfolios in 190 countries) 162 Botswana 22 Belarus 10.8 740.0 / 65 44 / 110— 25.0 — /15 — / 60 165 Japan 9.9 46 / 464 22.9 56 / 245 101 Eritrea* 17.6156 3 Comoros* 17 8.3 1 12 ” Seychelles 45.5 5 11 Samoa 107 Barbados 20.0 1636 / 30 Nauru 42.9 ” 9 North/ 21 Macedonia 10.5 240.0 / 19 48 / 120— — — —/ — / — ” Lithuania 20 Netherlands 7.744.4 1 8 18 13 Zambia 166 Qatar 9.8 4 / 41 — — / — ” Romania 17.6” 3 Tonga* 17 8.3 1 12 Portfolios held by Women Ministers Women in the highest positions of State World and regional averages” Cambodia 20.0 25164 / 125Samoa16.1 ” 10Portugal / 62 10.0 540.0 / 50 92 /230— — — —/ — / — 21 Mozambique° 42.9 9 21 of women35 to in39.9% parliament 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 167 Eswatini 9.6 7 / 73 33.3 10 / 30 ” Suriname 17.6158 3 Uzbekistan 17 8.0 2 25 ” Norway 42.9 9 21 112 Family / Children / Youth / Elderly / Disabled ” Mauritius 20.0 14 / 70 — — / — 5 to 9.9% 162 Armenia 7.1 1 14 Indian Ocean 25 Denmark 39.7 71 / 179 — — / — 168 Mali 9.5 14 / 147 — — / — 104 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.4159 8 Bangladesh 46 7.7 2 26 Bolivia(1451 portfolios” Switzerland in 190 countries)42.9 3 7 112 1 ” Saint Kitts and Nevis 20.0 1653 / 15 Japan 26 France 9.9 4639.5 / 464 228 / 57722.9 33.3 56 116/ 245 / 348 ” Equatorial 24Guinea Portugal 7.142.1 2 8 19 28 Social Affairs 169 Belize 9.4 3 / 32 21.4 3 / 14 ” Dominican Republic 17.4” 4 Lithuania 23 7.7 1 13 (Plurinational Iceland Norway Women heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) 166 Qatar15 to 2719.9%Ecuador 9.8 439.4 / 41 54 / 137— — — —/ — / — ” Qatar 25 Grenada* 7.141.7 1 5 12 14 Zimbabwe 103 28 Austria 39.3 72 / 183 37.7 23 / 61 170 Brunei Darussalam 9.1 3 / 33 — — / — ” Poland 17.4 4 23 26 Angola 40.0 12 30 Environment / Natural Resources / Energy of women in parliament111 Saudi Arabia 19.9 30 / 151 — — / — 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 Sweden 167 Eswatini 9.6 7 / 73 33.3 10 / 30 State 165of) Tunisia~ 1126.9Family 2 / Children 29 / Youth / Elderly / Disabled Comoros Latvia 29 Ethiopia 38.8 212 / 547 32.0 49 / 153 171 Central African Republic 8.6 12 / 140 — — / — ” United States of America* 17.4162 4 Armenia 23 7.1 1 14 ” Germany 40.0 6 15 88 Employment / Labour / Vocational Training Vanuatu 112 Cyprus 19.6 11168 / 56Mali — 30—Timor-Leste / — 9.5 1438.5 / 147 25 / 65— — — —/ — / —Single house Upper house Both houses 166 Bahamas ” Guyana 1126.740.0 1 8 20 15 Namibia 1 Estonia Lithuania and womenRussian Federation heads of government (12/193 = 6.2%) (4) ” Gambia (The) 8.6 5 / 58 — — / — 108 Sierra Leone 17.2” 5 Equatorial 29 Guinea 7.1 2 28 Social Affairs Canada Mauritius ” Fiji 19.6 10169 / 51Belize — 31—Dominica / — 9.4 338.1 / 32 8 / 2121.4 — 3 /— 14 / — ” Mongolia ” Iceland 6.740.0 1 4 10 15 80 WomenWomen’s heads Affairs of / stateGender Equality (10/152 = 6.6%) ” Iceland 38.1 24 / 63 — — / or— lower house or Senate combined 173 Tonga 7.4 2 / 27 — — / — 109 Israel 16.7” 4 Qatar 24 7.1 1 14 ” Liechtenstein 103 40.0 2 5 Belarus Liechtenstein 114 Croatia 19.2 29170 / 151Brunei Darussalam— — / — 9.1 3 / 33 — — / — 168 China* 6.5Environment 2 31 / Natural Resources / Energy Botswana 79 Malawi 33 Serbia 37.7 93 / 247 — — / — 174 Benin 7.2 6 / 83 — — / — ” Samoa* 16.7165 2 Tunisia~ 12 6.9 2 29 35 to 39.9% Culture Finland Austria Bangladesh (HG), Barbados (HG), Belgium (HG), Bolivia (PlurinationalFiji State of) (HS/HG), Denmark (HG),” Kyrgyzstan Estonia (HS), 19.2 23171 / 120Central —African34 Republic—United / — Republic of Tanzania8.6 1236.9 / 140 145 / 393— — — —/ — / — Paraguay ” Iran (Islamic8831 Republic Ecuador of)* 6.537.9Employment 2 11 29 31 / Labour / Vocational Training Czechia Single house Upper house Both houses 175 Kiribati 6.5 3 / 46 — — / — ” Singapore 16.7166 3 Bahamas 18 6.7 1 15 Atlantic Ocean 79 and womenTrade headsMozambique / Industry of government (12/193 = 6.2%) Slovakia 116 Guatemala 19.0 30” / 158GambiaWorld —(The) 35 —averagesBurundi / — 8.6 536.4 / 58 44 / 121— 46.2 — /18 — / 39 24.9% 24.7% 24.9% 17080 Belize* 32 Bulgaria 6.336.8 1 7 19 16 Ethiopia (HS), Finland (HG), Georgia (HS), Germany (HG), Icelandor lower(HG), Nepalhouse (HS),or New Senate Zealand (HG),” combinedTajikistan Norway (HG), 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 367 Italy/ 32 35.7 225 / 630 34.4 110 / 320 176 Kuwait 6.3 4 / 63 — — / — ” United Arab Emirates 16.7” 4 Mongolia 24 6.7 1 15 33 Ukraine 35.3Women’s 6 Affairs 17 / Gender Equality 76 Slovenia 173 Tonga 7.4 2 / 27 — 30 to— 34.9% / — ” Tuvalu 6.3 1 / 16 — — / — ” Sri Lanka° 34 Mexico 6.335.0 1 7 20 16 EducationMadagascar 118 Togo 18.7 17 / 91 — — / — 113 Japan 15.8168 3 China* 19 6.5 2 31 79 Bangladesh (HG), BarbadosEswatini (HG), Belgium (HG),United Bolivia Kingdom (Plurinational State of) (HS/HG), Denmark (HG), Estonia (HS),Ukraine 174 Benin 37 Uganda 7.2 634.9 / 83 160 / 459— — — —/ — / — 2 / 33 — / — ” Yemen 6.3Culture 230 to 34.9% 32 73 San Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia (HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago119 Colombia (HS) 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 3823 Guyana/ 106 34.8 24 / 69 — — / — 178 Comoros 6.1 — ” Morocco 15.8” 3 Iran (Islamic 19 Republic of)* 6.5 2 31 Public Works / Territorial Planning Denmark Hungary 175 KiribatiRegional averages6.5 3 / 46 — — / — 17379 Tajikistan 35 Chile* 5.933.3Trade 1 8 / Industry 24 17 Netherlands AustraliaWorld averages 24.9% 24.7% 120 24.9%Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 17.6 121 / 687 — 39—United / — Kingdom 33.8 220 / 650 27.2 216 / 795 ” Marshall Islands 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 115 South Sudan* 15.6170 5 Belize* 32 6.3 1 16 ” Honduras* 33.3 7 21 61 Ethiopia (HS), Finland (HG), Georgia (HS), Germany (HG), Iceland (HG), Nepal (HS), New Zealand (HG), Norway (HG), 176 Kuwait 40 El Salvador 6.3 433.3 / 63 28 / 84— — — —/ — / — 174 Kazakhstan 5.0 1 20 ResearchIreland and Development / Science and Technology Croatia Tonga ” Solomon Islands 6.1 3 / 49 — — / — 116 Antigua and Barbuda* 15.4” 2 Sri Lanka° 13 6.3 1 16 76 ” Italy 33.3Education 7 21 Lesotho * 121 Jamaica 17.5 11” / 63Tuvalu23.8 ” 5 Monaco/ 21 6.3 133.3 / 16 8 / 24 — — — —/ — / — ” Solomon Islands*” Republic of Korea 5.033.3 1 6 18 20 60 Bosnia and Herzegovina Regions* are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments 181 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 5.9 17 / 289 — — / — ” Cyprus 15.4” 2 Yemen 13 6.3 2 32 San Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), SingaporeForeign (HS),Belgium Slovakia Affairs (including (HS), Switzerland Development (HS/HG), Assistance) Trinidad Polandand Tobago (HS) Women speakers of parliament (57/278 = 20.5%) 122 Mongolia 17.3 13178 / 75Comoros— ”—Netherlands / — 6.1 233.3 / 33 50 / 150— 38.7 — /29 — / 75 73 ” Sao Tome and Principe 33.3Public2 4 Worksto 4.9% 12 / Territorial Planning Rep. of Moldova KazakhstanRegional averages ” Republic of Korea 17.3 51 / 295 — 43—Nepal / — 32.7 90 / 275 37.3 22 / 59 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 12 / 225 — — / — ” Hungary 15.4173 2 Tajikistan 13 5.9 1 17 ” Trinidad and Tobago 33.3 7 21 56South Luxembourg ” Marshallor the Islands lower house of parliament.6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 176 Iraq 4.5 1 22 Home Affairs / Immigration (including IntegrationGermany and refugees) Romania 44 Uzbekistan 32.0 48 / 150 17.0 17 / 100 0.1 to 4.9% ” Saint Lucia* 15.4174 2 Kazakhstan 13 5.0 1 20 61 ” Uganda 33.3Research 10 and 30 Development / Science and Technology ” Turkey 17.3 102” / 589Solomon— Islands45—Zimbabwe / — 6.1 331.9 / 49 86 / 270— 43.8 — /35 — / 80 177 Bahrain 4.3 1 23 50 Africa Agriculture / Food / Forestry / Fishing Andorra,Georgia Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas,Mongolia Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia 183 Lebanon 4.7 6 / 128 — — / — 120 Algeria*° 15.2” 5 Solomon Islands* 33 5.0 1 20 60 ” Uruguay 33.3 5 15 * Serbia Regions* are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in unicameral125 parliamentsNiger 17.0 29181 / 171Iran (Islamic— Republic46—San / — Marinoof) 5.9 1731.7 / 289 19 / 60— — — /— — / — 178 Myanmar 43 Zambia 3.832.3Foreign 1 10 Affairs 31 26 (including Development Assistance) 47 Women speakers of parliament (57/278 = 20.5%) Armenia 126 Azerbaijan 16.8 20 / 119 Nordic— 47countries—Suriname / — 31.4 16 / 51 — — / — 43.9% — — 184 Maldives 4.6 4 / 87 — — / — 10 to 14.9% 2 to 4.9% 44 Denmark Uruguay 31.6 6 19 Health France Montenegro 182 Sri Lanka 48 Germany 5.3 1231.2 / 225 221 / 709— 36.2 — /25 — / 69 56 179 Turkmenistan 3.7Home 1 Affairs 27 / Immigration (including Integration and refugees) (PlurinationalAzerbaijanor State the lowerof), Bosnia house and of parliament.Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica,” Zambia Equatorial 16.8 28 / 167 — — / — 185 Nigeria 3.4 12 / 350 7.3 8 / 109 121 Cameroon* 14.9176 7 Iraq 47 4.5 1 22 ” Eswatini 31.6 6 19 40 HousingSwitzerland / Urban Affairs 49 Cameroon 31.1 56 / 1800.1 26.0to 4.9%26 / 100 186 Haiti 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10 122 Namibia 14.8 4 27 50 Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 180 Belarus ” Lebanon 3.431.6Agriculture 1 6 19/ 29 Food / Forestry / Fishing Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia Bulgaria 128 Saint Lucia 16.7 1833 / 18Lebanon27.3 50 3 Trinidad/ 11 and Tobago4.7 631.0 / 128 13 / 42— 38.7 — /12 — / 31 177 Bahrain 4.3 1 23 ” Panama 31.6 6 19 40 Italy Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’sJapan Democratic Republic, 51 Australia 30.5 46 / 151 48.7 37 / 76 187 Oman 2.3 2 / 86 17.4 15 / 86 181 Azerbaijan 3.0 1 33 United States of America Justice Uzbekistan 129 Paraguay 16.3 13184 / 80MaldivesAmericas20.0 9 / 45 4.6 4 / 87 — — / — 31.1% 32.1% 31.3% (7) 123 Burkina Faso 14.3178 4 Myanmar 28 3.8 1 26 47 48 Dominica 31.3 5 16 Nordic countries 43.9% — — 52 Angola 30.0 66 / 220 — — / — 188 Yemen 0.3 1 / 301 2.7 3 / 111 Health 0% 33 Monaco North Macedonia Dem. People’s130 Thailand Rep. of Korea 16.2 81185 / 500Nigeria10.4 26 / 250 3.4 12 / 350 7.3 8 / 109 ” Estonia 14.3179 2 Turkmenistan 14 3.7 1 27 Argentina 49 United Kingdom 30.4 7 23 (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina,Sports Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Equatorial Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar,Kyrgyzstan Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, ” Latvia 30.0 30 / 100 — — / — 0% 40 182 Brunei Darussalam50 Madagascar 0.030.0Housing 0 6 / Urban 20 16 Affairs San Marino Republic131 of KoreaLibya 16.0 30186 / 188Haiti — ”—Luxembourg / — 2.5 330.0 / 118 18 / 600.0 — 0 /— 10 / — ” Indonesia 14.3Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 180 5 Belarus 35 3.4 1 29 Chile 32 (5) 189 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — ” Kiribati ” New Zealand 0.030.0 0 6 20 13 Local Government Spain Albania Turkmenistan Tajikistan 132 Madagascar 15.9 24 / 151 Europe19.4 ”(Nordic12Peru / 62 countries included)30.0 39 / 130 — — / — 30.1% 29.1% 29.9% ” Nauru 14.3181 1 Azerbaijan 7 3.0 1 33 40 Guinea,About Eswatini, Ethiopia, this Gabon,map Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Republic of Moldova,Americas Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San31.1% Marino, Serbia, South32.1% Africa, Spain31.3% (2 chambers), 187 Oman 2.3 2 / 86 17.4 25 to15 29.9% / 86 ” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — ” Papua New Guinea* 0.0Justice 025 to 29.9% 32 31 Tu rke y 133 Russian Federation 15.8 71 / 450 (7)17.1 29 / 170 127 Jordan 13.8 4 29 0% 52 Luxembourg 29.4 5 17 Tourism Greece Jammu and Kashmir* 188 Yemen 56 Montenegro 0.3 129.6 / 301 24 / 812.7 — 3 / —111 / — ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 / 52 — — / — 33 ” Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 0.0Sports 0 10 The colour coding of the countries reflects the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world 134 Chad 15.4 25 / 162 — 57—Albania / — 29.5 36 / 122 — — / — 128 Guatemala 13.3182 2 Brunei Darussalam 15 0.0 0 16 ” Paraguay 29.4 5 17 30 Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia,Bahamas Madagascar, Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique,Andorra Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Suriname, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers),China Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, 0% Information not available 54 Czechia 28.6 4 14 Public Administration / Public Service ” Jordan 15.4 20 / 130 Europe15.4 58 (Nordic10Canada / 65 countries not29.0 included)98 / 338 48.5 48 / 99 28.7% 29.1% 28.8% ” Syrian Arab Republic 13.3 4 30 32 ” Saudi Arabia* 0.0Local 0 Government 22 ranking of women in parliament on the right-hand side of the map. A world ranking of women in ministerial positions is on Portugalthe left-hand side of the map. Cyprus Europe (Nordic countries included) 30.1% 29.1% 29.9% 189 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — ” Kiribati 0.0 0 13 55 Australia 26.7 8 30 27 Cuba Syrian Arab Rep. 136 Egypt 15.1 90 / 596 — 59—Estonia / — 28.7 29 / 101 — — / — Eritrea ” Thailand 0.0 0 24 Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation,Economy Rwanda, / SaintDevelopment Lucia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Spain (2 chambers), Uruguay (2Afghanistan chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. ” Papua New Guinea” Poland 0.0 028.7 / 111 132 / 460— 24.0 — 24/ — / 100 130 Djibouti 13.0” 3 Papua New 23 Guinea* 0.0 0 32 31 ” Ireland 26.7Tourism 4 15 All data reflects the situation on 1 January 2020. As the source of the data presented here, Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsibleMalta for the criteria applied in displaying the information. 137 Bahrain 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 No parliament on 1 January 2020 131 Russian Federation 12.9 4 31 ” Tuvalu ” Slovakia 0.026.7 0 4 15 8 26 Jamaica Communications / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs Lebanon Iran ” Vanuatu 61 South Sudan 0.0 028.5 / 52 109 / 383— 12.0 — /6 — / 50 ” Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 0.0 0 10 Iraq Sub-Saharan Africa 24.4% 24.1% 24.4% Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan 30 ” Vanuatu 58 Barbados 0.026.1Public 0 6 Administration 23 12 / Public Service The designations employed and the presentation of material on thisSuriname, map do not Switzerland, imply the expression Togo, ofTrinidad any opinion and whatsoever TobagoTunisia (2 on chambers), the part of UN Turkmenistan, Women or of the Uganda, United States of America,Israel 10 to 14.9%62 Philippines Information28.0 85 not/ 304 available29.2 7 / 24 132 Côte d’Ivoire* 12.8” 6 Saudi Arabia* 47 0.0 0 22 25 Haiti Morocco a (Islamic Rep. of) Europe (Nordic countries notBhutan included) 28.7% 29.1% 28.8% 63 Dominican Republic 27.9 53 / 190 9.4 3 / 32 ” Viet Nam ” Burundi 0.026.1 0 6 23 24 Finance / Budget a 138 Bhutan 14.9 7Eritrea / 47 16.0 4 / 25 ” Niger 12.8” 5 Thailand 39 0.0 0 24 27 ” Gabon 26.1Economy 6 / Development 23 Inter-Parliamentary Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orDominican area or of Republic its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 64 Slovenia 27.8 25 / 90 10.0 4 / 40 Information not available 22 Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. Women deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%)139 Gabon 14.8 21 / 142 18.0 6518 Lao/ 100 People’s Dem. Republic 27.5 41 / 149 — — / — 134 India 12.5” 3 Tuvalu 24 0.0 0 8 ” Kenya 26.1 6 23 Defence and Veteran Affairs No parliament on 1 January 2020 26 62 Chad b 25.9Communications 7 27 / Telecommunications* D/ ottedPostal line Affairs represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed Nepal 140 Brazil 14.6 75 / 513 Asia13.6 6611 Kazakhstan/ 81 27.1 29 / 107 10.6 5 / 47 20.5% 16.7% 20.0% (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new elections are expected in May 2020. The figures on the map Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya Algeria Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan ” Mauritius 12.5” 3 Vanuatu 24 0.0 0 12 Falkland Islands 22 Mexico Human Rights Libya PakistanSub-Saharan Africa 24.4% 24.1% 24.4% 67 Afghanistan 27.0 67 / 248 27.9 19 / 68 25 ” Maldives 25.9 7 27 upon by the parties. 141 Sao Tome and Principe 14.5 8 / 55 — — / — correspond to the situation prior to the October 2019 elections. 136 Pakistan 12.0” 3 Viet Nam 25 0.0 0 24 64 Belgium 25.0Finance 3 / Budget 12 16 Egypt Of the 220 chambers in 166 countries for which information is available, 94 have at least one woman deputy speaker. 68 Bulgaria 26.7 64 / 240 — — / — (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on (Malvinas) TransportWestern Sahara 142 India 14.4 78 / 543 10.4 ”25 Viet/ 240 Nam 26.7 132 / 494 — — / — 137 Malta 11.8 2 17 Information not available 22 ‡ The total includes ministers” and Boliviadeputy heads(Plurinational of government. State of) Prime ministers/heads 25.0Defence 5of government and 20 wereVeteran also Affairs a State of Palestine (women in ministerial positions: 3/23 = 13%; women in parliament:Women data not available deputy as the Palestine speakers Legislative Councilof parliament was dissolved in December (147/582 2018). = 25.3%) Lao People’s Dem. Republic Middle East and North Africa 17.5% 10.8% 16.6% an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. ” Ghana 25.0 5 20 13 Kuwait ” Malaysia 14.4 32 / 222 19.1 7013Iraq / 68 26.4 87 / 329 — — / — ” Turkey 11.8 2 17 included when they held ministerial portfolios. Heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. Population Asia 20.5% 16.7% 20.0% (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 201971 wereDjibouti invalidated, and new elections are 26.2expected in17 May / 65 2020. The— figures —on /the — map (3) Namibia: The figures on the National Assembly correspond to the provisional results of the November 2019 elections, excluding Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya 22 ” Mali 25.0 9 36 Bahrain India Viet Nam 144 Georgia 14.1 21 / 149 — — / — ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections held in 2019.Human Rights b A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Saudi Note: (HS/HG) = The head of state is also the head of government. Myanmar correspond to the situation prior to the72 OctoberAlgeria 2019 elections. 25.8 119 / 462 6.8 9 / 132 members yet to be appointed. Newly elected members are due to be sworn in March 2020. 139 Greece 11.1 2 18 ” Palau 25.0 2 8 11 Of the 220 chambers in 166 countries for InformationwhichCabo information Verde / Media is available, 94 have at least one woman deputy speaker. Thailand 145 Guinea-Bissau 13.7 14 / 102 — — / — (4) Dominica: The figures correspond to the results of the December 2019 elections. They do not include 9 members to be appointed by the 16 ~ At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formed following the 2019 elections was not Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 Qatar New Zealand (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution73 Cabo of seats Verde in the Upper House do not include25.0 the 36 special18 / 72 rotating —delegates appointed— / — on ” Lao People’s Democratic Republic 11.1 3 27 Transport20 to 24.9% Arabia Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. Pacific ” Turkmenistan 25.0 31 / 124 — — / — 16.6% 43.8% 19.4% President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker and the Attorney General). ‡ The total includes ministers and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/heads of government were also 69 Egypt 24.2 8 33 c7 Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. Parliamentary Affairs Cambodia 146 Burkina Faso 13.4 an ad17 hoc / basis,127 and all percentages— given— are / therefore— calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. UnitedMiddle Arab East and North Africa 17.5% 10.8% 16.6% 20 to 24.9% (5) Peru: The figures correspond to the situation prior to the dissolution of Parliament in September 2019. New elections are due in 2020. ” Malawi 11.1included2 when they held ministerial 18 portfolios. Heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. 13 70 Togo 24.0Population 6 25 Antigua and Barbuda Mauritania ” Malta 13.4(3) Namibia:9 / The 67 figures on —the National —Assembly / — correspond to the provisional results of the November 2019 elections, excluding Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent missions to the United Nations and * publicly Belize * Out of a total of 271 parliamentary chambers, two have 2 additional speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for aPhilippines total of 278 speakers. 75 China 24.9 742 / 2975 — — / — (6) United States of America: Total refers to all voting members of the House of Representatives. ” Oman 11.1° The Government 3 was formed 27 in January 2020 following elections held in 2019. 71 Jamaica 23.5 4 17 © Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020 Note: (HS/HG) = The head of state is alsoDominica the head of government. Mali Niger c Emirates 148 Ghana 13.1 members36 / yet 275 to be appointed.— Newly elected— /members — are due to be sworn in March 2020. 11 ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations ” Tunisia 24.9 54 / 217 — — / — available information. ” Slovenia 23.5Information 4 17/ Media 0 10 20Guatemala 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Sudan (4) Dominica: The figures* correspondThe composition to the results of the IPU December regional 2019 groupingselections. They maydo not includebe consulted 9 members toat be https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. appointed by the (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. ” Republic of Moldova 11.1~ 1 9 1 Oman Bangladesh 149 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13.0 3 / 23 — 77—Republic / — of Moldova 24.8 25 / 101 — — / — At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formed following the 2019 elections was not 7 ” Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 23.5 8 34 Only elected heads of state have beenSaint taken Lucia into account. Yemen Pacific 16.6% 43.8% 19.4%Micronesia President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker and the Attorney General). ” Saint Kitts and Nevis* 11.1yet available. 1 Figures correspond 9 to the Government ad interim. Parliamentary Affairs Contacts: Honduras 150 Bahamas 12.8 5 / 39 43.8 78 7 Somalia/ 16 24.4 67 / 275 24.1 13 / 54 74 Fiji 23.1 3 13 Saint Vincent Chad Jordan (5) Peru: The figures correspond to the situation79 Lithuania prior to the dissolution of Parliament in24.1 September34 2019. / 141 New elections— are due— in/ —2020. 145 Guinea* 10.8Source: IPU. 4 Data obtained 37from national governments, permanent missions to the United Nations and * publicly ” Latvia 23.1 3 13 El Salvador * Out of a total of 271 parliamentary chambers, two have 2 additionalSenegal speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers. ”(Fed. Dem. States Republic of) of the Congo 12.8(6) United64 States / 500 of America:21.1 Total refers to23 all voting/ 109 members of the House of Representatives. and the Grenadines Burkina Eritrea Palau 80 Singapore 24.0 24 / 100 — — / — 146 Nepal 10.5ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available information. 2 19 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8076 90 Argentina* 100 110 22.7 5 22 Inter-Parliamentary UnionNicaragua (IPU) United Nations Entity for GenderGrenada Equality Gambia (The) * The composition of IPU regional groupings may be consulted at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. 152 Palau 12.5(7) Marshall Yemen:2 Data / 16Islands corresponds to15.4 the composition81 2 of Armenia/the 13 House of Representatives elected in 2003,23.5 and of the31 Consultative / 132 Council— appointed— / in— 2001. 147 Nigeria 10.3 3 29 77 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22.2 2 9 Trinidad and Tobago Faso Djibouti 82 United States of America (6) 23.4 101 / 431 25.0 25 / 100 ” Gambia (The) 22.2 4 18 E-mail: [email protected] Rica and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) 153 Syrian Arab Republic 12.4 31 / 250 — — / — 148 Bhutan 10.0 1 10 Venezuela Barbados Guinea-Bissau Nigeria 83 Israel 23.3 28 / 120 — — / — ” Liberia 22.2 4 18 www.ipu.org www.unwomen.org South 154 Liberia 12.3 9 / 73 3.3 ” 1 Lesotho/ 30 23.3 28 / 120 21.9 7 / 32 ” Marshall Islands° 10.0 1 10 ” Micronesia (Federated States of)* 22.2 2 9 Panama (Bolivarian Guinea Guyana Sudanc Sri Lanka Brunei ” Sierra Leone 12.3 18 / 146 — 85—Malawi / — 22.9 44 / 192 — — / — ” San Marino 10.0 1 10 ” Montenegro 22.2 4 18 Republic of) Ethiopia 86 Guinea 22.8 26 / 114 — — / — 82 Cuba 21.9 7 32 Sierra Leone Central African Darussalam 156 Hungary 12.1 24 / 199 — — / — 5 to 9.9% Suriname 87 Chile 22.6 35 / 155 23.3 10 / 43 ” Senegal 21.9 7 32 Liberia Cameroon Rep. 157 Côte d’Ivoire 12.0 30 / 251 19.2 8819 Czechia/ 99 22.5 45 / 200 14.8 12 / 81 151 Afghanistan~ 9.7 3 31 84 North Macedonia 21.7 5 23 Colombia Benin Ghana ” Liechtenstein 12.0 3 / 25 — ”—Panama / — 22.5 16 / 71 — — / — 152 Kyrgyzstan 9.5 2 21 ” United Republic of Tanzania* 21.7 5 23 Somalia 90 Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of) 22.2 37 / 167 — — / — 86 Cabo Verde 21.4 3 14 Malaysia 159 Congo 11.3 17 / 151 18.8 13 / 69 153 Cambodia* 9.4 3 32 To g o Côte d’Ivoire 160 Antigua and BarbudaNauru 11.1 Kiribati2 / 18 52.9 91 9 Romania/ 17 21.9 72 / 329 14.7 20 / 136 ” Kuwait 21.4 3 14 Kenya Maldives 92 Kenya 21.8 76 / 349 30.9 21 / 68 154 Brazil 9.1 2 22 88 Congo 21.2 7 33 Equatorial Guinea Papua New Guinea” Myanmar 11.1 48 / 432 12.1 9327 Bosnia/ 223 and Herzegovina 21.4 9 / 42 20.0 3 / 15 155 Philippines* 8.6 3 35 89 Botswana 21.1 4 19 Democratic 162 Botswana 10.8 7 / 65 — 94—Seychelles / — 21.2 7 / 33 — — / — 156 Comoros* 8.3 1 12 90 Benin 20.8 5 24 Sao Tome and Principe Republic of ” Uruguay 21.2 21 / 99 29.0 9 / 31 ” Zimbabwe 20.8 5 24 Ecuador 163 Nauru 10.5 2 / 19 — 96—Honduras / — 21.1 27 / 128 — — / — ” Tonga* 8.3 1 12 Portfolios held by Women Ministers92 Central African Republic* 20.0 7 35 Women in the highest positions of State World andUganda regional averages 164 Samoa 10.0 5 / 50 — — / — the Congo Tuvalu 97 Equatorial Guinea 21.0 21 / 100 16.7 12 / 72 158 Uzbekistan 8.0 2 25 ” Croatia 20.0 4 20 Gabon Seychelles Singapore 5 to98 9.9%Bangladesh 20.9 73 / 349 — — / — 159 Bangladesh 7.7 2 26 (1451 portfolios in 190 countries) ” Mauritania 20.0 5 25 United Rep. 165 Japan 9.9 46 / 464 22.9 ”56 Ireland/ 245 20.9 33 / 158 31.7 19 / 60 ” Monaco 20.0 1 5 Congo Rwanda 100 Ukraine 20.8 88 / 423 — — / — ” Lithuania 7.7 1 13 of Tanzania 166 Qatar 9.8 4 / 41 — — / — ” Sudan 20.0 4 20 Brazil Burundi Indonesia 101 Greece 20.7 62 / 300 — — / — 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 112 Family / Children / Youth / Elderly / Disabled 15 to 19.9% Pacific Ocean of women in parliament 167 Eswatini 9.6 7 / 73 33.3 ” 10Slovakia / 30 20.7 31 / 150 — — / — 162 Armenia 7.1 1 14 97 Serbia 19.0 4 21 Timor-Leste 168 Mali 9.5 14 / 147 — 103—Morocco / — 20.5 81 / 395 11.7 14 / 120 112 Social Affairs98 Malaysia 18.5 5 27 1 Solomon Islands 104 Indonesia 20.3 117 / 575 — — / — ” Equatorial Guinea 7.1 2 28 ” Somalia* 18.5 5 27 Women heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) Angola 169 Belize 9.4 3 / 32 21.4 ” 3 Mauritania/ 14 20.3 31 / 153 — — / — 103 100 Timor-Leste* 18.2 2 11 Peru 170 Brunei Darussalam 9.1 3 / 33 — 106—Pakistan / — 20.2 69 / 342 19.2 20 / 104 ” Qatar 7.1 1 14 Environment / Natural Resources / Energy Samoa 165 Tunisia~ 6.9 2 29 101 Eritrea* 17.6 3 17 Zambia Single house Upper house Both houses 171 Central African Republic 8.6 12 / 140 — 107—Barbados / — 20.0 6 / 30 42.9 9 / 21 88 Employment /” Labour Romania / Vocational Training17.6 3 17 and women heads of government (12/193 = 6.2%) ” Cambodia 20.0 25 / 125 16.1 10 / 62 166 Bahamas 6.7 1 15 ” Suriname 17.6 3 17 Indian Ocean ” Gambia (The) 8.6 5 / 58 — ”—Mauritius / — 20.0 14 / 70 — — / — ” Mongolia 6.7 1 15 80 Women’s Affairs104 Democratic / Gender Republic Equality of the Congo 17.4 8 46 Bolivia or lower house or Senate combined 173 Tonga 7.4 2 / 27 — ”—Saint / — Kitts and Nevis 20.0 3 / 15 ” Dominican Republic 17.4 4 23 (Plurinational Zimbabwe 174 Benin 7.2 6 / 83 — — / — 15 to 19.9% 168 China* 6.5 2 31 79 Culture Bangladesh (HG), Barbados (HG), Belgium (HG), Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (HS/HG), Denmark (HG), Estonia (HS), 111 Saudi Arabia 19.9 30 / 151 — — / — ” Poland 17.4 4 23 State of) Comoros 175 Kiribati Vanuatu 6.5 3 / 46 — — / — ” Iran (Islamic Republic of)* 6.5 2 31 79 ” United States of America* 17.4 4 23 Namibia World averages 24.9% 24.7% 24.9% 112 Cyprus 19.6 11 / 56 — — / — 170 Belize* 6.3 1 16 Trade / Industry108 Sierra Leone 17.2 5 29 Ethiopia (HS), Finland (HG), Georgia (HS), Germany (HG), Iceland (HG), Nepal (HS), New Zealand (HG), Norway (HG), Mauritius 176 Kuwait 6.3 4 / 63 — ”—Fiji / — 19.6 10 / 51 — — / — ” Sri Lanka° 6.3 1 16 76 Education 109 Israel 16.7 4 24 Botswana Malawi ” Tuvalu 6.3 1 / 16 — 114—Croatia / — 19.2 29 / 151 — — / — ” Samoa* 16.7 2 12 Paraguay 178 Comoros Fiji 6.1 2 / 33 — ”—Kyrgyzstan / — 19.2 23 / 120 — — / — ” Yemen 6.3 2 32 73 ” Singapore 16.7 3 18 San Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia (HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), TrinidadAtlantic and OceanTobago (HS) Mozambique 116 Guatemala 19.0 30 / 158 — — / — Public Works / Territorial Planning Regional averages ” Marshall Islands 6.1 2 / 33 — ”—Tajikistan / — 19.0 12 / 63 21.9 7 / 32 173 Tajikistan 5.9 1 17 ” United Arab Emirates 16.7 4 24 Madagascar 174 Kazakhstan 5.0 1 20 61 Research and113 Development Japan / Science15.8 and Technology 3 19 Eswatini ” Solomon Islands 6.1 3 / 49 — 118—Togo / — 18.7 17 / 91 — — / — ” Morocco 15.8 3 19 * 181 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 5.9 17 / 289 — 119—Colombia / — 18.3 31 / 169 21.7 23 / 106 ” Solomon Islands* 5.0 1 20 60 Foreign Affairs115 (including South Sudan* Development15.6 Assistance) 5 32 Regions* are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments Australia 120 Dem. People’s Rep. of Korea 17.6 121 / 687 — — / — Women speakers of parliament (57/278 = 20.5%) 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 Tonga12 / 225 — — / — 2 to 4.9% 56 116 Antigua and Barbuda* 15.4 2 13 or the lower houseLesotho of parliament. 121 Jamaica 17.5 11 / 63 23.8 5 / 21 176 Iraq 4.5 1 22 Home Affairs ”/ Immigration Cyprus (including15.4 Integration 2 and 13 refugees) 0.1 to122 4.9%Mongolia 17.3 13 / 75 — — / — ” Hungary 15.4 2 13 South ” Republic of Korea 17.3 51 / 295 — — / — 177 Bahrain 4.3 1 23 50 Agriculture / Food / Forestry / Fishing Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia 183 Lebanon 4.7 6 / 128 — ”—Turkey / — 17.3 102 / 589 — — / — ” Saint Lucia* 15.4 2 13 Africa 184 Maldives 4.6 4 / 87 — — / — 178 Myanmar 3.8 1 26 47 Health 120 Algeria*° 15.2 5 33 Nordic countries 43.9% — — 125 Niger 17.0 29 / 171 — — / — 179 Turkmenistan 3.7 1 27 10 to 14.9% (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, DemocraticUruguay Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Equatorial 185 Nigeria 3.4 12 / 350 7.3 1268 /Azerbaijan 109 16.8 20 / 119 — — / — 40 Housing / Urban121 Cameroon* Affairs 14.9 7 47 186 Haiti 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 ” 0 Zambia/ 10 16.8 28 / 167 — — / — Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 180 Belarus 3.4 1 29 128 Saint Lucia 16.7 3 / 18 27.3 3 / 11 122 Namibia 14.8 4 27 Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 187 Oman 2.3 2 / 86 17.4 15 / 86 181 Azerbaijan 3.0 1 33 40 Justice 123 Burkina Faso 14.3 4 28 Americas 31.1% 32.1% 31.3% 129 Paraguay 16.3 13 / 80 20.0 9 / 45 188 Yemen(7) 0.3 1 / 301 2.7 1303 /Thailand 111 16.2 81 / 500 10.4 26 / 250 0% 33 ” Estonia 14.3 2 14 Argentina Sports ” Indonesia 14.3 5 35 Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar,Chile Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, 131 Libya0% 16.0 30 / 188 — — / — 182 Brunei Darussalam 0.0 0 16 132 Madagascar 15.9 24 / 151 19.4 12 / 62 32 ” Nauru 14.3 1 7 About this map 189 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — ” Kiribati 0.0 0 13 Local Government127 Jordan 13.8 4 29 Europe (Nordic countries included) 30.1% 29.1% 29.9% 133 Russian Federation 15.8 71 / 450 17.1 29 / 170 The colour coding of the countries reflects the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments or in the lower house of parliament, and corresponds to the data found in the world 134 Chad 15.4 25 / 162 — — / — 128 Guatemala 13.3 2 15 Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Spain (2 chambers), ” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — ” Papua New Guinea* 0.0 0 32 31 ” Jordan 15.4 20 / 130 15.4 10 / 65 Tourism ” Syrian Arab Republic 13.3 4 30 ranking of women in parliament on the right-hand side of the map. A world ranking of women in ministerial positions is on the left-hand side of the map. ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 / 52 — — / — ” Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 0.0 0 10 136 Egypt 15.1 90 / 596 — — / — 30 130 Djibouti 13.0 3 23 Suriname, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States ofAll America,data reflects the situation on 1 January 2020. As the source of the data presented here, Inter-Parliamentary Union is responsible for the criteria applied in displaying the information. ” Saudi Arabia* 0.0 0 22 Public Administration / Public Service Europe (Nordic countries not included) 28.7% 29.1% 28.8% Information not available137 Bahrain 15.0 6 / 40 22.5 9 / 40 131 Russian Federation 12.9 4 31 10 to 14.9% ” Thailand 0.0 0 24 27 Economy / Development132 Côte d’Ivoire* 12.8 6 47 The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UN Women or of the Eritrea Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. Inter-Parliamentary Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. No parliament on 1 January138 2020Bhutan 14.9 7 / 47 16.0 4 / 25 ” Niger 12.8 5 39 139 Gabon 14.8 21 / 142 18.0 18 / 100 ” Tuvalu 0.0 0 8 26 Communications134 India / Telecommunications12.5 / Postal 3 Affairs 24 b * Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in JammuSub-Saharan and Kashmir agreed uponAfrica by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir24.4% has not yet been agreed24.1% 24.4% Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan 140 Brazil 14.6 75 / 513 13.6 11 / 81 ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 12 ” Mauritius 12.5 3 24 Falkland Islands 25 Finance / Budget upon by the parties. 141 Sao Tome and Principe 14.5 8 / 55 — — / — ” Viet Nam 0.0 0 24 136 Pakistan 12.0 3 25 (Malvinas) 142 India 14.4 78 / 543 10.4 25 / 240 Information not available 22 Defence and137 Veteran Malta Affairs 11.8 2 17 Women deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%)a State of Palestine (women in ministerial positions: 3/23 = 13%; women in parliament: data not available as the Palestine Legislative Council was dissolved in December 2018). ” Malaysia 14.4 32 / 222 19.1 13 / 68 ” Turkey 11.8 2 17 Asia 20.5% 16.7% 20.0% 144 Georgia 14.1 21 / 149 — — / — Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya 22 139 Greece 11.1 2 18 b A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new elections are expected in May 2020. The figures on the map Human Rights New Zealand 145 Guinea-Bissau 13.7 14 / 102 — — / — ” Lao People’s Democratic Republic 11.1 3 27 c Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined. correspond to the situation prior to the October 2019 elections. Of the 220 chambers in 166 countries for which information is available, 94 have at least one woman deputy speaker. (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the 36 special rotating delegates146 Burkinaappointed Faso on 13.4 17 / 127 — — / — 16 Transport ” Malawi 11.1 2 18 ” Malta 13.4 9 / 67 — — / — ‡ The total includes ministers and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/heads of government were also an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. 13 ” Oman 11.1 3 27 © Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2020 Middle East and North Africa 17.5% 10.8% 16.6% 148 Ghana 13.1 36 / 275 — — / — included when they held ministerial portfolios. Heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. Population ” Republic of Moldova 11.1 1 9 (3) Namibia: The figures on the National Assembly correspond to the provisional results of the November 2019 149elections,Saint excluding Vincent and the Grenadines 13.0 3 / 23 — — / — ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections held in 2019. 11 Information / ”Media Saint Kitts and Nevis* 11.1 1 9 Note: (HS/HG) = The head of state is also the head of government. Contacts: members yet to be appointed. Newly elected members are due to be sworn in March 2020. 150 Bahamas 12.8 5 / 39 43.8 7 / 16 ~ 145 Guinea* 10.8 4 37 1 (4) Dominica: The figures correspond to the results of the December 2019 elections. They do not include 9 members to be” appointed Dem. Republicby the of the Congo 12.8 64 / 500 21.1 23 / 109 At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formed following the 2019 elections was not 146 Nepal 10.5 2 19 Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) United NationsPacific Entity for Gender Equality 16.6% 43.8% 19.4% President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker and the Attorney General). 152 Palau 12.5 2 / 16 15.4 2 / 13 yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. 7 Parliamentary Affairs 147 Nigeria 10.3 3 29 E-mail: [email protected] and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) (5) Peru: The figures correspond to the situation prior to the dissolution of Parliament in September 2019. New elections153 are Syriandue in 2020. Arab Republic 12.4 31 / 250 — — / — Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent missions to the United Nations and * publicly 148 Bhutan 10.0 1 10 * Out of a total of 271 parliamentary chambers, two have 2 additional speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers. (6) United States of America: Total refers to all voting members of the House of Representatives. 154 Liberia 12.3 9 / 73 3.3 1 / 30 ” Marshall Islands° 10.0 1 10 www.ipu.org www.unwomen.org ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available information. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 * The composition of IPU regional groupings may be consulted at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council ”appoSierrainted in 2001.Leone 12.3 18 / 146 — — / — ” San Marino 10.0 1 10 156 Hungary 12.1 24 / 199 — — / — 5 to 9.9% 157 Côte d’Ivoire 12.0 30 / 251 19.2 19 / 99 151 Afghanistan~ 9.7 3 31 ” Liechtenstein 12.0 3 / 25 — — / — 152 Kyrgyzstan 9.5 2 21 159 Congo 11.3 17 / 151 18.8 13 / 69 153 Cambodia* 9.4 3 32 160 Antigua and Barbuda 11.1 2 / 18 52.9 9 / 17 154 Brazil 9.1 2 22 ” Myanmar 11.1 48 / 432 12.1 27 / 223 155 Philippines* 8.6 3 35 162 Botswana 10.8 7 / 65 — — / — 156 Comoros* 8.3 1 12 163 Nauru 10.5 2 / 19 — — / — ” Tonga* 8.3 1 12 Portfolios held by Women Ministers Women in the highest positions of State World and regional averages 164 Samoa 10.0 5 / 50 — — / — 158 Uzbekistan 8.0 2 25 5 to 9.9% 159 Bangladesh 7.7 2 26 (1451 portfolios in 190 countries) 165 Japan 9.9 46 / 464 22.9 56 / 245 ” Lithuania 7.7 1 13 24 25 166 Qatar 9.8 4 / 41 — — / — 161 Lesotho 7.4 2 27 112 Family / Children / Youth / Elderly / Disabled of women in parliament 167 Eswatini 9.6 7 / 73 33.3 10 / 30 168 Mali 9.5 14 / 147 — — / — 162 Armenia 7.1 1 14 112 1 ” Equatorial Guinea 7.1 2 28 Social Affairs Women heads of state (10/152 = 6.6%) 169 Belize 9.4 3 / 32 21.4 3 / 14 ” Qatar 7.1 1 14 103 Environment / Natural Resources / Energy 170 Brunei Darussalam 9.1 3 / 33 — — / — 165 Tunisia~ 6.9 2 29 88 Single house Upper house Both houses 171 Central African Republic 8.6 12 / 140 — — / — 166 Bahamas 6.7 1 15 Employment / Labour / Vocational Training and women heads of government (12/193 = 6.2%) ” Gambia (The) 8.6 5 / 58 — — / — ” Mongolia 6.7 1 15 80 Women’s Affairs / Gender Equality or lower house or Senate combined 173 Tonga 7.4 2 / 27 — — / — 168 China* 6.5 2 31 79 Culture Bangladesh (HG), Barbados (HG), Belgium (HG), Bolivia (Plurinational State of) (HS/HG), Denmark (HG), Estonia (HS), 174 Benin 7.2 6 / 83 — — / — 175 Kiribati 6.5 3 / 46 — — / — ” Iran (Islamic Republic of)* 6.5 2 31 79 24.7% 24.9% 170 Belize* 6.3 1 16 Trade / Industry Ethiopia (HS), Finland (HG), Georgia (HS), Germany (HG), Iceland (HG), Nepal (HS), New Zealand (HG), Norway (HG), World averages 24.9% 176 Kuwait 6.3 4 / 63 — — / — ” Sri Lanka° 6.3 1 16 76 Education ” Tuvalu 6.3 1 / 16 — — / — ” Yemen 6.3 2 32 73 Public Works / Territorial Planning San Marino (HS), Serbia (HG), Singapore (HS), Slovakia (HS), Switzerland (HS/HG), Trinidad and Tobago (HS) 178 Comoros 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 173 Tajikistan 5.9 1 17 Regional averages ” Marshall Islands 6.1 2 / 33 — — / — 61 Research and Development / Science and Technology ” Solomon Islands 6.1 3 / 49 — — / — 174 Kazakhstan 5.0 1 20 * ” Solomon Islands* 5.0 1 20 60 Foreign Affairs (including Development Assistance) Regions* are classified by descending order of the percentage of women in unicameral parliaments 181 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 5.9 17 / 289 — — / — Women speakers of parliament (57/278 = 20.5%) 182 Sri Lanka 5.3 12 / 225 — — / — 2 to 4.9% 56 or the lower house of parliament. 176 Iraq 4.5 1 22 Home Affairs / Immigration (including Integration and refugees) 0.1 to 4.9% 177 Bahrain 4.3 1 23 50 Agriculture / Food / Forestry / Fishing Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia 183 Lebanon 4.7 6 / 128 — — / — 178 Myanmar 3.8 1 26 47 Health Nordic countries 43.9% — — 184 Maldives 4.6 4 / 87 — — / — 179 Turkmenistan 3.7 1 27 (Plurinational State of), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominica, Equatorial 185 Nigeria 3.4 12 / 350 7.3 8 / 109 40 Housing / Urban Affairs 186 Haiti 2.5 3 / 118 0.0 0 / 10 Map No. Rev. 4170 March 2020 180 Belarus 3.4 1 29 181 Azerbaijan 3.0 1 33 40 Justice Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia (The), Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Americas 31.1% 32.1% 31.3% 187 Oman 2.3 2 / 86 17.4 15 / 86 188 Yemen(7) 0.3 1 / 301 2.7 3 / 111 0% 33 Sports 182 Brunei Darussalam 0.0 0 16 Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mexico (2 chambers), Mozambique, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, 0% 32 ” Kiribati 0.0 0 13 Local Government Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, San Marino, Serbia, South Africa, Spain (2 chambers), Europe (Nordic countries included) 30.1% 29.1% 29.9% 189 Micronesia (Federated States of) 0.0 0 / 14 — — / — ” Papua New Guinea* 0.0 0 32 31 ” Papua New Guinea 0.0 0 / 111 — — / — Tourism ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 / 52 — — / — ” Saint Vincent and the Grenadines* 0.0 0 10 30 Suriname, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago (2 chambers), Turkmenistan, Uganda, United States of America, ” Saudi Arabia* 0.0 0 22 Public Administration / Public Service Europe (Nordic countries not included) 28.7% 29.1% 28.8% Information not available ” Thailand 0.0 0 24 27 Economy / Development Eritrea Uruguay (2 chambers), Uzbekistan, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe. No parliament on 1 January 2020 ” Tuvalu 0.0 0 8 26 Communications / Telecommunications / Postal Affairs Sub-Saharan Africa 24.4% 24.1% 24.4% Source: IPU. Data provided by national parliaments. Sudan ” Vanuatu 0.0 0 12 25 Finance / Budget ” Viet Nam 0.0 0 24 Women deputy speakers of parliament (147/582 = 25.3%) Information not available 22 Defence and Veteran Affairs Asia 20.5% 16.7% 20.0% Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Haiti, Libya 22 Human Rights (1) Bolivia: Elections held in October 2019 were invalidated, and new elections are expected in May 2020. The figures on the map Of the 220 chambers in 166 countries for which information is available, 94 have at least one woman deputy speaker. correspond to the situation prior to the October 2019 elections. 16 Transport (2) South Africa: The figures on the distribution of seats in the Upper House do not include the 36 special rotating delegates appointed on ‡ The total includes ministers and deputy heads of government. Prime ministers/heads of government were also Middle East and North Africa 17.5% 10.8% 16.6% an ad hoc basis, and all percentages given are therefore calculated on the basis of the 54 permanent seats. included when they held ministerial portfolios. Heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included. 13 Population (3) Namibia: The figures on the National Assembly correspond to the provisional results of the November 2019 elections, excluding ° The Government was formed in January 2020 following elections held in 2019. 11 Information / Media Note: (HS/HG) = The head of state is also the head of government. members yet to be appointed. Newly elected members are due to be sworn in March 2020. ~ 1 (4) Dominica: The figures correspond to the results of the December 2019 elections. They do not include 9 members to be appointed by the At the time of publication of the map, data on the Government to be formed following the 2019 elections was not 7 Only elected heads of state have been taken into account. Pacific 16.6% 43.8% 19.4% President and 2 ex officio members (the Speaker and the Attorney General). yet available. Figures correspond to the Government ad interim. Parliamentary Affairs (5) Peru: The figures correspond to the situation prior to the dissolution of Parliament in September 2019. New elections are due in 2020. Source: IPU. Data obtained from national governments, permanent missions to the United Nations and * publicly * Out of a total of 271 parliamentary chambers, two have 2 additional speakers and three have 1 additional speaker, for a total of 278 speakers. (6) United States of America: Total refers to all voting members of the House of Representatives.

ISBN 978-92-9142-758-1 (IPU). Based on United Nations available information. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 * The composition of IPU regional groupings may be consulted at https://data.ipu.org/content/regional-groupings. (7) Yemen: Data corresponds to the composition of the House of Representatives elected in 2003, and of the Consultative Council appointed in 2001. Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

While for some decades there has been an increasing Parity is a strategic process that tackles the male monopoly demand for equality between men and women, policies seriously aiming to achieve on political power. It seeks an equitable power balance between men and women and substantive equality have only been designed and discussed in the last 25 years. In proposes that all areas of society be transformed, including the economic, social, cultural and different countries, compensatory measures have been designed to reduce these private spheres (Cobo, 2002). Unlike quotas, parity is not temporary: it is a defi nitive measure representation gaps, the most common being gender quotas. that implies a new social contract whereby women can participate effectively, thus paving the

The Political Science Professor Drude Dehlerup says there are three types of quotas: way for substantive equality. This means that beyond the recognition of laws, it eliminates any constitutional, legislative and political party quotas (IDEA, 2004). In 1991, Argentina was gender-based distinction, exclusion or restriction that could nullify individual enjoyment and the fi rst country to implement this kind of measure and 81 countries currently have some exercise of rights. type of quota (UN, 2020). Quotas are an extremely effective way to increase women’s presence in spaces from which they have been excluded historically. However, they are often understood as participatory ceilings rather than minimums which, in the long run, can mean that the percentage of female representation will stagnate.

One iconic case is that of Rwanda, where Unfortunately, women’s arrival in politics has gender quotas resulted in a parliament with taken place against the backdrop of increased more women than men. This promoted gender- incidents of violence, reflecting the focused policies and an exemplary Supreme discrimination, roles and stereotypes that exist Court where women are also in the majority. around how women are, should be and should behave due to the sexism and misogyny that One recent signifi cant advance is the principle of gender parity, whereby 50 percent of prevail in contemporary societies. decision-making spaces are occupied by women. This has been approved in 13 countries, mostly in Latin America: France, Belgium, Spain, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Bolivia, Senegal, Tunisia, Nicaragua, Mexico, Honduras, Argentina and Peru (REPOL, 2020) (Alanís, 2019).

The doctrinal basis of parity is political representation, understood as a mechanism through which the decisional link between the governors and the governed is formed, and has to do with the basic opposition within a representative political regime. Under the principle of political representation, social groups with some level of presence in society should be represented in government in a similar proportion in order to protect their interests. Indeed, the main proposal of the 1992 Athens Declaration was that if approximately half of the world’s population are women, then they should be represented in this proportion in decision-making bodies.

26 27 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

V. What is violence against women in politics? The most significant conceptual advance has • Report of the Special Rapporteur on been the thematic report presented by Dr violence against women, its causes and Dubravka Šimonović — UN Special Rapporteur consequences on violence against women on Violence against Women, its causes and in politics, Ms. Dubravka Šimonović (UN, consequences — on violence against women in 2018). politics to the 73rd session of the UN General There is an interesting debate about • The recommendations made by the Assembly (September 2018): whether violence against women CEDAW Committee of Experts have “Men and women can both become references for states parties. in politics should be analyzed as a experience violence in politics. However, to date, no specifi c recommendations have been made Such acts of violence against women, regarding violence against women in separate type (Krook, 2017) (Piscopo, however, target them because of their gender politics. Recommendations 19 (violence and take gender-based forms, such as sexist 2017), or whether this kind of violence against women) and 35 (gender-based threats or sexual harassment and violence. violence against women, updating Their aim is to discourage women from being is simply a subcategory of violence General Recommendation No. 19) do politically active and exercising their human mention crimes committed against in general, which is a product of the rights and to influence, restrict or prevent the women, female human rights defenders, political participation of individual women female politicians, female activists and weakness of the state and judicial and women as a group. Such violence, female journalists, but do not make any including in and beyond elections, consists of systems (Piscopo, 2016). specifi c recommendations regarding any act of gender-based violence, or threat of violence against women in politics, such acts, that results in, or is likely to result despite referring to violence in the public in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or Political violence should be understood as state assistance in their national efforts to sphere. an independent kind of violence against “investigate allegations of violence, assault or suffering and is directed against a woman in women, because it involves violating their harassment of women elected officials and politics because she is a woman, or affects political rights to vote, to be elected, to candidates for political office, create an women disproportionately.” The adoption of the Declaration on Political form political associations and to hold environment of zero tolerance for such There are very few international Violence and Harassment against Women is public office, and which can manifest itself offences and, to ensure accountability, take all instruments to identify violence evidence of the relevance that this issue has through different types of universally appropriate steps to prosecute those against women in politics: acquired at the regional level where, despite the recognized violence including feminicide, responsible” (UN, 2018). fact that political violence is a serious problem, sexual, psychological and moral violence only Bolivia, Mexico, Argentina and Ecuador (Alanís, 2017). • The “Declaration on Political have approved legal reforms. Hence, the initial major global effort must Harassment and Violence against In reality, the definition and formal According to Article 2 of the Belém do Pará focus on formally recognizing it in Women” adopted at the Sixth Conference classification (crime or offense) in national law Convention, violence against women and, of the States Parties to the Inter-American of violence against women in politics has not international treaties and national laws as therefore, political violence, can be physical, Convention on the Prevention, advanced, nor has it progressed in formal a form of violence, identifying the types of sexual or psychological, and can take place in Punishment, and Eradication of Violence recommendations at the international level. behavior that constitute violence, putting both the public and private spheres. exemplary sanctions in place, identifying Against Women (CIM-MESECVI, 2015) There is enormous resistance worldwide. The Convention recognizes that violence against the proper authorities for dealing with and • The Inter-American Model Law on the In 2012, the United Nations General Assembly women is a manifestation of the historically punishing violent behavior, punishing Prevention, Punishment and Eradication adopted Resolution 66/130 (UN, 2011) on unequal power relations between men and offenders and providing mechanisms to of Violence against Women in Political Life women’s political participation. This called on women and constitutes a human rights violation, protect women and restore their violated from the Organization of American States all states to act and asked the United Nations therefore making it an assault on human dignity. rights. (OAS, 2017) system and other organizations to consolidate It also points out that violence against women

28 29 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

cuts across all sectors of society regardless of women in politics can be found in the United women in various countries still have to ask between 2006 and 2010, showing that men class, race or ethnicity, education or income, Nations Special Rapporteur’s report. It defines their husbands’ permission to be able to run for and women have different experiences with culture, age or religion. violence against women as “any act of gender- office or hold elected office. political violence (2017). Women are up to based violence, or threat of such acts, that three times more likely to be sexually and The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has V.I How does this type of results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual non-physically attacked, while men are up to recognized that gender-based violence is a or psychological harm or suffering and is violence manifest? three times more likely to experience more form of discrimination against women. directed against a woman in politics because As mentioned above, political violence against public forms of violence, such as political In Recommendation 19 of the Committee on she is a woman, or affects women women is a problem that ranges from the assassination and violence in the streets. the Elimination of Discrimination against disproportionately”. The aim of violence family environment, which often makes it “Women reported being beaten, raped, burned Women it points out that violence against against women in politics is to preserve difficult for women to vote and be voted for, to and mutilated by men who wanted to punish or women contributes to maintaining their traditional gender roles and stereotypes and to the public environment, where women coerce their political choices or prevent them subordination, restricts them to a lower level of maintain structural and gender inequalities. It systematically face barriers that prevent them from participating in a political activity like education, affords them fewer opportunities can take many forms, from misogynist and from reaching and holding public office. It can voting or running for office, because they are and limits their political participation. sexist verbal attacks to the more frequent acts even manifest itself in sexual or physical female. When general political violence of sexual harassment that are increasingly violence, including murder. The behaviors The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has occurred against both men and women, perpetrated online, or even femicide (UN, behind political violence can have an impact stated that “in cases of violence perpetrated women were much more likely to experience 2018). on the three fundamental stages of the against women, apart from their generic sexualized forms of violence, including rape, electoral cycle: the pre-election period, the obligations under the American Convention, The report also contains tools to identify who sexual assault and ‘virginity tests’” (Bardall, election period and the post-election period. States also have a heightened obligation under can be affected by this violence and when it 2017). the Belém do Pará Convention”. can occur, since it goes beyond electoral One of the great challenges in this area is to The document adds that finding information processes. According to the report, “women in understand that while violence against women Mexico’s obligations when it about electoral violence against men in public politics” includes “all women involved in in politics occurs in countries with democracies comes to political violence are records, such as police and hospital reports as political activities, those elected at the national under construction, it also happens in well as media coverage, is ten times more likely clear. In general terms, it must prevent, or local levels, members and candidates of consolidated democracies such as Canada, than finding details about a similar type of promote, respect, protect, guarantee and, political parties, government and State officials France, the United States and Great Britain. violence against women. These reports are when necessary, redress the right to political at the local, national and international levels, Therefore, it is not merely a weakness of states. almost always produced because a community participation on equal terms. This is based on civil servants, ministers, ambassadors and other Another key point is that while member reports an incident verbally. In politics, articles 1, 4 and 41 of the Mexican positions in the diplomatic corps” (UN, 2018). women are more commonly threatened than Constitution, and on the obligations accepted In other words, institutional and legal violence in politics may be men and are subject to sanctions such as by the country when signing international protection should not be limited to women experienced by both men and having their children taken away from them or treaties such as the American Convention on who are elected and participate in electoral women, when it is directed at the latter, it being morally condemned by their church Human Rights and the International Covenant processes; this protection must be much is done differently, and it is based on gender. leaders because they tried to vote, work on a on Civil and Political Rights. broader. This type of violence must, therefore, be political campaign or seek public office. Specifically, the Convention on the Elimination There is a long list of people defined so it can be identified, addressed and of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women eradicated. In Latin America and some (CEDAW), and the Inter-American Convention who may engage in this type other regions, there there is a significant A study by the electoral expert Gabrielle Bardall on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of violence including political party debate about how much influence electoral for the Election Violence Education and of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará leaders, parliamentarians, the media, religious institutions have on the internal life of political Resolution program run by the International Convention) set out the actions and measures leaders, community assemblies and leaders, parties. In recent years, court rulings have been Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) required to prevent and address discrimination candidates and party members, family passed that make it possible to influence examined over 2000 incidents of election and violence against women. members and hierarchical superiors. It mostly political parties as long as human rights are violence in six countries (Bangladesh, Burundi, occurs in the public sphere, but can also be respected, for example, by monitoring their As already mentioned, one of the most Guinea, Guyana, Nepal and East Timor) found in the private sphere. For example, accepted definitions of violence against obligations to comply with quotas, parity and

30 31 Violence Against Women in Politics

internal democratic processes that do not and are not allowed to put items on the agenda. exclude women. Party discipline works differently for women than it does for men because it limits women’s It has also been confi rmed that political political careers because of their gender. parties still have mechanisms that hinder the participation of women activists. For example, Figure 4. Female presidents in they may not inform women of calls for parliaments elections, or remunerate them for their campaigns, or force them to sign blank Progress of women speakers, 1995-2020 resignation letters so they can be used at any 25.0% time, or register male family members or spouses 20.5% 20.0% in second place on the lists so men can hold public offi ce in their place even though the 15.0% 12.4% 13.0% 15.8% women were the ones elected, etc. 10.0% 10.5% 8.3% Although respect for party self- 5.0% determination has prevailed, 0.0% 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 especially in Europe, and issues are resolved as private matters, if the second wave of feminism Source: Data from the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). has made anything clear, it is the importance of do not have the necessary resources, staff or the position on the women’s behalf, and infl uencing both the personal and private VIOLENCE IN POLITICS networks to initiate legal proceedings to misusing the allocated budget for women spheres, since these are the spaces where EXPERIENCED BY FEMALE defend their rights. What’s more, in a study (Hevia & Aparicio, 2015). women experience discrimination. The feminist conducted in a Mexican indigenous ACTIVISTS Some countries, such as Mexico, Colombia and Carol Hanisch expressed this in the phrase “the community, women reported that political Women have always been involved in political Brazil, have allocated resources specifi cally to personal is political” (Hanisch, 1970). parties preferred mestizo women to run as parties, either as activists, community managers, promoting women’s political leadership. These candidates, to the detriment of indigenous Just as there is concern about the resurgence of vote mobilizers, or campaign supporters. are often misused, for example to purchase women (Alanís, pending publication). extremist parties that advocate hate speech, However, they have been excluded from political items that do not contribute towards this goal it should be seen as a matter of concern that party leadership structures and from spaces of Informal rules in candidate in any way, such as cosmetics, aprons, bracelets some political parties continue to impede representation, as is evident from the gaps selection also work against and fuel, as seen in Mexico when the Electoral women’s political participation with obvious shown above. Institute made political party spending reports barriers. In both cases, democratic systems are women. Even with quotas or parity in public (Arteta, 2019). clearly under attack. Hence, there is an urgent Political party structures, and in particular the place, political parties design strategies to need to regulate aspects of internal affairs. In bodies responsible for registering candidates, are ensure spaces continue to be occupied by No less relevant is the fact that Latin America, this is already starting to be done spaces where political violence occurs. Women men, hampering mechanisms working towards women often do not realize are denied the right to register as candidates, equality (Vázquez, 2020). Some of these through the electoral bodies. they are victims of political violence. even when they meet the necessary strategies are: meeting quotas for women with Violence from political parties is also experienced This behavior is so normalized that women are requirements and have the relevant membership. substitutes, putting women at the bottom of by female delegates. There is an evident bias led to believe that politics is this way by nature Candidate nomination is a key moment in their proportional representation lists, nominating when it comes to presidencies, which are mostly and, so, they must endure being treated participation journey, and one of the most women mostly in regions where they are sure held by men. According to IPU data, just 20 differently. signifi cant obstacles they have to overcome. to lose, meeting quotas by averaging out percent of parliaments are led by women. In proportional representation and relative addition to this bias, women often do not have Women activists have less information about majority, always putting men at the top of offi ces, are not invited to working group timeframes and procedures for “fi ghting” for proportional representation lists, using men as meetings, are not given a voice on the podium candidates, and if a candidate is rejected, they substitutes for women so the former take up

32 33 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

VIOLENCE IN POLITICS husband, brother or another family member, or arena, comprising social networks, has Below are some of the reasons why there are so EXPERIENCED BY FEMALE a recognized leader in the political party. In unfortunately, become a hostile space where, few documented cases of political violence: CANDIDATES some cases, this is covered up by government through anonymity or sometimes directly, authorities that have agreements in place with women are attacked by those questioning their • There is no widespread knowledge in Women who become candidates face men and not the women who have been leadership in posts about their physical society about political violence, its scope situations that put them at a disadvantage. elected into offi ce. appearance or queries into their ability to hold and how to punish it. Often, they are denied campaign resources or public offi ce. propped up as candidates in regions where Other tactics used to hamper • There is no legal framework to support Attacks and threats are received via email, they are sure to lose either because few votes women’s progress include: a victims who report it. telephone, direct messages, WhatsApp, web were won there by their political party in failure to disclose information, not summoning pages and blogs, and through more popular • Some people are unaware of this form previous elections, or where they have no women to council sessions or parliamentary social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, of violence, what it involves and its stronghold or previous experience. committees; a refusal to pay for expenses and YouTube, Instagram and TikTok. Women often sociocultural effects. material resources such as offi ces, human Having less experience in the political arena, do not know where they can turn to report this • Women do not realize they are resources, staff to help them perform their fewer support networks and generally less behavior. The abusive content, thus, remains experiencing this form of violence since duties, internet, offi cial vehicles; intimidation; material and human resources make it more online for some time, meaning it is widely they believe they must “put up with it” pressure to sign blank documents; a failure to diffi cult for women to campaign effectively shared and reaches more people. and what happens to them is “normal”. with a serious chance of winning. A lack of disclose public accounts; being demoted; Different reports, especially from electoral This idea is often reinforced by the fi nancial resources affects women threats; attacks; and sexual violence (Vázquez institutions, reveal another problem: biases in political environment and by colleagues. disproportionately. & Enríquez, 2019) (UN, 2020). radio and television appearances, with women • There is no clarity about legal remedies Political rights should be understood as rights always receiving less exposure than men. There or the right authority to approach for in a broad sense beyond elections and the Women are often unaware of the are fewer interviews, advertisements and help. positions they entail, as the Special appearances involving female pre-candidates, amount of money they should Rapporteur’s report says: “Some women in • There is little confi dence in the candidates and leaders than there are ones for receive for their campaigns, and politics may be more exposed to risks of authorities. males. When they do involve women, they they always receive less than men. gender-based violence than others, including: often resort to gender stereotypes, with • There are fears that reporting violence human rights defenders; young, indigenous, females being asked about their personal life or will hamper a woman’s political Female candidates also experience violence lesbian, bisexual and transgender and intersex physical appearance rather than their political aspirations. during campaigns. The attacks almost always activists; members of opposition or minority projects, thereby downplaying their opinions • When women do report violence, they question their ability to carry out the roles, groups; and those voicing minority, dissenting about what they have to offer the electorate. are stigmatized as diffi cult and judged while campaign advertisement tends to or ‘controversial’ views” (UN, 2018). Hence, for not toeing the party line. strengthen gender stereotypes reinforcing political rights should not be interpreted in a Unfortunately, these behaviours way that always restricts the right to be • Fear of reprisals, threats and increased beliefs that women can be easily manipulated are widespread and therefore often elected, but, rather, guarantee comprehensive harassment. and, therefore, make bad leaders. Women’s goes unnoticed. Also, it may be so common protection in all public functions. honor is also called into question through that it is not questioned. This leads to serious • Within parties, there are no bodies for references to their “sexual behavior”. DIGITAL AND MEDIA VIOLENCE violent incidents and the minimization of their dealing with this kind of violence. consequences. Victims are then held VIOLENCE IN PUBLIC OFFICE The Report of the Kofi Annan Commission on • Support networks are insuffi cient. responsible and not believing women who Once in offi ce, women also face violence and Elections and Democracy in the Digital Age report is legitimized. All this is based on the • It is embarrassing to publicly declare concerted attempts to limit or undermine their asks a key question: what is the potential of premise: “if women want to enter the public oneself a victim and, in some cases, to authority as legislators. For example, simulation digital technologies to both strengthen and sphere, they need to adapt to the rules of the talk about what happened. is often used as a tactic. When a woman is undermine the integrity of the electoral game”. elected, the person who actually holds offi ce is environment? (Annan, 2020) When it comes to someone else, usually a man, either her women’s political participation, the new public

34 35 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

V.II International developments “Although our laws are cutting-edge, they are ways of guaranteeing access to justice and Prosecutor’s Offi ce for Electoral unfortunately not enforced, and despite the preventing the behavior from recurring; all in specific legislation on Offenses (FEPADE) indicates that participation and presence of women in these elements remain in the sphere of violence against women in between 2012 and 2016, there were 156 political spaces increasing in a real and ordinary justice, which can take much longer incidents of political violence against women. politics concrete way, which represents an to settle cases. Since 2012, there have been over 40 initiatives Until 2020, only Bolivia and Mexico have unquestionable step forward, this does not The Bolivian scenario should be taken into to reform various laws to recognize and approved laws and regulations on violence mean that a social, political, cultural and account by other countries in understanding combat gender-based political violence, but against women in politics. Argentina and economic system has been achieved where the enormous scope of designing and none have been successful (FEPADE, 2018). Ecuador approved general provisions, but women can assert their political rights on equal implementing laws and public policies that appropriate modifi cations have not been made As with other issues, it was at the local level terms” (ACOBOL, 2013). effectively eradicate violence against women in order to defi ne conduct, sanctions and that important advances were fi rst made in in politics. procedures. In countries such as Peru and Costa Bolivia is an advanced country recognizing violence against women in politics; in terms of how it recognizes women’s political Rica, only draft laws were presented before MEXICO incidents began to be documented and local rights, has approved parity and operates with Congress. electoral institutes and civil society In 2014, Mexico abandoned quotas and opted the world’s third highest proportion of women organizations were indispensable in supporting for parity in federal congress candidate BOLIVIA in a unicameral parliament (53 per cent). the women affected. In the absence of a nominations. However, the most signifi cant Despite seven years having passed since the relevant federal law, the Protocol to Address In May 2013, Bolivia approved Law 243 reform occurred in 2019 when gender parity law against political harassment and violence Political Violence Against Women was criminalizing political harassment and violence was constitutionally recognized across the against women was adopted, resistance to published in March 2016 as part of the against women. This law was the result of work board for candidate registration for all elected women’s participation in politics does not institutional framework for protecting women’s by the Bolivian Association of Women positions and in all areas of government, either appear to have been reduced. political and electoral rights. The Protocol was Councillors (ACOBOL), which for twelve years by election or by appointment, as well as in In 2016, Supreme Decree No. 2935 was created by the Federal Electoral Court, the was responsible for keeping the issue on the autonomous bodies and indigenous issued, regulating Law 243, which provides for National Electoral Institute, the Special public agenda. During this time, over 572 municipalities. complaints of political harassment and violence the creation of a “mechanism of prevention Prosecutor’s Offi ce for Electoral Offenses and against women were made and documented. and immediate attention” for incidents of As the expert Blanca Olivia Peña points out, by the National Women’s Institute. It has been Juana Quispe, a female councilor from the political harassment and/or violence that are taking on these obligations, the Mexican State recognized internationally as good practice municipality of Ancoraimes, was murdered clearly serious and/or represent a risk, putting supported the entire regulatory framework, because it is the reference for dealing with after reporting harassment from male the life or physical integrity of the affected procedural rules, case law and jurisprudence in cases in a legal vacuum (TEPJF, 2016). the administrative, legislative and jurisdictional councillors; she never had access to justice person in imminent danger, in order to This instrument defi ned gender- (ACOBOL, 2013). coordinate and organize immediate action spheres with the broadest protection for against between the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of women’s political and electoral rights (Peña, based political violence The Bolivian model incorporated political women and made clear the elements of Government, the Bolivian Police, the Ministry of 2016). harassment and violence against women into political violence and relevant situations, as Autonomy, the Public Prosecutor’s Offi ce, the the country’s penal code as crimes against Data from the Special well as the rights of the victims and the Offi ce of the Ombudsperson and the public service. However, no cases have been institutions able to assist. The Protocol became Plurinational Electoral Organ. It also created With this reform, Mexico became settled and nobody has been persecuted for an extremely important tool for the courts and the regulations for processing elected women’s these crimes. According to data from UN the only country to introduce the electoral institutes, since it was not until 2020 resignations and processing political Women, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal principle of constitutional parity in that the federal congress legislated to penalize harassment and violence complaints reported through the Democratic Parity all formal spaces of public and such violence under a reform. This is the only (Observatory, 2017). Observatory that in the fi rst four months of political decision-making. However, reform globally that defi nes what violence 2018 alone, it reviewed 65 cases of political Katia Uriona, a specialist in women’s political as seen elsewhere, women’s against women in politics is. It identifi es 22 harassment and violence against women (UN, participation and former president of the increased access to elected office types of behavior responsible for violence, sets 2020). Supreme Electoral Tribunal, points out that has had the unintended effect of out sanctions (including fi nes, reduced funding, despite these efforts, there are no effective increasing violence against them.

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public apologies, candidate removal, election I. Failing to comply with national and any expression that denigrates or or any other leave provided for in legislation; disqualifi es women in the exercise of their nullifi cation and prison terms), and establishes international legal provisions that recognize XVI. Infl icting physical, sexual, symbolic, political functions, based on gender measures for protection and redress. the full exercise of women’s political rights; psychological, economic or patrimonial stereotypes, in order to damage or resulting Due to their relevance, and as an example, the II. Restricting or nullifying women’s right to a violence on a woman in the exercise of her in the damage of their public image or 22 types of behavior recognized by Mexican free and secret vote, or hindering their rights political rights; limiting or nullifying their rights; legislation as political violence against women of association and affi liation to all types of XVII. Arbitrarily limiting or denying the use X. Disseminating images, messages or on the basis of gender are listed on the right: political and civil organizations, on the basis of of any resource or power inherent to the private information involving a woman gender; position held by a woman, including the candidate or incumbent, by any physical or III. Failing to disclose information or call for payment of wages, allowances or other virtual means, for the purpose of candidates, or any other activity involving benefi ts associated with the position, on an discrediting, defaming, denigrating and decision-making as part of their functions and equal basis; questioning her capacity or abilities in activities; politics, based on gender stereotypes; XVIII. Obliging a woman, through force, IV. Providing women who aspire to hold or pressure or intimidation, to sign documents XI. Threatening or intimidating one or more already hold elected offi ce with false or or endorse decisions contrary to her will or women or their family or collaborators to incomplete information preventing them from the law; lead them to resign from the candidacy or registering as candidates or leading to the offi ce to which they were elected or XIX. Obstructing or preventing women’s incorrect exercise of their powers; appointed; access to justice to protect their political V. Providing incomplete information or false rights; XII. Preventing, by any means, women data to administrative, electoral or elected or appointed to any public offi ce or XX. Arbitrarily limiting or denying the use of jurisdictional authorities to undermine position from taking the oath for their role, any resource or attribute inherent to the women’s political rights and the guarantee of attending ordinary or extraordinary sessions, political offi ce held by a woman, preventing due process; or any other activity involving decision- them from holding offi ce on equal terms; VI. Providing women in elected offi ce with making and the exercise of offi ce by XXI. Imposing unjustifi ed or abusive false, incomplete or inaccurate information to preventing or suppressing their right to sanctions, preventing or restricting women prevent them from carrying out their roles speak and vote; asserting their political rights on an equal properly leading to the undue exercise of their XIII. Restricting women’s political rights footing, or powers; based on the application of traditions, XXII. Any other similar conduct that harms VII. Obstructing campaigns to prevent customs or internal or specifi c normative or is likely to negatively affect the dignity, electoral competition from taking place on systems that violate human rights; integrity or freedom of women in a political, equal footing; XIV. Imposing, based on gender stereotypes, public, powerful or decision-making position VIII. Making or distributing political or activities other than those required as part that affects their political electoral rights electoral propaganda that slanders, degrades of political representation, offi ce or Each of these examples are based on real cases or disqualifi es a female candidate based on function; reported by women who have experienced gender stereotypes that reproduce XV. Discriminating against women in the political violence in campaigns or in the relationships based on domination, inequality exercise of their political rights during exercise of public offi ce. or discrimination against women, with the aim pregnancy, or before, during or after of undermining their public image or limiting childbirth, or preventing or restricting their their political and electoral rights; return to work after taking maternity leave IX. Defaming, slandering, insulting or making

38 39 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

V.III Incidents of violence internal processes to punish the perpetrators. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, 2018. the Council of Europe (PACE) in 2018, which against women in politics “It is not easy to be a woman in politics in HARASSMENT AND VIOLENCE interviewed 123 women from 45 European Bolivia. Women are often subjected to political AMONG PARLIAMENTARIANS countries, highlighted the sexism, abuse and It is increasingly common to fi nd documented harassment and violence from their male violence against women in parliaments (IPU, cases of violence against women in politics. colleagues, who are usually in the same party A study conducted by the Inter-Parliamentary 2018). Among the most important fi ndings are However, we know that like the other types of (Página Siete, 2020). Union (IPU) and the Parliamentary Assembly of the following: violence faced by women, they are under- This is an incident where intimidation based on recorded, either because women did not gender is clear. The assemblywoman was • 85.2 percent of the female appearance or based on gender realize violence was taking place or because pressured to vote in a certain way. When there parliamentarians who took part in the stereotypes. the lack of institutions as well as lack of justice was doubt as to whether she would comply, study said they had experienced and impunity for perpetrators mean they do • 24.7 percent had experienced sexual she was threatened and later the threats were psychological violence during their term not fi le complaints, so there are no offi cial violence. carried out through the attack on her family. of offi ce. records. • 14.8 percent had experienced Her enemies achieved their goal of her leaving • 46.9 percent had received death physical violence. BOLIVIA, 2020. THE FORCED offi ce as she ended up resigning for her own threats or threats of rape or beatings. and her family’s safety. Her resignation was not • The perpetrators of this harassment RESIGNATION • 58.2 percent had been targeted by accepted by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal and violence were political opponents, online sexist attacks on social networks. Miriam Vargas, an assemblywoman from Potosi because the law says that if the electoral body colleagues from the women’s own in Bolivia, was threatened by leaders in her own recognizes or acknowledges signs of political • 67.9 percent had been subject to parties, and ordinary citizens. party, Movimiento Al Socialismo (Movement for harassment and violence contributing to the comments about their physical Socialism), to make sure she voted in favour of resignation of an authority fi gure, it will not the Governor. Despite voting in his favour, on proceed with the appointment of a 10 June 2020 she was the victim of an attack: replacement until the facts are clarifi ed. Figure 5. Forms of violence experienced her house was ransacked and burned down by female parliamentarians interviewed with her children present; they managed to and rates of reporting escape minutes before the incident (García, While this may be good news, those 2020). who attacked Vargas say they will Female MPs surveyed After the attack, in which she lost all her carry out more attacks if she does not Prevelence of acts of violence and rates of reporting property, Vargas offered her resignation to resign. It is, therefore, essential that 60% the president of the Departmental Legislative there are guarantees in place to 50% Assembly and the Potosí Departmental enable women to hold office. While Electoral Tribunal to protect herself and her not accepting someone’s resignation 40% family. The Offi ce of the Ombudsperson asked is an important decision, it must go 30% the Potosi Departmental Legislative Assembly alongside additional measures to to declare the resignation illegal, since it 20% keep women safe. occurred in a context of political harassment 10% experienced this form of violence and violence and bullying and pressure on her reported the incident 0% and her family members. Online Threats of Psychological Sexual Physical violence physical harassment harassment violence Various civil organizations have violence demanded guaranteed protection for Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) and Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), 2018 assemblywomen in line with the provisions of Law 243 against Political Violence and Harassment, approved seven years ago, and asked that the party implement the necessary

40 41 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

In 2017, the global #MeToo Elisa, a human rights activist, had promoted According to the complaint, 17 of the 19 Other documented cases include the 2016 women’s political participation in the region candidates were men who wanted to claim murder of the UK Labour Party MP Jo Cox, who phenomenon began with an outcry and fought for transparency and accountability transgender identity to avoid complying with was attacked by an individual who shot and over sexual abuse by the American fi lm locally. The attacks were masterminded by a the requirement for parity in nominations. The stabbed her at the end of a campaign event. producer Harvey Weinstein. The movement local party boss who hoped to hold on to his electoral institute decided to ban these 17 According to newspaper reports, witnesses then extended to other fi elds including politics. political power in the community. The candidates, since it had been shown that they claimed the killer shouted, “Britain fi rst!” Since then, the hashtag has been used by perpetrators left Elisa and her mother for dead were not transgender women, but cisgender (El País, 2016). millions of women around the world to in the public square. citizens intending to misuse affi rmative action. condemn sexual harassment and abuse. V.IV A comprehensive model When the authorities arrived, they managed to Gender adjustments were made for the city In October that same year, female Californian arrest the attackers and take Elisa to hospital, councils in these 19 municipalities with the for protecting women as they politicians publicly stated that they too faced where she gradually recovered. As a next woman on the list being placed as the fi rst exercise their political rights these abusive situations. Over 140 women, precautionary measure, she was given an councilor, going through all positions. It was Experience has taught us that increased female including female legislators, signed a letter escort, a panic button and surveillance at also determined that candidates who participation in politics also means more denouncing touching without consent, home. A year after the attack, Elisa began attempted to defraud the law could not incidents of violence. This type of behavior inappropriate comments and sexual advances. working in her community again and was participate in the election. The candidates’ seeks to reaffi rm the gender mandates that “Why didn’t we speak up? Sometimes out of elected mayor of her municipality in 2016. political parties also had 18 months of their impose uneven power relations on women fear. Sometimes out of shame ... Often these Two years later, she was voted in as a local running expenses withdrawn. instilled by sexism and to keep positions of men hold our professional fates in their hands. congresswoman. In this role, she has promoted power for men. They are bosses, gatekeepers, and contacts. Political parties appealed the decision and the reforms such as criminalizing political violence, Our relationships with them are crucial to our Federal Electoral Court reversed the decision of decriminalizing abortion and criminalizing acid personal success” (Mason, 2017). the administrative electoral authority by a attacks on women (El Universal, 2019). It is therefore necessary to majority of votes. It confi rmed two transgender This type of statement shows how women in introduce public policies that candidates who were ordered to register in politics face different barriers when making MEXICO, 2018. PLOYS TO eradicate this type of behavior second position thereby giving the fi rst position complaints, since their political career often PREVENT PARITY by designing models of access to the fi rst woman on the list of candidates. depends on the decisions of the very men who Local elections were held in Mexico in 2018, to justice that comply with are abusive towards them, which discourages including for councils in the State of Oaxaca, By order of the Superior international standards of prompt them from pursuing legal channels or making where the political participation of transgender Chamber, Susana Alvarado was registered and expeditious justice, as well as their complaints public. people was recognized for the fi rst time. as fi rst on the list and Carlos Quevedo Fabián the minimum standards of due diligence and due process. MEXICO, 2018. ATTEMPTED However, some political parties used this (who ran as a transgender woman and had MURDER affi rmative measure to try and evade parity by previously been municipal president) was taking places away from women and registered as a representative. After winning States cannot acquiesce or fail to punish In 2014, the activist Elisa Zepeda Lagunas was registering men who claimed to be the election and shortly after taking offi ce, perpetrators in the face of violence against ambushed and attacked in the municipality of transgender women as candidates. Susana Alvarado reported that she was women in the political sphere, because this Eloxochitlán de Flores Magón, Oaxaca, Mexico. creates an environment of injustice and During the registration period, 19 transgender- subjected to political violence by the municipal Her brother was killed, her mother was injured, undermines the rule of law. When potential women candidates were nominated and representative, Carlos Quevedo. In October and her house and car were set on fi re. perpetrators know they will go unpunished, it publicized by the local electoral authority. 2019, she fi led a lawsuit for the Protection of Eloxochitlán is an area that traditionally encourages repeated and aggravated violent However, once the lists were sent out, civil Citizens’ Political Rights, in which she stated chooses authority fi gures according to customs behavior. This and all types of violence must, associations advocating for people of diverse that the Representative had created similar and practices (customary law). The attack took therefore, be eradicated. sexual orientations fi led a formal complaint groups to generate political instability in the place in the context of an assembly to elect a with the authority about possible fraud in these municipality and force her to resign so that he mayor, which could not take place due to the nominations. could serve as municipal president. presence of armed groups (Commission, 2014).

42 43 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

What is a comprehensive Administrative and jurisdictional redress processes. This implies having complaint model of justice for women? measures are also needed to compel the state mechanisms, determining precautionary and to act promptly and diligently. Trials can take protective measures, carrying out an A defi nition of violence against women in months or years. During this time women will investigation, and having exemplary sanctions politics was needed to understand how it works continue to face violent acts and their political for perpetrators and reparation measures to and the types of individuals who may performance will be affected. It is not possible make amends for violated rights. perpetrate it, as well as to take appropriate for justice to be late when violent behavior action to address it. evolves and worsens quickly, often starting on Diagram 1. Comprehensive When a woman experiences social networks. protection for women facing violence (for example, domestic violence), Restorative justice implies reparation, which violence in politics one of the fi rst things to do is to remove her involves psychological support, security and from her home and take her to a safe place, fi nancial compensation, among other 1. REPORTING (immediacy usually a special shelter. In extreme cases, elements. As a result, it is important to have and accessibility) women have to change their place of male and female judges whose decisions take a residence. For women in politics, the situation gender perspective into account. is more complicated as their careers have been Exemplary sanctions are important for ensuring built where they live. The only people who that offenses are not repeated. Strategies 5. REPARATION 2. CAUTIONARY would benefi t from their removal would be should go beyond the penal system. For MEASURES Summary Procedure AND PROTECTIVE those who want them out of the running, out (gender (fast-tracked) before MEASURES example, Mexico has agreed that people of parties and away from their political capital. perspective) authorities and (immediate) responsible for this kind of violence should be Electoral or disqualifi ed from participating as candidates in Specialized Courts This type of violence cuts future elections. The state can also impose women’s political careers short signifi cant economic sanctions on political and reparation is often impossible. parties and de-register a political party if there are repeated violations. 4. SANCTIONS It is, therefore, necessary to FOR PERPETRATORS 3. INVESTIGATION design and introduce measures It tends to take much less time to resolve (exemplary (rapid) for protection, redress and non- disputes in electoral processes than in other and inhibitory) repetition. Protective measures areas where the damage can be irreparable. include providing women with This route should, therefore, be considered Source: created by author. private security, protecting them instead of civil or criminal routes, where it takes physically and restricting much longer to resolve disputes and the perpetrators. implications for women are negative. Such It is important to study and address these types cases must be handled professionally, ethically of cases as well as be aware of the advances Reparation measures attempt to make amends and with a strong commitment to equality. that have been made at the international level, for previously violated rights. For example, in because that is where human rights issues have In conclusion, a successful model of Mexico, the law on violence against women in been discussed in depth, with landmark rulings access to justice must be comprehensive and politics established measures that include the on the rights of indigenous people, the rights of guarantee that women can approach electoral, following: public apologies, election minorities, the rights of people with diverse jurisdictional, administrative and, where nullifi cation and more radio- and television- backgrounds, and others. Indeed, this will help appropriate, criminal prosecution authorities to appearance time for the women affected, states consider the problem from different report violations of political and electoral taken out of the perpetrators’ media time. perspectives and design the necessary rights. Access to justice must be rapid and mechanisms to eradicate it. available before, during and after electoral

44 45 Violence Againstagainst womenWomen inin politicsPolitics kofiannanfoundation.org

VI. Recommendations 1. The CEDAW Committee of Experts should issue a specific recommendation regarding violence against women in politics. The CEDAW Committee of Experts should issue a specific recommendation that includes the concept and standards for states parties, showing the importance of combating violence against Addressing political violence is not women in politics and obliging states to take urgent action to eradicate it. It is worth remembering that these recommendations are binding and would be an excellent way to position just a task for administrative or the issue in countries where the individual and collective impact of this type of violence against jurisdictional electoral institutions: women has not yet been assessed. IIn recent decades, women’s struggle to have their political rights recognized has been so intense it is a commitment that states must that the violence they experience while in public office has been overlooked, although most countries have made progress towards descriptive and quantitative equality. Women must be able make across the board. Therefore, to access these spaces without becoming victims of violence. these recommendations involve different institutions and provide 2. Design a comprehensive model of access to justice (electoral, administrative and criminal) specific, but not limiting, tasks. Administrative and jurisdictional procedures must be structurally reformed to ensure that women The aim is to eradicate gender gaps can access administrative authorities and courts to report violence. As explained in this document, action can be taken in four main areas: I) access to justice, II) duties and functions, III) in political representation and defend protection orders and risk assessments, and IV) preventative measures and reparations. women’s human right to hold public office. 2.1 Access to justice: • Introduce immediate actions and concrete • As with other types of violence against policies to stop victims’ rights from being women, gender-based political violence is violated. not just a matter for the criminal prosecution authorities. • Empower authorities and equip them with legal tools to take immediate action on • Violence against women in politics needs behalf of victims. to be addressed comprehensively, taking into account the victims and the political • Ensure investigative processes are subject and public nature of their activities. to guarantees of due diligence in line with international standards. • Violence against women in politics also generates different types of responsibilities • Stop the behavior from recurring. including criminal, electoral, administrative, • Redress the rights of the victims. civil, occupational and international. • Punish offenders. • All types of violence must be considered: • Protect the principles of equality, equity, symbolic, physical, sexual, psychological, non-discrimination and non-violence. occupational, economic and patrimonial. • Eradicate impunity.

46 47 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

2.2 Duties and functions: 3. Formally recognize violence against women in politics • Each authority’s duties and scope must sanctions, which should also be provided be precisely defi ned and regulated. for in the law. States need to legislate to recognize violence against women in politics, considering the international examples set by Bolivia and Mexico to develop better laws that are comprehensive • There is currently a complete lack of • Possible competent authorities: electoral and effectively protect women, as discussed above. regulation. It needs to be clear what scope courts, electoral institutes, special the competent authority has to order risk prosecutor’s offi ces, women’s institutes, The resistance to recognizing this type of violence legally can be explained as follows: if behavior assessment for the victim, issue and victims’ commissions, etc. is not recognized in law; it cannot be punished. It is illegal to punish someone for a crime that is execute protection orders and impose not legally recognized; it is illegal to punish someone if there is no specifi c penalty for this specifi c crime; it is illegal for an authority to sanction someone without an express duty to do so.

2.3 Protection orders and risk assessments: Male parliamentary legislators fear being punished by this violence, so • Protection orders are essential immediate protective measures to prevent they postpone discussions, maintain that no legal change is necessary guarantees and must be provided for in the victims, their families and related persons and hinder any initiatives that are presented. The issue must therefore relevant general laws (electoral law, access from being harmed as a precaution. be promoted from within parliament itself with support from civil society law, violence against women and victims’ • The electoral authority should be able to organizations and political leaders. law, etc.). order risk assessments. • Unfortunately, protection orders have not 4. Regulate and hold political parties accountable • Plans should be developed for individual been developed in the context of politics protection measures, as well as security Political parties are key to eradicating this kind of violence because they propose candidates and elections, where they are necessary. measures for the victim (personal security, and are obliged to maintain links with their members. They must also ensure they are properly • Laws should list the authorities able to stopping the perpetrator accessing the representing citizens, including women, of course, who, for many years, they have tried to make issue protection orders. victim’s residence, party headquarters/ invisible. offi ces, campaign spaces or places visited • They must recognize and empower Political parties should create internal bodies to provide justice that incorporates the gender by the victim) to stop the behavior from electoral (and other) authorities so they perspective, to which women activists can turn. Party leaders must be truly committed to parity continuing, as well as intimidation or can request and, if necessary, implement democracy and develop effective sanctions to eradicate violence. harassment. A political party’s internal justice system should establish immediate measures to prevent further harm to victims and their families, ensure investigations are carried out under the principles of 2.4 Preventative measures and reparation : due diligence and in accordance with international standards, and redress the rights of victims. It should also impose penalties on offenders and prevent political violence from going unpunished. • Exemplary penalties and sanctions are authorities that stand out are those needed to ensure that violent behavior violating women’s right to access 5. Address cases of violence against women in politics using a does not reoccur, thus having a politics and hold offi ce. “gender perspective” transformative effect. • Unfortunately, in some cases, the Passing judgment by taking gender into account requires that authorities and judicial operators • Reparations for victims should be authorities have unreasonably decided know about international instruments on women’s human rights. It is also important to know determined from a gender perspective, that reparations are impossible. what a “gender perspective” is and what it means. Knowledge and tools on the subject will avoid taking into consideration how illegal • The structural prevention measures resolving issues of political violence in conventional ways used in areas such as family law. In conduct has affected women’s political set out in judgments are essential if discussions, commonly held opinions ideas like “I have daughters at home, so I know what rights careers. similar incidents are to be avoided. they have” should be avoided as they do not help put an end to this kind of social problem. • The political and electoral contexts • Reparations must be implemented should be taken into account. and designed to generate • The incidents reported to the transformative solutions.

48 49 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

The power of judicial rulings to provide legal and symbolic redress to women who suffer rights Creating data that takes gender perspective into account is required by different international violations are fundamental. Conversely, rulings can also result in instruments that re-victimize instruments such as: the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (Article 4 (k)), women if their background is known and there is a limited understanding of women’s role in the Special Rapporteur’s contributions, the Beijing Platform for Action (Strategic Objective D.2 on society. In all cases, international treaties to protect women’s rights should be considered and the Violence against Women), and the study by the offi ce of the UN Secretary General on violence pro-personae principle should always be used as much as possible. against women that contains a full chapter on the need for data collection. 6. Inform and educate women about their political rights Other relevant international instruments are: the UNiTE Campaign (one of its fi ve objectives is data collection), the CSW Conclusions (Recommendation D), the Special Rapporteur’s call for Institutions such as electoral authorities, political parties and equality bodies must run awareness states parties to set up “femicide watches”, the Inter-American Model Law on the Prevention, campaigns on women’s political rights so that females can assert and demand them. Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women in Political Life (2017. CIM/MESECVI/ Political parties should also be required to publish and disseminate among women activists OAS), CEDAW General Recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women information about the sums they receive for women’s campaigns, training and development to (updating GR. No. 19) and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women’s encourage the appropriate use of these resources. Concluding Observations on Mexico’s Ninth Periodic Report. 7. Consolidate women’s leadership As noted in the Special Rapporteur’s report, the lack of general data and indicators to measure Political parties should be encouraged to support women activists with workshops on specifi c violence against women in politics and elections at all levels generates a belief that these are topics such as how to campaign, how to hold public offi ce, how to better carry out their role and, isolated incidents rather than manifestations of widespread and structural discrimination against of course, how to detect and report violence against women in politics. women in political and public life. Universities can also be involved. By developing specifi c programs, they can support this training 10. Undertake qualitative studies and encourage mobile facilities to be created so political training can be given to women in In addition to the quantitative studies that can be carried out to generate statistics, electoral remote communities or rural areas where there is less access to this type of information. institutions, political parties, academia and civil society organizations must carry out qualitative 8. Help civil society organizations and activists address cases of studies to provide more comprehensive tools to understand the dynamics that encourage this violence type of violence. There should be interviews with women who have experienced violence and with those who carry out this type of violence to identify risk factors associated with victims and Civil society plays a key role in reporting, handling and following up on violent incidents. They perpetrators. often come to light through civil organizations since women are afraid and hesitate to go to the appropriate authorities. When it comes to women’s forced resignations from public offi ce, civil 11. Create stereotype-free communications campaigns organizations have played a fundamental role in making these known to both the media and the State institutions must run ongoing communications campaigns explaining the importance of electoral authorities. women’s participation in political life. Girls have to see themselves refl ected in these new fi gures However, many of these organizations do not have enough of a budget to fund such activities, as leaders, congresswomen, councilors, ministers or in any other relevant position to generate which limits their scope and longevity. Specifi c funds should be allocated to legal and new narratives in children and young people. psychological support projects for these organizations, which will allow them to carry out such activities. 12. Develop international protocols International and technical assistance agencies should develop action protocols setting out 9. Generate statistics concepts, international treaties, jurisprudence and case studies. It is impossible to properly assess violence against women in politics without data that quantifi es These materials will also be useful in training authorities, women in politics, women’s political incident numbers, perpetrators, the stage in the electoral cycle when violence takes place, how it rights activists, the media and any other interested parties. manifests itself, the institutions involved, sociodemographic data on the women affected, and legal proceedings among other aspects. These statistics should be publicly available for access by citizens, academics, political parties and civil society itself.

50 51 Violence Against Women in Politics kofiannanfoundation.org

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