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Peter P. T. Sah and the Synthesis of Vitamin C in China and Europe
EASTM 20 (2003 ): 92-98 Peter P. T. Sah and the Synthesis of Vitamin C in China and Europe Zhang Li [Zhang Li is Associate Professor at the Institute for the History of Natural Sci ence, Chinese Academy of Sciences. She has published a number of articles on the history of modern chemistry of both the West and China and the social his tory of science in twentieth-century China, including studies on the influence of higher education reform on chemical education in the 1950s in China (1992) and the coordination between national needs and scientists' autonomy during 1949-/965 (2003). She recently received her doctoral degree in the Philosophy of Science from Peking University, completing a dissertation on the institution alization of science in the People's Republic of China. Her forthcoming book is called Gaofenzi kexue zai Zhongguo de jianli ( 1949-1965) r%'J 5t r f-4 ~ ft i:p 00 R"J ~ JI. (1949-1965) ( Institutionalization of Polymer Science in China(l949- /965) Jinan: Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe 2003, ¥ff 1¥i : W J'.f: ¥!I.. W tB It& ffr±, 2003).J * * * The synthesis of vitamin C was one of the main scientific achievements in the 1930s. Many scientists in Europe made contributions to this field, especially Albert Szent-Gyorgyi (1893-1986) from Hungary and Sir Walter Norman Ha worth ( 1883-1950) from England, both of whom won the Nobel Prize in 1937. In the same period, a Chinese chemist, Sa Bentie ~ :;$: ~ (1900-1986), better known outside China as Peter P. T. Sah, was also studying vitamin C. -
Sequencing As a Way of Work
Edinburgh Research Explorer A new insight into Sanger’s development of sequencing Citation for published version: Garcia-Sancho, M 2010, 'A new insight into Sanger’s development of sequencing: From proteins to DNA, 1943-77', Journal of the History of Biology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 265-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-009- 9184-1 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s10739-009-9184-1 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Journal of the History of Biology Publisher Rights Statement: © Garcia-Sancho, M. (2010). A new insight into Sanger’s development of sequencing: From proteins to DNA, 1943-77. Journal of the History of Biology, 43(2), 265-323. 10.1007/s10739-009-9184-1 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 THIS IS AN ADVANCED DRAFT OF A PUBLISHED PAPER. REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS SHOULD ALWAYS BE MADE TO THE PUBLISHED VERION, WHICH CAN BE FOUND AT: García-Sancho M. -
Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary
^'U y M.j^ 3//4rf/l c/ >}% '' AS122 M3P72 * FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY MEMOIRS AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE MANCHESTER LITERARY & PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. [ '" CENTRA' MEMOIRS' Al^tb PROCEEDINGS OF s , THE MANCHESTER LITERARY & PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY FOURTH SERIES SECOND VOLUME MANCHESTER 36 GEORGE STREET NOTE. The authors of the several papers contained in this volume are themselves accountable for all the statements and reasonings which they have offered. In these particulars the Society must not be considered as in any way responsible. CONTENTS MEMOIRS. PAOE Incompleteness of Combustion in Gaseous Explosions. By Prof. Harold B. Dixon, F.R.S.,and H. W. Smith, B.8c 2 A Decade of new Hymenoptera. By P. Cameron, F.E.S. Communi- cated by John Boyd, Esq II A New System of Logical Notation. By Joseph John Murphy. Communicated by the Rev. Robert Harley, M,A., F.R.S., Corresponding Member ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 22 Notes on Some of the Peculiar Properties of Glass. By William Thomson, F.R.S.Ed,, F.I.C., F.C.S. 42 On the British Species of Allolrina, with descriptions of other new species of Parasitic Cynipidiz. By P. Cameron. Communicated by John Boyd, Esq 53 On the unification in the measure of time, with special reference to the contest on the initial meridian. By C. Tondini de Quarenghi. Communicated by F. J. Faraday, F.L.S 74 Hytnenoptera Orientalis ; or Contributions to a knowledge of the Hymenoptera of the Oriental Zoological Region. By P. Cameron. Communicated by John Boyd, Esq o I On the equation to the Instantaneous Surface generated by the dissolution of an Isotropic Solid. -
Historical Group
Historical Group NEWSLETTER and SUMMARY OF PAPERS No. 61 Winter 2012 Registered Charity No. 207890 COMMITTEE Chairman: Prof A T Dronsfield, School of Education, | Prof J Betteridge (Twickenham, Middlesex) Health and Sciences, University of Derby, | Dr N G Coley (Open University) Derby, DE22 1GB [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr C J Cooksey (Watford, Hertfordshire) Secretary: | Prof E Homburg (University of Maastricht) Prof W P Griffith, Department of Chemistry, | Prof F James (Royal Institution) Imperial College, South Kensington, London, | Dr D Leaback (Biolink Technology) SW7 2AZ [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr P J T Morris (Science Museum) Treasurer; Membership Secretary: | Prof. J. W. Nicholson (University of Greenwich) Dr J A Hudson, Graythwaite, Loweswater, | Mr P N Reed (Steensbridge, Herefordshire) Cockermouth, Cumbria, CA13 0SU | Dr V Quirke (Oxford Brookes University) [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr S Robinson (Ham, Surrey) Newsletter Editor: | Prof. H. Rzepa (Imperial College) Dr A Simmons, Epsom Lodge, | Dr. A Sella (University College) La Grande Route de St Jean,St John, Jersey, JE3 4FL [e-mail [email protected]] Newsletter Production: Dr G P Moss, School of Biological and Chemical, Sciences Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS [e-mail [email protected]] http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/rschg/ http://www.rsc.org/membership/networking/interestgroups/historical/index.asp Contents From the Editor 2 RSC Historical Group News - Bill Griffith 3 Identification Query - W. H. Brock 4 Members’ Publications 5 NEWS AND UPDATES 6 USEFUL WEBSITES AND ADDRESSES 7 SHORT ESSAYS 9 The Copperas Works at Tankerton - Chris Cooksey 9 Mauveine - the final word? (3) - Chris Cooksey and H. -
Curriculum Vitae Prof. Dr. Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
Curriculum Vitae Prof. Dr. Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Name: Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Lebensdaten: 25. Dezember 1876 - 9. Juni 1956 Adolf Windaus war ein deutscher Chemiker. Er untersuchte Naturstoffe, vor allem die biochemisch wichtigen Sterine und ihren Zusammenhang mit anderen Naturstoffen. Er entdeckte die chemische Verwandtschaft von Cholesterin und Gallensäure. Außerdem lieferte er Arbeiten über Vitamine, vor allem das Vitamin D. Zwischen 1927 und 1931 gelang ihm die Isolierung mehrerer D-Vitamine. Seine Forschungen bildeten die Grundlage für später von seinen Schülern durchgeführten Arbeiten über die menschlichen Sexualhormone. Für seine Verdienste um die Erforschung des Aufbaus der Sterine und ihres Zusammenhangs mit den Vitaminen wurde Adolf Windaus 1928 mit dem Nobelpreis für Chemie ausgezeichnet. Akademischer und beruflicher Werdegang Adolf Windaus begann 1895 ein Studium der Medizin an der Universität Freiburg. Er wechselte nach Berlin, wo er 1897 das Physikum bestand. 1899 wurde er in Freiburg mit einer Arbeit über Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Digitalisstoffe promoviert wurde. 1901 war er zunächst in Berlin als Assistent von Emil Fischer (Nobelpreis für Chemie 1902) tätig. Während dieser Zeit wandte er sich zunehmend chemischen Fragestellungen zu. Außerdem begann er mit seinen Forschungen zu den Sterinen. 1903 habilitierte er sich in Freiburg mit einer Arbeit über Cholesterin. 1906 erhielt er eine außerordentliche Professur an der Universität Göttingen. Im Anschluss wechselte er für zwei Jahre an die Universität Innsbruck, wo er eine außerordentliche Professur für angewandte medizinische Chemie erhielt. 1915 ging er zurück nach Göttingen, wo er als Nachfolger von Otto Wallach (Nobelpreis für Chemie 1910) Ordinarius für Chemie wurde. Dort blieb er bis zu seiner Emeritierung im Jahr 1944. -
Cambridge's 92 Nobel Prize Winners Part 2 - 1951 to 1974: from Crick and Watson to Dorothy Hodgkin
Cambridge's 92 Nobel Prize winners part 2 - 1951 to 1974: from Crick and Watson to Dorothy Hodgkin By Cambridge News | Posted: January 18, 2016 By Adam Care The News has been rounding up all of Cambridge's 92 Nobel Laureates, celebrating over 100 years of scientific and social innovation. ADVERTISING In this installment we move from 1951 to 1974, a period which saw a host of dramatic breakthroughs, in biology, atomic science, the discovery of pulsars and theories of global trade. It's also a period which saw The Eagle pub come to national prominence and the appearance of the first female name in Cambridge University's long Nobel history. The Gender Pay Gap Sale! Shop Online to get 13.9% off From 8 - 11 March, get 13.9% off 1,000s of items, it highlights the pay gap between men & women in the UK. Shop the Gender Pay Gap Sale – now. Promoted by Oxfam 1. 1951 Ernest Walton, Trinity College: Nobel Prize in Physics, for using accelerated particles to study atomic nuclei 2. 1951 John Cockcroft, St John's / Churchill Colleges: Nobel Prize in Physics, for using accelerated particles to study atomic nuclei Walton and Cockcroft shared the 1951 physics prize after they famously 'split the atom' in Cambridge 1932, ushering in the nuclear age with their particle accelerator, the Cockcroft-Walton generator. In later years Walton returned to his native Ireland, as a fellow of Trinity College Dublin, while in 1951 Cockcroft became the first master of Churchill College, where he died 16 years later. 3. 1952 Archer Martin, Peterhouse: Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for developing partition chromatography 4. -
RICHARD LAWRENCE MILLINGTON SYNGE BA, Phd(Cantab), Hondsc(Aberd), Hondsc(E.Anglia), Hon Dphil(Uppsala), FRS Nobel Laureate 1952
RICHARD LAWRENCE MILLINGTON SYNGE BA, PhD(Cantab), HonDSc(Aberd), HonDSc(E.Anglia), Hon DPhil(Uppsala), FRS Nobel Laureate 1952 R L M Synge was elected FRSE in 1963. He was born in West Kirby, Cheshire, on 28 October 1914, the son of Katherine (née Swan) and Lawrence Millington Synge, a Liverpool Stockbroker. The family was known to be living in Bridgenorth (Salop) in the early sixteenth century. At that time the name was Millington and there is a story that a member of the family from Millington Hall in Rostherne (Cheshire) sang so beautifully before King Henry VIII that he was told to take the name Synge. There have been various spellings of the name and in the nineteenth century the English branch settled on Sing which they retained until 1920 when both R M and L M Sing (Dick's uncle and father respectively) changed their names by deed poll to Synge. In the 19th and 20th centuries the Sing/Synge family played a considerable part in the life of Liverpool and Dick's father was High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1954. Dick was educated at Old Hall, a prep school in Wellington (Salop) and where he became renowned for his ability in Latin and Greek, subjects which he continued to study with such success at Winchester that in December 1931 when, just turned 17, he was awarded an Exhibition in Classics by Trinity College, Cambridge. His intention was to study science and Trinity allowed Dick to switch from classics to the Natural Sciences Tripos. To prepare for the change he returned to Winchester in January 1932 to study science for the next 18 months and was awarded the senior science prize for 1933. -
Peptide Chemistry up to Its Present State
Appendix In this Appendix biographical sketches are compiled of many scientists who have made notable contributions to the development of peptide chemistry up to its present state. We have tried to consider names mainly connected with important events during the earlier periods of peptide history, but could not include all authors mentioned in the text of this book. This is particularly true for the more recent decades when the number of peptide chemists and biologists increased to such an extent that their enumeration would have gone beyond the scope of this Appendix. 250 Appendix Plate 8. Emil Abderhalden (1877-1950), Photo Plate 9. S. Akabori Leopoldina, Halle J Plate 10. Ernst Bayer Plate 11. Karel Blaha (1926-1988) Appendix 251 Plate 12. Max Brenner Plate 13. Hans Brockmann (1903-1988) Plate 14. Victor Bruckner (1900- 1980) Plate 15. Pehr V. Edman (1916- 1977) 252 Appendix Plate 16. Lyman C. Craig (1906-1974) Plate 17. Vittorio Erspamer Plate 18. Joseph S. Fruton, Biochemist and Historian Appendix 253 Plate 19. Rolf Geiger (1923-1988) Plate 20. Wolfgang Konig Plate 21. Dorothy Hodgkins Plate. 22. Franz Hofmeister (1850-1922), (Fischer, biograph. Lexikon) 254 Appendix Plate 23. The picture shows the late Professor 1.E. Jorpes (r.j and Professor V. Mutt during their favorite pastime in the archipelago on the Baltic near Stockholm Plate 24. Ephraim Katchalski (Katzir) Plate 25. Abraham Patchornik Appendix 255 Plate 26. P.G. Katsoyannis Plate 27. George W. Kenner (1922-1978) Plate 28. Edger Lederer (1908- 1988) Plate 29. Hennann Leuchs (1879-1945) 256 Appendix Plate 30. Choh Hao Li (1913-1987) Plate 31. -
Crystal Vision Dorothy Hodgkin & the Nobel Prize “Few Were Her Equal in Generosity of Spirit, Breadth of Mind, Cultivated Humaneness, Or Gift for Giving
Crystal Vision Dorothy Hodgkin & the Nobel Prize “Few were her equal in generosity of spirit, breadth of mind, cultivated humaneness, or gift for giving. She should be remembered not only for a lifetime’s succession of brilliantly achieved structures. While those who knew her, experienced her quiet and modest and extremely powerful influence, learned from her more than the positioning of atoms in the three-dimensional molecule, she will be remembered not only with respect, and reverence, and gratitude, but more than anything else, with love. Let that be her lasting memorial.” Anne Sayre, in the Autumn 1995 Newsletter of the American Crystallographic Association Cover image © Emilio Segre Visual Archives/American Institute of Physics/Science Photo Library Letter from the Principal Dr Alice Prochaska, Somerville College Many remarkable woman scientists have passed through Somerville, but few rival Dorothy Hodgkin, whose path-breaking work in crystallography showed a mind not only attuned to high science but one also able to envision a crystal structure from the pattern made by its X-ray diffraction. Her ability to ‘see’ molecules such as cholesterol, penicillin, vitamin B and insulin transformed her field. 2014 sees the fiftieth anniversary of Professor Hodgkin’s Nobel prize. It is also the International Year of Crystallography, marking the 100th anniversary of Max von Laue’s Nobel Prize for Physics, awarded for his discovery that X-rays could be diffracted by crystals. That discovery underpinned Dorothy Hodgkin’s work. We are proud that Somerville supported her at a time when there was widespread opposition to married women pursuing academic careers. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,242,602 B1 Giri Et Al
USOO62426O2B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,242,602 B1 Giri et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 5, 2001 (54) ONE POTSYNTHESIS OF G. F. Bettinetti et al., “Synthesis of 5, 10-Dialkyl-5, 5,10-DIHYDROPHENAZINE COMPOUNDS 10-dihydrophenazines”, Synthesis, Nov. 1976, pp. 748-749. AND 5,10-SUBSTITUTED DHYDROPHENAZINES B. M. Mikhailov et al., “Metal Compounds of Phenazine and Their Transformations', 1950, Chemical Abstracts, vol. 44, (75) Inventors: Punam Giri; Harlan J. Byker; Kelvin pp. 9452–9453. L. Baumann, all of Holland, MI (US) Axel Kistenmacher et al., “Synthesis of New Soluble Triph (73) Assignee: Gentex Corporation, Zeeland, MI (US) enodithiazines and Investigation of Their Donor Properties”, Chem. Ber, 1992, 125, pp. 1495–1500. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Akira Sugimoto et al., “Preparation and Properties of Elec patent is extended or adjusted under 35 tron Donor Acceptor Complexes of the Compounds Having U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Capto-Dative Substituents', Mar.-Apr. 1989, vol. 26, pp. (21) Appl. No.: 09/280,396 435-438. (22) Filed: Mar. 29, 1999 Primary Examiner Richard L. Raymond (51) Int. Cl." ....................... C07D 241/46; CO7D 241/48 ASSistant Examiner Ben Schroeder (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................. 544/347; 544/347 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Brian J. Rees; Factor & (58) Field of Search ............................................... 544/347 Partners, LLC (56) References Cited (57) ABSTRACT U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Dihydrophenazines and bis(dihydrophenazines) are pre 2,292,808 8/1942 Waterman et al. .................. 260/267 pared in high yield under commercially viable reaction 2,332,179 10/1943 Soule .................................. -
RSC Branding
Royal Society of Chemistry National Chemical Landmarks Award Honouree Location Inscription Date The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester ICR scientists on this site and elsewhere pioneered numerous new cancer drugs from 10 Institute of Cancer Beatty Laboratories, 237 the 1950s until the present day – including the discovery of chemotherapy drug December Research Fulham Road, Chelsea carboplatin, prostate cancer drug abiraterone and the genetic targeting of olaparib for 2018 Road, London, SW3 ovarian and breast cancer. 6JB, UK The Institute of Cancer ICR scientists on this site and elsewhere pioneered numerous new cancer drugs from 10 Research, Royal Institute of Cancer the 1950s until the present day – including the discovery of chemotherapy drug December Marsden Hospital, 15 Research carboplatin, prostate cancer drug abiraterone and the genetic targeting of olaparib for 2018 Cotswold Road, Sutton, ovarian and breast cancer. London, SM2 5NG, UK Ape and Apple, 28-30 John Dalton Street was opened in 1846 by Manchester Corporation in honour of 26 October John Dalton Street, famous chemist, John Dalton, who in Manchester in 1803 developed the Atomic John Dalton 2016 Manchester, M2 6HQ, Theory which became the foundation of modern chemistry. President of Manchester UK Literary and Philosophical Society 1816-1844. Chemical structure of Near this site in 1903, James Colquhoun Irvine, Thomas Purdie and their team found 30 College Gate, North simple sugars, James a way to understand the chemical structure of simple sugars like glucose and lactose. September Street, St Andrews, Fife, Colquhoun Irvine and Over the next 18 years this allowed them to lay the foundations of modern 2016 KY16 9AJ, UK Thomas Purdie carbohydrate chemistry, with implications for medicine, nutrition and biochemistry. -
Robert Burns Woodward
The Life and Achievements of Robert Burns Woodward Long Literature Seminar July 13, 2009 Erika A. Crane “The structure known, but not yet accessible by synthesis, is to the chemist what the unclimbed mountain, the uncharted sea, the untilled field, the unreached planet, are to other men. The achievement of the objective in itself cannot but thrill all chemists, who even before they know the details of the journey can apprehend from their own experience the joys and elations, the disappointments and false hopes, the obstacles overcome, the frustrations subdued, which they experienced who traversed a road to the goal. The unique challenge which chemical synthesis provides for the creative imagination and the skilled hand ensures that it will endure as long as men write books, paint pictures, and fashion things which are beautiful, or practical, or both.” “Art and Science in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds: Retrospect and Prospect,” in Pointers and Pathways in Research (Bombay:CIBA of India, 1963). Robert Burns Woodward • Graduated from MIT with his Ph.D. in chemistry at the age of 20 Woodward taught by example and captivated • A tenured professor at Harvard by the age of 29 the young... “Woodward largely taught principles and values. He showed us by • Published 196 papers before his death at age example and precept that if anything is worth 62 doing, it should be done intelligently, intensely • Received 24 honorary degrees and passionately.” • Received 26 medals & awards including the -Daniel Kemp National Medal of Science in 1964, the Nobel Prize in 1965, and he was one of the first recipients of the Arthur C.