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L'aménagement Des Forêts Tropicales ISSN 1020-9727 PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX 10/Rév. 1 Les palmiers tropicaux Révision 2010 PRODUITS FORESTIERS NON LIGNEUX 10/Rev. 1 Les palmiers tropicaux Révision 2010 par Dennis V. Johnson Les appellations employées dans ce produit d’information et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique ou au stade de développement des pays, territoires, villes ou zones ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. La mention de sociétés déterminées ou de produits de fabricants, qu’ils soient ou non brevetés, n’entraîne, de la part de la FAO, aucune approbation ou recommandation desdits produits de préférence à d’autres de nature analogue qui ne sont pas cités. Les opinions exprimées dans ce produit d’information sont celles du/des auteur(s) et ne reflètent pas nécessairement celles de la FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-206742-9 Tous droits réservés. La FAO encourage la reproduction et la diffusion des informations figurant dans ce produit d’information. Les utilisations à des fins non commerciales seront autorisées à titre gracieux sur demande. La reproduction pour la revente ou à d’autres fins commerciales, y compris à des fins didactiques, pourra être soumise à des frais. Les demandes d’autorisation de reproduction ou de diffusion de matériel dont les droits d’auteur sont détenus par la FAO et toute autre requête concernant les droits et les licences sont à adresser par courriel à l’adresse [email protected] ou au Chef de la Sous-Division des politiques et de l’appui en matière de publications, Bureau de l’échange des connaissances, de la recherche et de la vulgarisation, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italie. © FAO 2011 Les palmiers tropicaux iii TABLE DES MATIÈRES AVANT-PROPOS ................................................................................................................ VII REMERCIEMENTS..............................................................................................................IX 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 1 2 RÔLE HISTORIQUE DES PALMIERS DANS LES CULTURES HUMAINES... 13 3 PRODUITS LES PLUS COURANTS ISSUS DES PALMIERS............................... 35 4 RÉGION ASIATIQUE .................................................................................................. 47 5 RÉGION DE L’OCÉAN PACIFIQUE ...................................................................... 109 6 RÉGION D’AMÉRIQUE LATINE............................................................................ 121 7 RÉGION AFRICAINE ET DE L’OUEST DE L’OCÉAN INDIEN ....................... 151 8 PALMIERS AYANT UN BON POTENTIEL DE DÉVELOPPEMENT............... 167 9 COMPOSITION ET CARACTÉRISTIQUES DE DIVERS PRODUITS TIRÉS DES PALMIERS...................................................................................................................... 175 10 RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES............................................................... 193 12 RÉPERTOIRE DES SPÉCIALISTES DE PALMIERS ...................................... 219 13 PALMIERS LES PLUS MENACÉS AU MONDE (EXPLOITÉS OU NON) .......... 223 TABLEAUX Tableau 2-1 Utilisation des palmiers originaires du Sarawak, Malaisie par les Iban ........................................ 20 Tableau 2-2 Utilisation des palmiers originaires du Pérou par les Shipibo ........................................................ 23 Tableau 2-3 Utilisation des palmiers originaires de Namibie par les Kwanyama Ovambo .................................. 24 Tableau 2-4 Utilisation des palmiers des îles Carolines, océan Pacifique par les Trukese................................. 27 Tableau 3-1 Principaux produits tirés des palmiers............................................................................................ 40 Tableau 3-2 Matrice des principaux produits issus des palmiers....................................................................... 42 Tableau 4-1 Palmiers sud-asiatiques menacés et utilisations reportées (excluant les rotins)*............................ 49 Tableau 4-2 Palmiers asiatiques non menacés et et utilisations reportées (en dehors du rotin).......................... 53 Tableau 4-3 Palmiers sud-est asiatiques menacés et utilisations reportées (excluant les rotins)* ...................... 57 Tableau 4-4 Palmiers sud-est asiatiques non menacés et utilisations reportées (excluant les rotins) ................. 61 Tableau 4-5 Rotins asiatiques menacés* ............................................................................................................ 69 Tableau 4-6 Rotins asiatiques non menacés ....................................................................................................... 76 Tableau 4-7 Rotins asiatiques dont le statut de conservation est inconnu et utilisations reportées .................... 79 iv Les palmiers tropicaux Tableau 4-8 Sélection de publications sur les rotins depuis 1979 ...................................................................... 87 Tableau 4-9 Utilisations connues des produits issus des rotins en dehors des cannes qui figurent dans les Tableaux 4-5, 4-6 et 4-7 ................................................................................................................. 93 Tableau 4-10 Espèces commerciales de rotins originaires du Laos...................................................................... 99 Tableau 6-1 Palmiers menacés d’Amérique latine et utilisations reportées*.................................................... 124 Tableau 6-2 Palmiers non menacés d’Amérique latine et utilisations reportées............................................... 130 Tableau 7-1 Palmiers africains menacés et utilisations reportées*................................................................... 152 Tableau 7-2 Palmiers africains non menacés et utilisations reportées.............................................................. 153 Tableau 7-3 Utilisation de Borassus aethiopum1 au Sénégal............................................................................ 155 Tableau 7-4 Palmiers menacés de Madagascar et utilisations reportées*......................................................... 160 Tableau 7-5 Palmiers non menacés de Madagascar et utilisations reportées.................................................... 164 Tableau 8-1 Palmiers qui pourraient être domestiqués ou gérés....................................................................... 169 Tableau 9-1 Constituants chimiques de la noix d’arec, Areca catechu............................................................. 175 Tableau 9-2 Composition nutritionnelle de la pulpe du mésocarpe du fruit du Pejibaye, ................................ 176 Tableau 9-3 Composition nutritionnelle de la farine1 de Pejibaye, Bactris gasipaes var. gasipaes (base fraîche pour 100 g) ....................................................................................................................... 176 Tableau 9-4 Composition des fibres de Bactris setosa et Borassus flabellifer.................................................. 177 Tableau 9-5 Composition nutritionnelle de la sève sucrée du palmier Palmyre, Borassus flabellifer .............. 177 Tableau 9-6 Composition nutritionnelle du sucre de palmier Palmyre (Jaggery), Borassus flabellifer............ 178 Tableau 9-7 Caractéristiques de l’anatomie quantitative de Calamus spp. (valeurs moyennes; valeurs maximales entre parenthèse) ........................................................................................................ 179 Tableau 9-8 Composition nutritionnelle du fruit du Limuran, Calamus ornatus var. ornatus (pour 100 g)...... 180 Tableau 9-9 Composition nutritionnelle de l’inflorescence du palmier Pacaya, Chamaedorea tepejilote (portion comestible de 10 g)......................................................................................................... 180 Tableau 9-10 Composants de la noix de coco entière, Cocos nucifera (base humide) ....................................... 180 Tableau 9-11 Caractéristiques de l’huile de coco fabriquée à partir du Copra, Cocos nucifera (niveau habituel)........................................................................................................................................ 181 Tableau 9-12 Composition de la coque de noix de coco, Cocos nucifera (base sèche)...................................... 182 Tableau 9-13 Composition nutritionnelle de l’eau de coco, Cocos nucifera ...................................................... 182 Tableau 9-14 Propriétés mécaniques du bois de cocotier, Cocos nucifera ......................................................... 183 Tableau 9-15 Composition et propriétés de la cire du palmier Carnaúba, Copernicia prunifera........................ 184 Tableau 9-16 Composition nutritionnelle du fruit du palmier Buri, Corypha utan (pour 100 g)........................ 184 Tableau 9-17 Composition nutritionnelle du fruit du palmier à huile, Elaeis guineensis (pour 100 g) .............. 185 Tableau 9-18 Composition nutritionnelle de l’huile de palme du palmier à huile1 Elaeis guineensis (pour 100 g)............................................................................................................................................ 186 Tableau 9-19 Composition nutritionnelle du cœur de palmier, Euterpe spp. ....................................................
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