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Climate Adaptation on the Majapahit's Urban Settlement

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Climate Adaptation on the Majapahit's Urban Settlement International Journal of Innovative Research and Knowledge Volume-2 Issue-6, June-2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE ISSN-2213-1356 www.ijirk.com CLIMATE ADAPTATION ON THE MAJAPAHIT’S URBAN SETTLEMENT Yosafat Winarto*, Sri Nastiti Nugrahani Ekasiwi**, Happy Ratna Santosa** *Doctoral Student, Department of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. **Department of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. ABSTRACT Majapahit was the largest kingdom in the 13rd until 16th century in Indonesia. The Majapahit’s culture was the origin of long period culture existing in Java and Bali right now. The Majapahit’s region was in a humid tropical climate environment, which was the most difficult climate to be anticipated. The region has extreme environments with high solar radiation conditions, high rainfall and also high humidity. This study aims to answer how the Majapahit’s urban settlements could adapt with the tropics- humid climate in Java so that it could be sustainable. The research used a qualitative research with descriptive-interpretative-transformative method. The main data of the research was interpretation of Majapahit’s urban settlement from researched by Winarto et al (2016). The main data was matched with the adaptation theory by Altman, Rapoport and Wohlwill (1980). Analysis considered some theories of local wisdom and local genius. The settlements studied by analyzing the five elements of settlement: nature, man, society, shell and network (Doxiadis, 1980), and added elements of culture (Sunarningsih, 2004). Studies were analyzed in a historical - interpretive research and descriptive research. www.ijirk.com Page 64 International Journal of Innovative Research and Knowledge ISSN-2213-1356 The result of this study was a knowledge in the behavior- architecture about climate adaptation. Strategy of how the Majapahit’s urban settlement was able to adapt with the tropical-humid climate of Java. Majapahit’s urban settlement had three adaptation strategies: adaptation by adjustment, adaptation by intelligent response and adaptation by adequate protection. Key Words: climate adaptation; Majapahit urban settlement; ancient urban settlement; Nusantara’s architecture; local wisdom; local genius; Majapahit INTRODUCTION Adaptation is an effort to reduce non-conformance in a system. Adaptation can be response and anticipation, either individually or collectively, personally or publicly (Adger et al, 2005). Java region in the Majapahit era which is included in the territory of Republic of Indonesia in the present was a region with a tropics-humid climate. Qualitatively, the evidences show similarity of the climate as it is today. Zoetmulder (1983) recorded indications and seasonal features of ancient Javanese literary texts in the classical era of Hindu-Buddhism (including Majapahit-era literary texts). From Ma Huan's note, the Chinese traveler who came to Majapahit (Munandar, 2011) and also Sutikno's (2013) study, concluded that there were two seasons, wet and dry seasons. The main climate issues in this tropics-humid climate area were also the same: high solar radiation, high rainfall and also very high humidity (Lippsmeier, 1994). In the effort to find an answer to how the architecture can provide solutions to tropical-humid climate problems, so this study learns to the local architectural intelligence. The local architecture of Java was formed through the process of evolution over the centuries. In its evolutionary process, local Java architecture had gone through trial and error process to achieve its best form. In previous historical and archeological research, it was concluded that the Majapahit’s settlements were sustainable for centuries. Majapahit’s urban settlement sustainable since the 13th century until now in the form of traditional Balinese settlements. Majapahit Civilization Majapahit Kingdom was a great history of culture civilization and architecture that was glorious for more than two centuries, in the 13rd – 16th century. Majapahit civilization was the long civilization culmination of culture in Java, and has become a sustainability pillar of Java and Bali civilization until now (Munandar, 2011). The Majapahit glory period began in 1293, it was after being founded by Raden Wijaya (Krtarajasa Jayawarddhana) until the end of Majapahit era in the Dyah Ranawijaya government (Girindrawarddhana) in the year around 1519. The Majapahit kingdom experienced its golden glory during the era of Hayam Wuruk (Rajasanagara) in the year of 1350-1389 with his Prime Minister Gajah Mada. During that period, Majapahit influenced a vast area including Java (and Madura), Malay (and Sumatra Island), Borneo, Bali, Sang Hyang Api, Bima, Seram, Makasar, Buton, Banggawi, Selayar including Papua and some regions in www.ijirk.com Page 65 International Journal of Innovative Research and Knowledge Volume-2 Issue-6, June-2017 south east Asia such as: Siam, Ayodya Pura, Darma Nagari, Marutma, Cambodia and Yawana (Munandar, 2011; Djafar , 2012). Majapahit urban settlement as the object of this research is located on the site of Segaran settlement, was former capital of Majapahit kingdom in Trowulan, Mojokerto, East Java. The Segaran settlement site is the largest settlement site that was excavated by the archaeologist and national archaeological institutions. From the map of Majapahit city reconstruction conducted by Pont (1924) and from many results of research done previously, mentioned that Segaran site was a settlement of Arya society or Majapahit nobility (Munandar, 2013). MATERIAL AND METHODS In the science of behavior-architecture, known the theory of Altman, Rapoport, & Wohlwill (1980). The theory described the three adaptation strategies in architecture: adaptation by adjustment, adaptation by reaction and adaptation by withdrawal. The concept of architectural adaptation was born from the western view that had four seasons. The concept was not necessarily applicable to the conditions of eastern architecture that have different climates and cultures. This research would like to dig deeper to find the concept of climate adaptation strategy in a more appropriate architecture that represents the eastern view. The case was chosen at the Majapahit’s urban settlement, which represents a sustainable settlement since the 13th century to the present, in the form of traditional Balinese settlements. Cultural Wisdom of Nusantara Architecture Local cultural wisdom is an attitude of response form from human interaction and environment. Local wisdom is an environmental ethics form existing in the life cycle of society (Marfai, 2012). The cultural environment is a condition encompassing various human society activities that are guided by a complex of particular values, certain norms, customs and the mindsets that have been mutually agreed upon (Ritohardoyo, 2006). Overall there are interrelated and nematically among human, culture and nature. It is concluded that the physical and emotional attachment of human beings to the natural resource environment and the interaction in a system will produce a process which the results will be interrelated, give and take advantage each other over a long period of time, thus giving knowledge about the natural resources itself. The knowledge obtains local wisdom, especially in relation to the human attitude towards nature (Marfai, 2012). Local wisdom has a wider scope than just traditional knowledge. Local wisdom is the embodiment, implementation of articulation and embodiment. Local wisdom is the form of traditional knowledge understood by humans or communities that interact with the surrounding nature. The local wisdom is a cultural knowledge belonging to a particular society includes sustainable natural resource management models and how to maintain relationships with nature through wise and responsible (Widjono, 1998 in Marfai, 2012). Local wisdom is a system that integrates knowledge, culture and institutions as well as the practice of managing natural resources. Local wisdom is also a formulation of all forms of www.ijirk.com Page 66 International Journal of Innovative Research and Knowledge ISSN-2213-1356 knowledge, belief, understanding or insight and customs or ethics that guide human behavior life in the ecological community (Marfai, 2012). Local wisdom must be communally proprietary and non-individual, which has the openness nature and can be practiced in life throughout the existing community lifetime. Local wisdom is applicative and pragmatic with a commonly understood philosophical foundation, concerning how to make good relationship to all contents of nature. Local wisdom is also holistic about the microcosms and macrocosms life, and has local values from the characteristics of local communities (Keraf, 2005). The climate conscious of urban settlement of the Majapahit community in Trowulan was a bioclimatic wisdom in the Majapahit culture society. It was a lofty knowledge of the local culture that responds to climate, based on ethical values, norms and contextual actions to the local environment. The knowledge process was gained through long and generational experiences in mutually beneficial bonds to achieve an ecological balance format (Winarto et al, 2015). Majapahit architecture was not against nature, but synergized itself with nature. Majapahit architectural concepts in synergy with nature beginning from the smallest scope of the universe, which was a human residence. This concept places architecture
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