PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES OF ADJECTIVE PHRASES IN TRAVEL SECTION ARTICLES OF NOW! JAKARTA MAGAZINE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By IRINE SIH YUWANTI Student Number: 134214151
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES OF ADJECTIVE PHRASES IN TRAVEL SECTION ARTICLES OF NOW! JAKARTA MAGAZINE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By IRINE SIH YUWANTI Student Number: 134214151
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my praises and gratitude to God for giving me an endless blessing. I am so grateful to be given the health and the opportunity to finish this thesis.
Second, I would like to express my special thank of gratitude to my thesis advisor Fransisca Kristanti S.Pd. M.Hum who provides guidance, ideas, and suggestion in helping me to complete this undergraduate thesis. I also feel grateful to my co-advisor Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, M.Hum. for detailed corrections to my thesis and suggestions to make this thesis better. I would also show my gratitude to Sanata Dharma’s staff who help me.
Third, I would like to thank my parents and brothers who give me unconditional support and motivation to finish this undergraduate thesis. My appreciation also goes to my friends who willing to help in finishing this task.
Irine Sih Yuwanti
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………... ii APPROVAL PAGE…………………………………………………………. iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………….. v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH…………………………………………………….………………... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………… vii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………… viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………... x ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………. xi ABSTRAK……………………………………………………………………. xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study………………………………………………. 1 B. Problem Formulation…………………………………………………... 3 C. Objectives of the Study………………………………………………… 3 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………………. 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………... 5 A. Review of Related Studies……………………………………………... 5 B. Review of Related Theories……………………………………………. 7 1. Syntax……………………………………………………………... 7 2. Adjective Phrase…………………………………………………... 10 a. Adjective Phrase’s Function………………………………….. 10 i. Attributive………………………………………………... 10 ii. Subject Complement……………………………………... 11 iii. Object Complement……………………………………… 12 iv. Postpositive………………………………………………. 12 b. Adjective Phrase’s Structure………………………………….. 13 i. Adjective Phrase with No Modifier……………………… 13 ii. Adjective Phrase with a Specifier………………………... 13 iii. Adjective Phrase with Adjunct…………………………... 14 iv. Adjective Phrase with Complement …………………….. 16 v. Adjective Phrase with Different Types of Elements…….. 17 C. Theoretical Framework………………………………………………… 18
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……………………………………….. 20 A. Object of the Study…………………………………………………….. 20 B. Approach of the Study…………………………………………………. 20 C. Method of the Study…………………………………………………… 21
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1. Data Collection……………………………………………………. 21 2. Data Analysis……………………………………………………… 22
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS…………... 24 A. The Adjective Phrases’ Function in the Magazine Articles…………… 24 1. Adjective Phrases as Attributive…………………………………... 26 2. Adjective Phrases as Subject Complement………………………... 30 3. Adjective Phrases as Object Complement………………………… 32 4. Adjective Phrases as Postpositive…………………………………. 33 B. Adjective Phrases’ Structure in the Magazine Articles………………... 34 1. Structure of Adjective Phrases as Attributive……………………... 34 a. Adjective……………………………………………………… 35 b. Adverb Phrase + Adjective…………………………………… 35 2. Structure of Adjective Phrases as Subject Complement…………... 36 a. Adjective……………………………………………………… 37 b. Adverb Phrase + Adjective…………………………………… 38 c. Adjective + Verb Phrase……………………………………… 39 d. Adjective + Prepositional Phrase……………………………... 40 e. Adjective + Clause……………………………………………. 41 f. Adverb Phrase + Adjective + Prepositional Phrase…………... 42 g. Adverb Phrase + Adjective + Prepositional Phrase + Verb Phrase…………………………………………………………. 44 3. Structure of Adjective Phrases as Object Complement…………… 45 a. Adjective……………………………………………………… 45 4. Structure of Adjective Phrases as Postpositive……………………. 46 a. Adjective + Verb Phrase……………………………………… 46 b. Adjective + Prepositional Phrase……………………………... 47
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION…………………………………………….. 49
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………… 51 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………. 52 Appendix 1: The Functions and Structures of Adjective Phrases Found in Beauty Unfolds in North Lombok by Stephanie Brookes……………….. 52 Appendix 2: The Functions and Structures of Adjective Phrases Found in A Road Trip to the West Coast of Java by Rintang Azhar………………. 59
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Adj : Adjective AdjP : Adjective Phrase AdvP : Adverb Phrase C : Clause D : Determiner NP : Noun Phrase PP : Prepositional Phrase VP : Verb Phrase
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ABSTRACT
YUWANTI, IRINE SIH. (2021). Functions and Structures of Adjective Phrases in Travel Section Articles of Now! Jakarta Magazine. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma. An adjective phrase is applied to describe a characteristic or give opinions related to certain people or things. An adjective phrase can be found inside a structure of a clause or a phrase. It is applied in different structural patterns to communicate the idea of a writer or a speaker. This study analyzes adjective phrases from NOW! Jakarta magazine on Travel section’s articles because is it contains most adjective phrases compared to other section and the magazine is an Indonesian magazine written ing English which describes places in Indonesia. There are two objectives of this study. First, this study aims to identify the syntactic functions of adjective phrases taken from NOW! Jakarta magazine on Travel section’s articles. The second objective is to know the elements that form adjective phrases and the relation between the elements in each syntactic function of adjective phrases from the articles. The object of this study is adjective phrases. The data are taken from two selected articles of NOW! Jakarta magazine on travel section, entitled Beauty Unfolds in North Lombok by Stephanie Brookes and A Road Trip to the West Coast of Java by Rintang Azhar. This study applies syntactic approach to be able to identify how adjective phrases are applied in phrases or clauses and the structures of adjective phrases. The result shows that there are 217 adjective phrases found in the two selected articles. The functions of adjective phrases that are found in the articles are 189 adjective phrases as attributive with two structures (Adjective, Adverb Phrase + Adjective), 24 adjective phrases as subject complement with seven structures (Adjective, Adverb Phrase + Adjective, Adjective + Verb Phrase, Adjective + Prepositional Phrase, Adjective + Clause, Adverb Phrase + Adjective + Prepositional Phrase, Adverb Phrase + Adjective + Prepositional Phrase + Verb Phrase), 1 adjective phrase as object complement with one structure (Adjective), and 3 adjective phrases as postpositive with two structures (Adjective + Verb Phrase, Adjective + Prepositional Phrase).
Keywords: adjective phrase, adjective phrase’s function, adjective phrase’s structure
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ABSTRAK
YUWANTI, IRINE SIH. (2021). Functions and Structures of Adjective Phrases in Travel Section Articles of Now! Jakarta Magazine. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Frasa adjektival digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan karakteristik atau memberikan opini tentang orang atau benda. Frasa adjektival dapat ditemukan di dalam struktur klausa atau frasa. Frasa adjektival ini diterapkan dalam pola struktural yang berbeda untuk mengkomunikasikan gagasan penulis atau pembicara. Penelitian ini menganalisa frasa adjektival dalam artikel majalah NOW! Jakarta pada bagian Travel karena mengandung frasa adjektival paling banyak dibanding bagian lain dalam majalah tersebut dan majalah tersebut juga merupakan majalah terbitan Indonesia berbahasa Inggris yang mendeskripsikan berbagai tempat di Indonesia. Terdapat dua tujuan dari penelitian ini. Pertama, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fungsi sintaksis dari frasa adjektival yang diambil dari artikel majalah NOW! Jakarta pada bagian Travel. Tujuan kedua adalah untuk mengetahui unsur-unsur pembentuk frasa adjektival dan keterkaitan antar unsur- unsur tersebut pada masing-masing fungsi sintaksis frasa adjektival dari artikel tersebut. Objek penelitian ini adalah frasa adjektival. Data diambil dari dua artikel majalah NOW! Jakarta bagian Travel berjudul “Beauty Unfolds in North Lombok” yang ditulis oleh Stephanie Brookes dan “A Road Trip to the West Coast of Java” yang ditulis oleh Rintang Azhar. Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan sintaksis untuk mengidentifikasi penggunaan frasa adjektival dalam frasa lain atau klausa dan menganalisa struktur frasa adjektival. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat 217 frasa adjektival pada dua artikel terpilih. Fungsi frasa adjektival yang ditemukan dalam artikel adalah 189 frasa adjektival sebagai atributif dengan dua struktur (Adjektiva, Frasa Adverbial + Adjektiva), 24 frasa adjektival sebagai pelengkap subjek dengan tujuh struktur (Adjektiva, Frasa Adverbial + Adjektiva, Adjektiva + Frasa Verbal , Adjektiva + Frasa Preposisi, Adjektiva + Klausa, Frasa Adverbial + Adjektiva + Frasa Preposisi, Frasa Adverbial + Adjektiva + Frasa Preposisi + Frasa Verbal), 1 frasa adjektival sebagai pelengkap objek dengan satu struktur (Adjektiva), dan 3 frasa adjektival sebagai postpositif dengan dua struktur (Adjektiva + Frasa Verbal, Adjektiva + Frasa Preposisi).
Kata kunci: adjective phrase, adjective phrase’s function, adjective phrase’s structure
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
To be able to deliver and receive the message conveyed in a communication process, the structure of a language should be known. Words, phrases, and clauses are some elements of language that construct sentences. These elements can create different structural patterns inside the sentence while showing a similar message.
One example is the big tree which is in the form of a noun phrase with an adjective phrase big modifies the head of the noun phrase tree. It can also be described as the tree which is big which is in the form of a noun phrase with a noun tree as the head of the noun phrase followed by an adjective clause which is big as a post modifier.
The other way is in a form of a clause the tree is big which an adjective phrase big gives additional information about the noun phrase the tree.
The descriptive details inside a text can play a significant role in giving an opinion about an object. The writer’s view toward the object that is being described can be different from one writer to another writer. A food that is described by a writer as very delicious can also be described as sour by others. The description of an object may vary depending on the intention of the writer. The writer will describe an abandoned house as spooky or eerie to give a different feeling to another house that is described as lovely.
An adjective phrase can be used to gives additional information about the people or things that are being described. It describes the details of the object,
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including quantity, origin, characteristic, age, size, color, material, and shape. It can also show the writer’s or the speaker’s opinion about the people/things that are described. The phrase dull green book uses the adjective phrase dull and green to describe the quality that the book has.
In a description of a place in a text that promoting a tourism place, the author might want to give more details to make the reader come to the place. A place can be simply described as a palace if the writer does not want to show additional description to the place. The second writer might want to describe the same place the writer as a beautiful palace. The other writer can give more details about the same place as an enormously beautiful palace surrounded by a wide lake. The more details are given by the writer, the more the reader can visualize the place according to the writer’s perspective. Thus, the purpose of the text can also be divined by the adjective phrases uses.
NOW! Jakarta magazine is one of the Indonesian magazines published in the English language. As stated on its website, its first issue was in 2009. It has a mission “to support the international community in Jakarta with positive, insightful, experienced, and well-written stories about life in the capital” (NOW! Jakarta, n.d., para. 1). The magazine is a lifestyle magazine that discusses culture, tourism places, or communities (NOW! Jakarta, n.d., para. 2).
NOW! Jakarta magazine has some sections, one of them is the travel section. The travel section consists of articles that mostly describe travel destinations. This section can be useful for the person who wants to find certain information about some tourism places. In describing travel destinations, adjective
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phrases are often used by the author to specify the condition and to give an opinion about the places. It uses adjective phrases to create variation in the text and to appeal to the reader to come to the places mentioned. Detailed descriptions can be obtained with the usage of adjective phrases.
The travel section of NOW! Jakarta magazine as an Indonesian magazine written in English which mostly discusses travel destinations in Indonesia contains most adjective phrases compared to other sections in the magazine. The adjective phrases give more detailed characteristics about the places described. The articles can show how the writer’s various ways to describe places in Indonesia using adjective phrases. It can show how the usage of adjective phrases found in the articles. The functions and structures of adjective phrases inside other phrases or clauses can be shown in the articles.
B. Problem Formulation
Two problems have been formulated in this study.
1. What are the syntactic functions of adjective phrases taken from NOW!
Jakarta magazine on travel section?
2. What are the elements that form adjective phrases in each syntactic function of adjective phrases taken from NOW! Jakarta magazine on travel section?
C. Objectives of the Study
Some objectives are aimed by doing this study. The first objective of this study is to identify the syntactic functions of adjective phrases taken from NOW!
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Jakarta magazine on travel section. It distinguishes how the adjective phrases are used in clauses or phrases. The second objective is to know the elements that form adjective phrases in each syntactic function of adjective phrases taken from NOW!
Jakarta magazine on travel section. It shows the possible structures of the adjective phrases.
D. Definition of Terms
In this part, the definitions of some terms used in conducting this study are provided. The definitions of the terms are explained to avoid misunderstanding. The terms related to this study are an adjective phrase, a magazine, and a travel section.
According to Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
(Bussmann, 2006, p. 20), an adjective phrase is a phrase, a part of the syntactic category, which has an adjective in its head. It means that an adjective is obligatory and acts as a head of an adjective phrase. The head can be modified by other phrases, such as an adverb phrase and a prepositional phrase.
A magazine is a type of publication that is released periodically at regular intervals either weekly, monthly or quarterly. It is printed in paperback with various types of paper. The types of paper can show the concept of the magazine. It also has a variety of contents, such as articles, photographs, or fiction. (McLoughlin,
2000, pp. 1-2).
A travel section is a section in any type of mass media that discusses travel information, provides photography of destinations to support the information, and gives a review of certain places to recommend for the reader to plan a trip.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
The writer would like to review some related studies to see similarities and differences to other studies that have been done by other researchers. Related to this study, some studies discuss a similar topic which is adjective phrases. These related studies analyze adjective phrases’ functions and structures.
The first study is an undergraduate thesis entitled Syntactic Functions of
Adjectives Found in Two Main Articles of National Geographic by Mawuryan
(2017). This study uses the term adjectives to illustrate the functions of adjective phrases because it is the adjectives that generally determine the function of adjective phrases. This study observes five functions of adjectives found in two main articles in the August 2016 issue of National Geographic based on Quirk and Greenbaum’s theory. The functions are attributive, subject predicative, object predicative, head of a noun phrase, and postpositive. From 259 adjectives in the two articles analyzed, there are 188 attributive adjectives (72,6%), 56 subject predicative adjectives
(21,6%), 13 object predicative adjectives (5%), 1 adjective as head of noun phrase
(0,4%), and 1 postpositive adjective (0,4%). The two magazine articles are both descriptive articles which would be the possible reason for the high frequency of attributive adjectives usage in the articles. This study helps in analyzing adjective phrases’ functions.
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The second study is an undergraduate thesis done by Andhari (2014) entitled
The Analysis of Adjective Phrase Found in Narrative Text in English Textbook
‘Look Ahead 1: An English Course for Senior High School Student Year X’. In this study, Andhari analyzes the structures and functions of adjectives phrases found in the narrative text of an English textbook using theory from Greenbaum and Nelson
(2002). Applying the descriptive qualitative method, the writer found 3 functions and 7 structures from the 42 phrases analyzed. The functions of adjective phrases found in the data include pre-modifier, post-modifier, and subject complement. An adjective phrase as object complement is not found in the data. Most adjective phrases have prepositional phrases (50%) in their structures and have the function of post modifier (76,2%). This study helps in analyzing adjective phrases’ functions and structures.
The third study is a journal article by Sholihah and Pramudyawardhani entitled Cross-Categorial Generalisations (X-Bar Syntax) Analysis on Jokowi’s
Speech in Asia-Pasific Economic Cooperation in Beijing (2019). This study has an objective to analyze five types of phrases (noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, and prepositional phrase) on Jokowi’s speech in Asia-Pasific
Economic Cooperation in Beijing by using cross-categorial generalizations (X-bar syntax) analysis through tree diagram. The writers categorize each type of phrase into terms of X-bar syntax which includes head, complement, specifier, and adjunct.
The descriptive qualitative method is applied in this study. There are 5 adjective phrases from 132 phrases found in the speech. Three adjective phrases have adjuncts in the form of adverb phrases. One of the three adjective phrases also has
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another adjunct in the form of a clause. Two other adjective phrases only have the phrase head. There is no adjective phrase with a specifier or complement. This study helps in analyzing the structures of adjective phrases.
These three studies have some similarities and differences compared to this recent study. This recent study will take a similar theory for adjective phrases’ functions from the first and second study. The attributive function in the first study is the same as the pre-modifier function in the second study, subject predicative is the same as subject complement, object predicative is the same as object complement, and postpositive is the same as post-modifier. The first and second studies will help in analyzing adjective phrases’ functions in this recent study. The second and third studies use the same method to this study which is the descriptive qualitative method. Similar to the third study, this recent study will use x-bar syntax analysis to discuss the structures of adjective phrases. These three studies will discuss different data compared to this recent study even though the first study also analyzes magazine.
B. Review of Related Theories
The researcher will discuss the theories related to this study. The theories are divided into two categories. The first part will discuss the theory of syntax. The second part will discuss the theory on an adjective phrase.
1. Syntax
Syntax concerns with how sentences are constructed and how a variety of elements’ arrangements create sentences in a language. The main elements in a
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sentence differentiate one language from another language (Van Valin, 2001, p.1).
For example, in English, the verb is used after the subject and the direct object comes after the verb. A sentence The architect designs a unique penthouse shows a grammatical (or well-formed) sentence of the English language because it has the correct order. The verb design is used after the subject the architect and the direct object a unique penthouse comes after the verb. Another structure of a well-formed sentence is The design makes him happy. The subject the design is followed by the verb makes and the verb makes followed by the object him. The object complement happy is needed in the sentence and follows the object him. On the other side, the sentence A unique penthouse the architect designs is ungrammatical or (ill-formed) because it has incorrect order in English.
In a sentence, words can be grouped and function together as a unit. The unit is called constituents. These constituents are grouped into larger constituents, and so on until they form a sentence (Carnie, 2013, p.73). Constituents inside a sentence’s structure are called a phrase. A tree diagram can show a sentence’s structure by marking which word sequences acts as constituent phrases. Syntactic tree diagrams can also be called phrase markers (Burton-Roberts, 2016, p.12).
According to X-bar theory, all XP (represent for any category NP, VP, PP,
AdjP) have three levels of structure in a syntactic tree diagram. Each level in the three levels of the structure has a different notation. The phrase level has the notation of XP, the intermediate level has the notation of X', and the word/head level has the notation of X (Carnie, 2013, p.168).
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According to Carnie (2013, p.199), all types of phrases have specifiers, adjuncts, and complements. These elements modify the head of the phrase. The X- bar rules for English phrases have acceptable order of constituents and hierarchical structures below (Carnie, 2013, p.186).
Specifier rule : XP → (YP) X'
Adjunct rule : X' → X' (ZP) or X' → (ZP) X'
Complement rule : X → X (WP)
A specifier (written as YP) is defined as a sister to a single bar level (N', V',
Adj', or P'). It is a daughter of XP (NP, VP, AdjP, or PP). In a phrase, a specifier is placed on the left and the head of the phrase is placed on the right.
An adjunct (written as ZP) is a sister to a single bar level (N', V', Adj', or
P'). It is a daughter of a single bar level (N', V', Adj', or P'). An adjunct can appear on the left and the right of the phrase’s head (Carnie, 2013, p.186).
A complement (written as WP) is a sister to a head (N, V, Adj, or P) and a daughter of a single bar level (N', V', Adj', or P'). A complement is applied on the right side of the head of the phrase.
The example of the structure can be seen below.
XP AdjP
specifier X' Adj'
adjunct X Adj PP
X complement afraid of a spider (hea
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“X” is a variable that can be replaced by any category of N, Adj, V, P, etc.
One example is the adjective phrase category (Adj). The tree diagram on the right side shows a structure of an adjective phrase. The tree diagram shows three levels of structure of adjective phrase afraid of a spider. The adjective phrase has an adjective head afraid.
2. Adjective Phrase
An adjective phrase is a phrase, a part of a syntactic category, which has an adjective in its head (Bussmann, 2006, p.20). It means that an adjective acts as the head of an adjective phrase. a. Adjective Phrase’s Function
An adjective phrase can modify or complete other constituents in a sentence.
According to Huddleston and Pullum (2016, p.528), adjective phrases have three main functions. The functions are attributive, predicative complement, and postpositive. The predicative complement function which is applied at the clause level is divided into subject and object complement. i. Attributive
An adjective phrase as attributive qualifies the head of the noun phrase and it precedes the head of the noun phrase. The adjective phrase is an adjunct that appears on the left side of the noun phrase’s head. In a noun phrase containing determiner, an adjective phrase appears after the determiner and before the head of the noun phrase.
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The chef cooks delicious pizzas.
She enters a very quiet room.
His brother saw some vintage cars.
In the first example, delicious is an adjective phrase that has a function as an attributive adjective that modifies the head of the noun phrase pizzas. The adjective phrase delicious is placed before the head of the noun phrase pizza. The adjective phrase very quiet in the second example precedes the noun phrase’s head room and follows determiner a. The adjective phrase very quiet expresses the condition of the noun phrase’s head room. In the third example, an adjective phrase vintage follows the determiner some and precedes the head of the noun phrase cars.
The adjective phrase vintage describes the condition of the cars. ii. Subject Complement
An adjective phrase as a subject complement characterizes a subject of a clause. The subject can be in a form of a noun phrase or a pronoun. The adjective phrase occurs after copulative verbs, such as be, seem, appear, grow, feel, become, or look.
Nara is clever.
This drawing looks awful.
The adjective phrase clever describes the quality of the subject, Nara. The adjective phrase clever is needed by the copulative verb is and has a function as its complement. Awful is an adjective phrase that describes the subject, this drawing.
The adjective phrase awful is a complement of the verb phrase looks.
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iii. Object Complement
An adjective phrase as an object complement can characterize an object when a transitive verb occurs in a clause. An adjective phrase appears after the object.
They call Nara clever.
The picture makes him hungry.
The adjective phrase clever describes the object, Nara, and it is needed by the verb phrase call. The adjective phrase clever becomes the complement of the verb. It also happens to the second example. An adjective phrase hungry shows the condition of the object, him and needed by the verb makes. iv. Postpositive
As a postpositive function, an adjective phrase immediately appears after the noun phrase’s head that is modified. It can also be defined as a post-head modifier in noun phrase structure (Huddleston and Pullum, 2016, p.57). An adjective phrase is required if it follows an indefinite pronoun, such as somebody, something, anyone, nobody, someone, and no one.
The OS/2 makes good use of the memory available.
I bought something quite expensive today.
In the example above, the adjective phrase available modifies the noun phrase memory. The adjective phrase available appears on the right side of the noun phrase memory. In the second example, the adjective phrase quite expensive modifies something. The adjective phrase quite expensive is needed by the indefinite pronouns something.
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b. Adjective Phrase’s Structure
An adjective phrase’s head together with a specifier, an adjunct, and a complement can form a phrase. These elements can be used in X-bar theory to show structures of adjective phrases. Applying some possible structures of English phrases mentioned by Carnie (2013, p.186) before, some variations of adjective phrases’ structures can be created. i. Adjective Phrase with No Modifier
An adjective phrase can be in the form of a single word. The word is an adjective that acts as the head of the phrase. The diagram is drawn in three-level notations with no branch. AdjP
Adj'
Adj
afraid
The adjective phrase afraid is an adjective phrase with a single word which also acts as the head of the adjective phrase. The adjective phrase afraid has not any modifier. The absence of the branch shows that it does not any modifier. ii. Adjective Phrase with a Specifier
A specifier is always placed on the left and the head of the phrase is placed on the right. A specifier in an adjective phrase is a daughter of AdjP and a sister to a single bar level Adj'.
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AdjP
D Adj'
that Adj
beautiful
The word that is a specifier in an adjective phrase that beautiful. The specifier that comes before the head of the adjective phrase beautiful. The specifier that is a daughter of AdjP and a sister to a single bar level Adj'. iii. Adjective Phrase with Adjunct
An adjective phrase with adjunct has many variations. An adjunct can be applied on the left side and the right side of the phrase’s head. An adjunct is a sister to a single bar level Adj' and a daughter of a single bar level Adj'.
AdjP AdjP
Adj' Adj'
AdvP Adj' Adj' PP
Adj very Adj at night
quiet hungry
The tree diagram above shows the adjective phrases with adjunct. In the diagram of adjective phrase very quiet, the head of the adjective phrase is quiet. Its adjunct very is used on the left side of the head. In the diagram hungry at night, the head of the adjective phrase is an adjective hungry. A prepositional phrase at night
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becomes an adjunct that gives additional information about the time when the condition of being hungry happens. The adjunct at night is used on the right side of the phrase’s head.
To differentiate an adjunct with complement, an adjunct gives more specific or gives circumstantial information on the state. A prepositional phrase as an adjective adjunct can be identified by using when, where, or another question that asks circumstantial information (Dwijatmoko, 2002, p.29).
A to-infinite verb phrase as an adjunct of an adjective phrase can be identified by three tests (Dwijatmoko, 2002, pp.30-31). First, the sentence can be paraphrased with the to-infinitive verb phrase as the subject of the sentence. Second, it can be paraphrased into a cleft sentence in which the focus is the to-infinitive verb phrase and the subject of the sentence becomes the complement of a verb phrase.
Third, it can be paraphrased into a pseudo-cleft sentence with the verb phrase as the focus.
A to-infinitive verb phrase to understand is an adjunct in The novel is easy to understand. It can be known by some tests. First, the verb phrase becomes the subject of the sentence To understand the novel is easy. Second, it can be paraphrased into It is to understand the novel that is easy. Third, it becomes a pseudo-cleft sentence What is easy is to understand the novel.
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AdjP
Adj'
Adj' PP
AdvP Adj' at the store
extremely Adj
expensive
The diagram extremely expensive at the store has two adjuncts. The adverb phrase extremely is an adjunct that comes on the left side of the adjective phrase’s head expensive. The prepositional phrase at the store is placed on the right side of the adjective phrase’s head expensive. The PP is an adjunct that gives additional information about the place which has the condition of expensive. iv. Adjective Phrase with Complement
A complement of an adjective phrase can only be applied on the right side of the head. A complement means that the element is needed by the head of the noun phrase. A complement cannot be separated from the head because it has a close relationship with its head (Dwijatmoko, 2002, p.22). A complement is a sister to the adjective phrase’s head and a daughter of a single bar level Adj'. AdjP
Adj'
Adj PP
angry with me
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The diagram angry with me above has the adjective phrase head angry. The complement of the head with me follows after the head. The complement with me is a sister to the adjective phrase’s head and a daughter of a single bar level Adj'.
According to Dwijatmoko (2002, p.23), a prepositional phrase that becomes a complement in an adjective phrase can be identified by several tests. First, the NP in the prepositional phrase can be substituted with what or who to form a question.
Second, the NP in the prepositional phrase can occur as the focus in a cleft sentence.
Third, the NP in the prepositional phrase can occur in a pseudo-cleft sentence.
In the sentence Marry is responsible for the refreshment, the prepositional phrase for the refreshment is a complement of the adjective phrase responsible.
First, the refreshment is the answer to What is Mary responsible for? Second, the refreshment is a focus in a cleft sentence It is the refreshment that Mary is responsible for. Third, the refreshment can occur in a pseudo-cleft sentence What
Mary is responsible for is the refreshment.
A to-infinitive verb phrase and a clause can also become the complement of an adjective phrase (Dwijatmoko, 2002, pp.24-25). It can be tested used three steps.
First, the verb phrase or the clause is the answer to a what question. Second, the verb phrase or the clause can become the focus in a cleft sentence. Third, the verb phrase or the clause can also become the focus in a pseudo-cleft sentence. v. Adjective Phrase with Different Types of Elements
An adjective phrase can contain different types of elements. The structures of adjective phrases with an adjunct and a complement are shown in the next example.
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AdjP
Adj'
Adj’ PP
AdvP Adj' in his youth
really Adj PP
good in sport
In the adjective phrase’s diagram really good in sport in his youth, the adjective good is the head of the adjective phrase. The adjective phrase is modified by three phrases. The adverb phrase really is an adjunct that applied on the left side of the adjective phrase’s head. The prepositional phrase in sport is a complement and it appears on the right side of the adjective phrase’s head. In sport is needed by the adjective phrase’s head good. The prepositional phrase in his youth is an adjunct that applied on the left side of the adjective phrase’s head and complement. The prepositional phrase in his youth gives additional information.
C. Theoretical Framework
The theories that have been reviewed above are significant to answer the problems of this study. To solve the first problem, the theory of adjective phrases’ functions is applied. In this theory, the functions of adjective phrases are identified by the positions of the adjective phrases and the other phrases that are modified.
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The second problem is the elements that form the adjective phrases. It shows different types of phrases that can form an adjective phrase. The elements of adjective phrases are determined by their positions and their relations to the adjective phrases’ head. The theory used in the second problem is the theory of phrase structures which includes x-bar theory in syntax.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The linguistic unit analyzed in this research is adjective phrases. The data of adjective phrases are taken from selected articles from NOW! Jakarta magazine on travel section. The first article entitled Beauty Unfolds in North Lombok by
Stephanie Brookes is taken from NOW! Jakarta magazine’s November 2019 edition. The article describes the writer’s experience in Senaru and Sembalun in
North Lombok. The second article is A Road Trip to the West Coast of Java from
NOW! Jakarta magazine’s December 2019 edition written by Rintang Azhar. The second article describes some beaches on the west coastline of Java, mostly in
Anyer. In these articles, the function of adjective phrases and the elements that form adjective phrases in the sentences will be the main focus of this study.
B. Approach of the Study
This study uses syntactic approach. This study uses syntactic approach to analyze the data because syntax studies how the structures of elements in clauses or phrases are constructed. The syntactic approach can be used to identify how adjective phrases are used in clauses or phrases and how the elements of adjective phrases are constructed.
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C. Method of the Study
In this part, the process of collecting data and the way the data is analyzed will be provided to solve the problem.
1. Data Collection
There are some steps in collecting the data. First, the writer checks previous studies by other researchers to avoid the same data. Second, the writer chooses articles taken from NOW! Jakarta magazine on travel section from November 2019 and December 2019 editions as the two closest editions before the year’s end holiday season and could be used as a guide for traveling. Third, the writer takes one article in one edition. The writer only selects articles that describe places in
Indonesia. Fourth, the writer identifies all clauses which contain adjective phrases from each article. The writer uses online Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries
(www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com) as guidance to decide the adjective phrases.
Fifth, the writer retypes the clauses and makes the adjective phrase in italic. One data should only have one adjective phrase that is analyzed. If there is more than one adjective phrase in a clause, the clause will be used again with a different adjective phrase in italic. There are 84 adjective phrases in the first article, and there are 133 adjective phrases from the second article. The data are numbered as
A01/AP002 (the first article, the second adjective phrase) or A02/AP011 (the second article, the eleventh adjective phrase). The data are used to answer the first question which discusses the functions of the adjective phrases. The second question only takes the adjective phrases to be analyzed from the data.
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2. Data Analysis
Based on the questions stated in the problem formulation, some steps are applied for this research. To answer the first question which is the functions of the adjective phrases, some steps are taken. First, the adjective phrases’ functions are categorized into attributive, subject complement, object complement, and postpositive. Attributive and postpositive functions appear on a phrase level. An adjective phrase as attributive appears immediately before the noun phrase that is modified, while an adjective phrase as postpositive immediately after the noun phrase that is modified. Subject and object complements are applied in a clause level. An adjective phrase as a subject complement describes the subject and appears after the verb. An adjective phrase as object complement appears after the object when a transitive verb occurs and it describes the object. Second, data are put into the table to show the frequency of the adjective phrase’s function appears in each article. Third, the data are merged in a table to see the total frequencies and percentages of the adjective phrase’s function. The analysis’ formation of adjective phrases is arranged as an adjective phrase as an attributive, an adjective phrase as a subject complement, an adjective phrase as an object complement, and an adjective phrase as a postpositive.
The second question is the elements that form adjective phrases in each syntactic function. To analyze it, there are some steps. First, the data of adjective phrases from the first problem’s result are identified their structures based on the type of phrase that forms the adjective phrases. Second, the possible structures of adjective phrases from each type of syntactic function are presented in a table. Next,
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the modifier relation to the head of an adjective’s phrase is described in the analysis.
For the type of modifier that appears after the adjective phrase, it can be differentiated between complement and adjunct use some tests that are mentioned in the previous chapter. At last, how adjective phrases are constructed is portrayed in three diagrams using X-bar theory.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section is an analysis of the adjective phrases’ function from Beauty Unfolds in North Lombok by Stephanie
Brookes as the first article (A01) and A Road Trip to the West Coast of Java by
Rintang Azhar as the second article (A02). In the second section, the elements that form the adjective phrases found in the two articles are discussed.
From the articles chosen, there are 84 adjective phrases found in the first article (A01) and there are 133 adjective phrases from the second article (A02). The analysis of the adjective phrases’ functions and elements are discussed below.
A. The Adjective Phrases’ Function in the Magazine Articles
This part discusses the answers to the first problem which is the syntactic functions of adjective phrases from two NOW! Jakarta magazine articles on travel section entitled Beauty Unfolds in North Lombok (A01) and A Road Trip to the West
Coast of Java. Syntactic functions of adjective phrases consist of several types, namely attributive, predicative complement (subject complement and object complement), and postpositive.
Based on the data from the magazine articles, four functions of adjective phrases can be found in the first article, while the second article only uses three types of adjective phrases’ functions. The detail of the adjective phrases’ function used in each article is shown in the table.
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Table 1. The Distribution of Adjective Phrase’s Function in Each Article A Road Trip to the The Adjective Beauty Unfolds in North West Coast of Java Phrases’ Function Lombok (A01) (A02) Attributive 70 119 Subject Complement 11 13 Object Complement 1 0 Postpositive 2 1 Total 84 133
The number of adjective phrase’s function is compiled in the table below.
An attributive function is the most frequently used adjective phrase’s function. The second most used adjective phrase’s function is a subject complement. The third most used adjective phrase’s function is postpositive. The least adjective phrase’s function that is applied in the articles is object complement.
Table 2. Compiled Data of Adjective Phrase’s Function Adjective Phrases’ Function Frequency(s) Percentage(s) Attributive 189 87.7% Subject Complement 24 11.1% Object Complement 1 0.5% Postpositive 3 1.4% Total 217 100%
An attributive function is the most dominant function of adjective phrases that is used in both articles. In the first article (A01), 70 adjective phrases from 84 adjective phrases are used as an attributive function. Similar to the first article, the second article (A02) uses 119 adjective phrases as attributive from 133 adjective phrases found.
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The second most used adjective phrases’ function is subject complements.
There are 11 adjective phrases as a subject complement in the first article (A01) and the second article (A02) has 13 adjective phrases as a subject complement.
The third adjective phrases’ function that is mostly used is postpositive. It is applied in 2 adjective phrases of the first article (A01). The second article (A02) only applies 1 adjective phrase which has a postpositive function.
Adjective phrases’ function as object complement is the least used function of an adjective phrase. It is only used once in the first article (A01). The second article (A02) does not have object complement as adjective phrases’ function.
1. Adjective Phrases as Attributive
An adjective phrase as an attributive is considered as a pre-head modifier to the following noun which means that the adjective phrase modifies the noun phrase that appears after the adjective phrase. Inside a structure of a noun phrase, the adjective phrase acts as an adjunct of the noun phrase’s head. The adjective phrase gives more description of the noun phrase’s head. These criteria can be shown in the data found from the two articles which have an adjective phrase as attributive below.
North Lombok combines a stunning coastline and beautiful terraced rice fields under the shadow of Mt. Rinjani, with plenty of wild spaces where you can get lost amongst nature. (A01/AP004) The noun phrase wild spaces has elements of an adjective phrase wild as a modifier and a noun phrase spaces as the head. As an attributive, the adjective phrase wild is used on the left side of the head of the noun phrase. The adjective
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phrase wild gives additional information to the head of the noun phrase spaces. The adjective phrase emphasizes the quality that the head of the noun phrase has.
The established tourism spot has comprehensive facilities. (A02/AP062)
Inside the structure of the noun phrase comprehensive facilities, the adjective phrase comprehensive modifies the noun phrase’s head facilities. The adjective phrase comprehensive acts as attributive to the noun phrase facilities. It gives more detail about the noun phrase’s head facilities. The adjective phrase comprehensive appears before the noun phrase modified by the adjective phrase.
In the internal structure of a noun phrase with a determiner, an adjective phrase as attributive is placed after the determiner. The adjective phrase is followed by the head of the noun phrase. Both the determiner and the adjective phrase modify the head of the noun phrase.
One way to approaching it is through an old tunnel. (A01/AP047)
The adjective phrase old has a function as an attributive. The adjective phrase old follows the determiner an and precedes the noun phrase’s head tunnel.
The adjective phrase old shows the condition of the noun phrase’s head tunnel.
…the vista in the other direction was towards the ocean across a series of stunning rice terraces cascading down the valley…(A01/AP039) A determiner a series of precedes the adjective phrase stunning and the adjective phrase stunning precedes the head of the noun phrase rice terraces inside the noun phrase a series of stunning rice terraces. The adjective phrase a series of also describes the condition of the noun phrase’s head rice terraces, so it acts as the attributive function of the head of the noun phrase. The determiner a series of does
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not modify the adjective phrase stunning, but it does modify the noun phrase rice terraces.
…there are many magnificent beaches that can be explored… (A02/AP104) The adjective phrase magnificent follows the determiner many and precedes the head of the noun phrase beaches. The adjective phrase gives further description to the noun phrase beaches. The adjective phrase shows the opinion of the article’s author about the noun phrase beaches. It becomes an attributive function to the noun phrase beaches.
A noun phrase can be modified by more than one adjective phrase. The adjective phrases appear consecutively before the noun phrase that is modified. The adjective phrases can also be connected by a conjunction.
North Lombok combines a stunning coastline and beautiful terraced rice fields under the shadow of Mt. Rinjani… (A01/AP002, A01/AP003) In a noun phrase beautiful terraced rice fields, there are two adjective phrases, beautiful and terraced. The adjective phrase beautiful can either modify the head of the noun phrase terraced rice fields or rice field. The adjective phrase beautiful becomes the attributive function to both possible noun phrases. The adjective phrase beautiful does not act as the attributive to the phrase terraced because it does not give additional information to the adjective phrase terraced. In the internal structure of the noun phrase terraced rice fields, the adjective phrase terraced acts as an attributive function that modifies the head of the noun phrase rice fields.
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…this delightful little town was alive with eager mountain climbers and backpackers… (A01/AP017, A01/AP018) In the noun phrase this delightful little town, there are two adjective phrases, delightful and little. The adjective phrase delightful and little are not considered as a single adjective phrase because delightful does not give additional information about little. Both adjective phrases precede noun phrases which they are modified.
The adjective phrases have an attributive function to the noun phrases that follow the adjective phrases. The adjective phrase delightful can have an attributive function to both noun phrases little town and town. The adjective phrase little has an attributive function to the noun phrase town. The determiner this is used before the adjectives phrases. The determiner also does not modify the adjective phrases, it modifies the noun phrase delightful little town.
…it's very affordable for local and domestic tourism… (A02/AP071, A02/AP072) In the noun phrase local and domestic tourism above, the head of the noun phrase tourism is modified by two adjective phrases, local and domestic. Both adjective phrases act as the attributive function which specifies the head of noun phrase tourism. The two adjective phrases are connected with conjunction and. The conjunction shows that the adjective phrase local modifies tourism and cannot modify domestic tourism, unlike the previous examples above.
Balmy waters and soft white sand enticing families of all ages seeking a sublime holiday at Anyer Beach… (A02/AP052) Two adjectives that appear before the noun phrase it modified can form a compound adjective which acts as a single adjective phrase, like soft white in the example above. According to Huddleston and Pullum, a compound adjective can
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be formed from two adjectives that show a particular shade of color (2016, p.1658).
Inside the noun phrase soft white sand’s structure, the adjective phrase soft white describes the noun phrase’s head sand and has a function as attributive.
I took the plunge and braved the ice-cold clear water… (A01/AP060, A01/AP061) The noun phrase the ice-cold clear water has two adjective phrases ice-cold and clear. The determiner the is used before the adjective phrase ice-cold. In the character of an attributive function, the adjective phrase ice-cold is placed on the left side of the noun phrase it modified and explains more about the noun phrase. It can modify either clear water or water. Inside the structure of the noun phrase clear water, the adjective phrase clear also becomes an attributive to the head of the noun phrase water. The adjective phrase clear is used by the writer of the article to give a detailed description of the noun phrase water.
…it is the most popular beach in the coastal town… (A02/AP054)
Inside the noun phrase the most popular beach’ structure, the adverb phrase most and the adjective phrase popular are grouped as a single adjective phrase most popular which modifies the head of the noun phrase beach and acts as an attributive function. The adjective phrase most popular shows the condition of the head of the noun phrase beach according to the writer of the article’s opinion.
2. Adjective Phrases as Subject Complement
An adjective phrase has a function as a subject complement if the adjective phrase gives more information or describes the characteristic of a clause’s subject.
The subject of the clause can be in the form of a noun phrase or pronoun. It usually has copulative as the verb. The subject complement is needed to complete the
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meaning of the clause. This function of adjective phrases can be found in the data from the two articles as shown below.
It’s truly wild and beautiful (A01/AP011, A01/AP012)
In the clause’s structure above, there are two adjective phrases that have a function as a subject complement. The adjective phrases consist of truly wild and beautiful. Both adjective phrases convey the image of the clause’s subject or pronoun it. The conjunction and shows that the subject it has the quality of both adjective phrases. The clause can be separated into two clauses into it’s truly wild and it’s beautiful to understand the adjective phrases’ function. Each adjective phrase is a complement to the verb phrase is and appears after the verb phrase is.
You get higher (A01/AP034)
In the clause above, the adjective phrase higher has a function as a subject complement. The adjective phrase higher describes the condition of the clause’s subject you. The adjective phrase higher presents after verb phrase or copulative verb get. The verb phrase get cannot stand alone without the adjective phrase higher because the adjective phrase higher completes the meaning that the copulative verb trying to convey. This copulative verb is used to show that the clause’s subject you is changed to have the quality of the adjective phrase higher.
The sound it made was deafening (A01/AP057)
The clause the sound it made was deafening has the adjective phrase deafening which acts as a subject complement. The subject of the clause which is in the form of the noun phrase the sound it made is illustrated by the adjective phrase
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deafening. The adjective phrase deafening also becomes a complement to the verb phrase was and comes directly after the verb phrase.
Some rocks are possible to climb (A02/AP077)
Adjective phrase possible to climb has a function as a subject complement in the clause above, the adjective phrase possible to climb gives the opinion of the article’s writer which shows the condition of the clause’s subject some rock. The adjective phrase also appears after the copulative verb are. The adjective phrase is needed by the verb to be grammatically correct.
Swimming and boat riding are also fun. (A02/AP079)
In the clause swimming and boat riding are also fun, the adjective phrase fun becomes the subject complement of the clause’s subject swimming and boat.
The clause’s subject consists of two noun phrases, swimming and boat. Both noun phrases are described to have a characteristic of the adjective phrase fun. The adjectives phrase is also needed by the verb phrase.
3. Adjective Phrases as Object Complement
An adjective phrase as an object complement can be found in a clause with a transitive verb. The adjective phrase describes the object of the clause. The adjective phrase is placed after the object that is modified. The adjective phrase is a complement to the verb phrase. There is only one adjective phrase that acts as an object complement that can be found from the data. It is found in the first article. It is shown in the example below.
This all kept me alert. (A01/AP050)
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In the data sample, the adjective phrase alert has a function as an object complement inside the clause’s internal structure. The adjective phrase alert expresses the condition of the clause’s object me. The adjective phrase is needed by the verb phrase kept to make it grammatically accepted.
4. Adjective Phrases as Postpositive
An adjective phrase that has a postpositive function appears immediately after the noun phrase that is modified. From the data collected, there are three adjective phrases that have the postpositive function. Two adjective phrases from the first article and one adjective phrase from the second article.
…those not inclined or able to reach such lofty heights… (A01/AP027, A01/AP028)
In the data above, the noun phrase those is modified by two adjective phrases, not inclined to reach such lofty heights and not able to reach such lofty heights. The adjectives phrases limit or specify the noun phrases those which only have the character that is described by the adjective phrases.
…the Pier close to the lighthouse… (A02/AP049)
In the data above, the adjective phrase close to the lighthouse describes the noun phrase the Pier. The adjective phrase is needed by the noun phrase to limit the noun phrase which only has the specific characteristic of the adjective phrase. As a postpositive, the adjective phrase appears after the noun phrase that is modified.
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B. Adjective Phrases’ Structure in the Magazine Articles
The structure of adjective phrases must have an adjective as its head and can have additional elements, such as a specifier, an adjunct, and a complement to create an adjective phrase. Using X-bar theory, the relation between an adjective as the head of the phrase to the other phrases can be known. The table below shows some structures of phrases found in the two articles according to the element’s relation to the head of the adjective phrases.
Table 3. Distribution of Adjective Phrase’s Structure Function Structure Frequency (s) Percentage (s) Adj 179 82,49% Attributive AdvP+Adj 10 4,61% Adj 3 1,38% AdvP+Adj 2 0,92% Adj+VP 4 1,84% Subject Adj+PP 7 3,23% Complement Adj+Clause 3 1,38% AdvP+ Adj +PP 4 1,84% AdvP+Adj+PP+VP 1 0,46% Object Adj 1 0,46% Complement Adj+VP 2 0,92% Postpositive Adj+PP 1 0,46% Total 217 100%
1. Structure of Adjective Phrase as Attributive
As an attributive, an adjective phrase appears directly before the noun phrase it modifies. There are two possible structures of adjective phrases as attributive found in the magazine’s articles. The first is an adjective as the head of an adjective phrase without any modifier. The second is an adverb phrase as pre- modifier and an adjective as its head.
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a. Adjective
This is the most dominant type that appears in the two articles. It is considered the basic form of an adjective phrase. The structure is only an adjective as the head of the adjective phrase without any modifier. Some of the data are shown below.
… you won't find more than a few small warungs offering local fare… (A01/AP009) … it proved to be an absolute highlight … (A01/AP015) … each beach provides a personal experience for anyone coming to visit.… (A02/AP105) Tangerang Selatan and The City of Tangerang has been showing significant progress to attract tourists and visitors with lifestyle tourism. (A02/AP126) Adjective phrases small, absolute, personal, and significant are the head of the adjectives phrases. They have no modifiers. The tree diagram of this type of phrase has no branch as shown below. AdjP
Adj'
Adj
small
In the diagram above, the adjective phrase small does not have any modifier which means the structure will not have any branch. The adjective phrase small is a single word that is also the head of the adjective phrase. b. Adverb Phrase + Adjective
This type of adjective phrase has a pre-modifier adverb phrase with an adjective phrase as the head of the adjective. The adverb phrase acts as an adjunct that appears before the adjective phrase’s head which can be omitted without
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making any drastic change in the meaning of grammatically incorrect. As a type of adverb phrase, intensifier strengthens the meaning of the adjective phrase’s head.
Some adverbs are also used to compare the quality that the adjectives have.
… coffee and snacks in dining rooms which offer very dramatic vistas … (A01/AP035) It's not a very picturesque view from the toll road and industrial district nearby the Port of Merak… (A02/AP015)
In the sample from the data, the heads of the adjective phrases are modified by adverb which gives a certain degree to the adjective phrase’s head. The head of the adjective phrase dramatic is modified by very and picturesque is also modified by very. AdjP
Adj'
AdvP Adj'
very Adj
dramatic
In the tree diagram of the adjective phrase very dramatic above, the head of the adjective phrase is dramatic. On the left side is its adjunct very which is in adverb phrase. As an adjunct, the adverb phrase very is a sister to a single bar level
Adj’ and a daughter of a single bar Adj’. A modifier that appears before the head of an adjective phrase cannot be complement according to Carnie (2013, p.186).
2. Structure of Adjective Phrase as Subject Complement
The adjective phrase as a subject complement has seven variations in the structures of adjective phrases found in the magazine’s articles. It has the most
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variation of the structure if it is compared to the structure of adjective phrases from other adjective phrases’ function. a. Adjective
An adjective without any modifier is the basic form of an adjective phrase.
The adjective becomes the head of the adjective phrase. Two examples from the magazine’s articles are provided below.
The sound it made was deafening… (A01/AP057) Swimming and boat riding are also fun. (A02/AP079)
The adjective phrase deafening is the head of the adjective phrase deafening.
The adjective phrase fun also becomes the head of the adjective phrase fun. The adjective phrases, deafening and fun, have no modifier. They can be illustrated in the tree diagrams below.
AdjP AdjP
Adj' Adj'
Adj Adj
deafening fun
In the tree diagrams, the adjectives deafening and fun acts as the head of the adjective phrase in each internal structure. The adjective deafening becomes the head of the adjective phrase deafening and the adjective fun becomes the head of the adjective phrase fun. The tree diagrams do not have any branches which show the absence of modifier. The structure of the tree also has a basic structure that has three different notations.
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b. Adverb Phrase + Adjective
An adjective phrase that has a function as subject complement can have a single pre-modifier which is in the form of an adverb phrase. The adverb phrase precedes an adjective that acts as the head of the adjective phrase. The adverb phrase is an adjunct to the head of the adjective phrase. One of the examples from the magazine’s articles is shown below.
It's truly wild and beautiful. (A01/AP011)
Inside the structure of the adjective phrase truly wild, the adverb phrase truly appears on the left side of the head of the adjective phrase wild. The adverb phrase truly becomes a pre-modifier and adjunct of the adjective wild.
AdjP
Adj'
AdvP Adj'
truly Adj
wild
In the tree diagram of the adjective phrase truly wild, the adjective wild is the head of the adjective phrase. The adverb phrase truly is the modifier that is applied immediately before the head of the adjective phrase wild. The adverb phrase truly is the adjunct of the adjective wild. The adjunct can be shown by the adverb phrase’s position in the tree diagram which becomes is the daughter of a single bar
Adj’ and a sister to a single bar level Adj’.
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c. Adjective + Verb Phrase
The adjective phrase as the head of an adjective phrase with the verb phrase as the modifier can be found in the articles. The verb phrase modifies the adjective phrase and follows the adjective phrase. The verb phrase can be either adjunct or complement to the adjective phrase. The verb phrase is a complement if the verb phrase is needed by the adjective phrase. It can be an adjunct if it gives circumstantial information. One analysis taken from data analyzed can be shown below.
Some rocks are possible to climb (A02/AP077)
The verb phrase to climb follows the adjective phrase’s head possible. In this clause, to climb is adjunct. The verb phrase gives more specific information on the noun phrase some rocks.
To check if the verb phrase to climb is an adjunct, several tests can be done.
First, it can be paraphrased with the verb phrase complement as the subject of the sentence. The verb phrase to climb is the subject of the sentence To climb some rocks is possible. Second, it can be paraphrased into a cleft sentence in which the verb phrase complement becomes the focus and the sentence subject becomes the complement of the verb phrase’s verb phrase. The cleft sentence is It is to climb some rock that is possible. Third, it can be paraphrased into a pseudo-cleft sentence with the verb phrase complement as the focus. The pseudo-cleft sentence is What is possible is to climb some rocks.
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From the several tests done to the verb phrase as adjunct above, it can be said that the verb phrase to climb is an adjunct to the adjective phrase’s head possible. AdjP
Adj'
Adj’ VP
Adj to climb
possible
In the tree diagram of possible to climb, the head of the adjective phrase is possible with the verb phrase to climb as a modifier that follows after the adjective phrase’s head. The verb phrase to climb is an adjunct to the adjective phrase’ head possible. As an adjunct, the verb phrase is a sister to Adj’ and a daughter of the
Adj’. d. Adjective + Prepositional Phrase
This type of structure has an adjective as the head of the adjective phrase.
The head of the adjective phrase is followed by a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase acts as a post-modifier to the adjective.
…the mountain is sacred to Hindus and the local Sasak people… (A01/AP077) In the example above, the adjective phrase sacred to Hindus and the local
Sasak people has an adjective sacred as the head of the adjective phrase. The head of the adjective phrase sacred is followed by a prepositional phrase to Hindus and the local Sasak people as a post-modifier. The prepositional phrase is an adjunct to
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the head of the adjective phrase sacred. It is considered an adjunct because the prepositional phrase gives circumstantial information. The prepositional phrase to
Hindus and the local Sasak people will be the answer to the question To whom the mountain is sacred?
AdjP
Adj'
Adj’ PP
Adj to Hindus and the local Sasak people sacred
The tree diagram of the adjective phrase sacred to Hindus and the local
Sasak people shows the adjective sacred as the head of the adjective phrase. The prepositional phrase to Hindus and the local Sasak people is the post-modifier of the adjective and is applied on the right side of the adjective. The prepositional phrase is an adjunct which is described as sister to Adj’ and a daughter of Adj’. e. Adjective + Clause
A clause can become a post-modifier in the internal structure of an adjective phrase. A clause can be an adjunct or complement to the adjective phrase. It differs depending on how the clause affects the adjective phrase’s head meaning. It can be shown from the data below.
I was happy that we moved along at a keen pace (A01/AP051)
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A that-clause follows and gives detailed information to the head of the adjective phrase happy. The clause completes the meaning of the adjective phrase and becomes the complement to the adjective phrase. The clause is not adjunct because a that clause as an adjunct only happens with the introductory it.
(Dwijatmoko, 2002, p.31).
AdjP
Adj'
Adj C
happy that we moved at a keen pace
The tree diagram has happy as the head of the adjective phrase. The clause appears on the right side of the adjective phrase. As a complement, the clause described as sister to Adj and the daughter of Adj’ in the tree diagram above. f. Adverb Phrase + Adjective + Prepositional Phrase
This type of adjective phrase has a pre-modifier and a post-modifier with an adjective phrase as the head. The adverb phrase becomes the pre-modifier and the prepositional phrase becomes the post-modifier.
…it's very affordable for local and domestic tourism… (A02/AP070) In the adjective phrase above, the head of the adjective phrase is affordable.
The adverb phrase very appears before the adjective phrase’s head affordable. It modifies and emphasizing the quality that the adjective phrase has. The prepositional phrase for local and domestic tourism comes after the head of the
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adjective phrase affordable. The prepositional phrase is adjunct because it gives circumstantial information to the clause. It can be tested by using a question that asks circumstantial information (Dwijatmoko, 2002, p.29). The clause it's very affordable for local and domestic tourism is the answer to the question For whom it is very affordable?
AdjP
Adj'
Adj' PP
AdvP Adj' for local and domestic tourism very Adj
affordable
In the tree diagram above, the adjective phrase affordable is modified by two phrases. The first phrase is the adverb phrase very. The adverb phrase appears on the left side of the adjective phrase’s head. The adverb phrase is an adjunct that becomes the sister of Adj’ and the daughter of Adj’. Another modifier is the prepositional phrase for local and domestic tourism which comes after the adjective phrase’s head affordable. The prepositional phrase also becomes an adjunct to the adjective phrase’s head affordable. The prepositional phrase is the sister of Adj’ and the daughter of Adj’.
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g. Adverb Phrase + Adjective + Prepositional Phrase + Verb Phrase
The adjective phrase can be composed of an adjective phrase’s head with more than one modifier. This type of adjective phrase has an adjective as the adjective phrase’s head followed by a pre-modifier adverb phrase and two post- modifier, prepositional phrase and verb phrase. One explanation of this type of adjective phrase can be seen below.
Sangiang Island is only available for limited visits to ensure the protection of the untouched jungle and offshore coral reef formations as well as its marine life. (A02/AP101)
AdjP
Adj'
AdvP Adj'
only Adj' VP
to ensure the Adj PP protection…… available for limited visit
The adjective phrase available is modified by three types of phrases. The first phrase is an adverb phrase that comes before the adjective phrase head available. Only is a flexible type of phrase which can change depending on how it appears in a sentence. If it appears before an adjective phrase, it becomes an adverb phrase which modifies the adjective phrase. The second phrase is a prepositional phrase for limited visits and the third phrase is a verb phrase to ensure the protection of the untouched jungle and offshore coral reef formations as well as its marine life.
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Both the second and the third are post-modifier which means they follow the adjective phrase’s head.
In the tree diagram above, the head of the adjective phrase is available. The adverb phrase only becomes an adjunct to the adjective phrase available and appears on the left side of the adjective phrase’s head. The verb phrase also becomes an adjunct to the adjective phrase. The adverb phrase and verb phrase are the sisters to Adj’ and the daughters to Adj’. The other modifier, the prepositional phrase for limited visit becomes the complement of the adjective phrase. The prepositional phrase is the sister to Adj and the daughter of Adj’.
3. Structure of Adjective Phrase as Object Complement
There is only one adjective phrase that has a function as an object complement. It makes one possible structure of adjective phrases that can be found in the magazine’s article. The structure is an adjective phrase without any modifier. a. Adjective
In this structure, the adjective acts as the head of the adjective phrase. An example taken from the data is shown below.
This all kept me alert. (A01/AP050)
AdjP
Adj'
Adj
alert
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The adjective phrase alert is an adjective phrase without a modifier. The adjective alert also becomes the head of the adjective phrase. In a tree diagram, it is illustrated with a basic three-level of structure and has no branch.
The adjective phrase alert is shown in the tree diagram as an adjective. The adjective acts as the head of the adjective phrase. There is no branch in the tree diagram which means it has no modifier.
4. Structure of Adjective Phrase as Postpositive
There are two structures of adjective phrases that have functioned as postpositive found in the magazine’s articles. Both structures have post-modifiers to the adjective. a. Adjective + Verb Phrase
This structure of adjective phrase has an adjective as the head of the adjective phrase. The verb phrase follows the adjective and the verb phrase becomes the post-modifier of the head. A datum is taken from the magazine’s articles below.
For those not inclined or able to reach such lofty heights, Senaru offers beautiful nature walks. (A01/AP028) The adjective able to reach such lofty heights has an adjective able as the head of the adjective phrase. The verb phrase to reach such lofty heights comes directly after the head of adjective phrase able which shows it as post-modifier. The verb phrase is a complement to the adjective phrase.
To check it, the adjective phrase should be changed as an object in a clause.
It is changed to be He is able to reach such lofty heights. It is identified by several tests. First, the verb phrase to reach such lofty heights becomes the answer to a what question. The question What he is able to? has the answer of the verb phrase to
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reach such lofty heights. Second, the verb phrase to reach such lofty heights becomes the focus of a cleft sentence. The cleft sentence becomes It is to reach such lofty heights that he is able. Last, the verb phrase to reach such lofty heights becomes the focus of a pseudo-cleft sentence. The pseudo-cleft sentence becomes
What he is able is to reach such lofty heights. From this test, the verb phrase to reach such lofty heights is a complement to the adjective phrase’s head able.
AdjP
Adj'
Adj VP
able to reach such lofty heights
The tree diagram shows the structure of the adjective phrase able to reach such lofty heights. It has adjective able as the head of the adjective phrase. The verb phrase to reach such lofty heights follows the head of the adjective phrase. The verb phrase to reach such lofty heights is a complement to the adjective phrase’s head able. The verb phrase is a sister to Adj and a daughter of Adj. b. Adjective + Prepositional Phrase
A prepositional phrase that modifies an adjective phrase only appears after the head or only as a post modifier. A prepositional phrase can be complement or adjunct to the adjective. It depends on how the prepositional phrase impacts the meaning of the adjective phrase.
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Head to the Pier close to the lighthouse to get the best viewpoint.
(A02/AP049)
In the adjective phrase above, the prepositional phrase becomes a modifier that follows the head of the adjective phrase. The prepositional phrase is a complement to the adjective phrase’s head.
AdjP
Adj'
Adj PP
close to the lighthouse
This tree diagram shows close as the head of the adjective phrase close to the lighthouse. The prepositional phrase to the lighthouse becomes a complement of the adjective phrase’s head and is placed on the right side of the adjective phrase’s head. The complement PP is the daughter of Adj’ and a sister of Adj.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This chapter presents findings from analysis in the previous chapter. The first one is about the syntactic function of adjective phrases of NOW! Jakarta magazine on travel section. This study takes two selected articles to be analyzed, entitled Beauty Unfolds in North Lombok by Stephanie Brookes and A Road Trip to the West Coast of Java by Rintang Azhar. The second is the elements that form adjective phrases and the relation between the elements in each syntactic function of adjective phrases taken from the two articles.
According to the analysis done, there are 217 adjective phrases found in the two selected articles. From the adjective phrases found, the most frequently used adjective phrase’s function is attributive with 189 adjective phrases. There are 24 adjective phrases as a subject complement, 1 adjective phrase as object complement, and 3 adjective phrases as postpositive.
In each function of the adjective phrase, some structures of adjective phrases from the selected magazine’s articles can be identified. Adjective phrases as attributive have two structures (Adjective, Adverb Phrase + Adjective). Adjective phrases as subject complement has seven structures (Adjective, Adverb Phrase +
Adjective, Adjective + Verb Phrase, Adjective + Prepositional Phrase, Adjective +
Clause, Adverb Phrase + Adjective + Prepositional Phrase, Adverb Phrase +
Adjective + Prepositional Phrase + Verb Phrase). An adjective phrase as an object
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complement has one structure (Adjective). Adjective phrases as postpositive have two structures (Adjective + Verb Phrase, Adjective + Prepositional Phrase).
The structure of adjective phrases can be illustrated in a syntactic tree diagram. The tree diagram can show the relation of modifier inside the adjective phrase’s structure with an adjective as the adjective phrase’s head. Adjuncts and complements can be found in the data collected. An adjunct gives additional information, while a complement is essential to the head of the adjective phrase. An adjunct modifier of an adjective phrase can appear before or after the head of the adjective phrase and appears more than one. The complement modifier of adjective phrase can only appear once and follows the head of the adjective phrase.
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REFERENCES
NOW! Jakarta. (n.d). About Us. Retrieved from https://nowjakarta.co.id/about. Bussmann, Hadumod. (2006). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (G. Trauth & K. Kazzazi, Eds). London: Routledge. McLoughlin, Linda. (2000). The Language of Magazines. London: Routledge. Mawuryan, Claudia Sandra Dewi. (2017). Syntactic Functions of Adjectives Found in Two Main Articles of National Geographic (Undergraduate Thesis). Retrieved from http://digilib.fib.ugm.ac.id/book/detail/13185 Andhari, Yunita Putri. (2014). The Analysis of Adjective Phrase Found in Narrative Text in English Textbook ‘Look Ahead 1: An English Course for Senior High School Student Year X’ (Undergraduate Thesis). Retrieved from http://repository.umpwr.ac.id:8080/handle/123456789/2497 Sholihah, Imroatus & S. R. Pramudyawardani. (2019). Cross-Categorial Generalisations (X-Bar Syntax) Analysis on Jokowi’s Speech in Asia- Pasific Economic Cooperation in Beijing. Dialektika Journal PBI, 7(2), 129-141. Retrieved from https://journal.peradaban.ac.id/index.php/jdpbi/ article/view/447/349 Van Valin, Jr, Robert D. (2001). An Introduction to Syntax. Cambridge: University Press. Burton-Roberts, Noel. (2016). Analysing Sentences: An Introduction to English Syntax. New York: Routledge. Carnie, Andrew. (2013). Syntax: A Generative Introduction. Malden: Wiley- Blackwell. Huddleston, Rodney & Geoffrey K. Pullum. (2016). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (9th ed). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Dwijatmoko, B. B. (2002). English Syntax. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: The Functions and Structures of Adjective Phrases Found in Beauty Unfolds in North Lombok by Stephanie Brookes Code Data Function Structure North Lombok combines a stunning coastline and beautiful terraced rice fields under the A01/AP001 Attributive Adj shadow of Mt. Rinjani, with plenty of wild spaces where you can get lost amongst nature. North Lombok combines a stunning coastline and beautiful terraced rice fields under the A01/AP002 Attributive Adj shadow of Mt. Rinjani, with plenty of wild spaces where you can get lost amongst nature. North Lombok combines a stunning coastline and beautiful terraced rice fields under the A01/AP003 Attributive Adj shadow of Mt. Rinjani, with plenty of wild spaces where you can get lost amongst nature. North Lombok combines a stunning coastline and beautiful terraced rice fields under the A01/AP004 Attributive Adj shadow of Mt. Rinjani, with plenty of wild spaces where you can get lost amongst nature. The road heading north out of Sengigi town hugs the ocean and A01/AP005 winds its way around the Attributive Adj coastline, frequently offering spectacular cliff-top vistas. Dotted along the coast are idyllic white sand beaches and coves, A01/AP006 Attributive Adj perfect spots for breaking your journey… Dotted along the coast are idyllic white sand beaches and coves, A01/AP007 Attributive Adj perfect spots for breaking your journey… Dotted along the coast are idyllic A01/AP008 Attributive Adj white sand beaches and coves,
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Code Data Function Structure perfect spots for breaking your journey… ...you won't find more than a few A01/AP009 small warungs offering local Attributive Adj fare… ...you won't find more than a few A01/AP010 small warungs offering local Attributive Adj fare… Subject A01/AP011 It's truly wild and beautiful. AdvP+Adj Complement Subject A01/AP012 It's truly wild and beautiful. Adj Complement Scenic villages and fishing towns A01/AP013 are spread out at intervals along Attributive Adj the cliff-edged coastal road. Scenic villages and fishing towns A01/AP014 are spread out at intervals along Attributive Adj the cliff-edged coastal road. ...it proved to be an absolute A01/AP015 Attributive Adj highlight… At the foothills of the mighty Mount Rinjani, this delightful A01/AP016 little town was alive with eager Attributive Adj mountain climbers and backpackers. At the foothills of the mighty Mount Rinjani, this delightful A01/AP017 little town was alive with eager Attributive Adj mountain climbers and backpackers. At the foothills of the mighty Mount Rinjani, this delightful A01/AP018 little town was alive with eager Attributive Adj mountain climbers and backpackers. At the foothills of the mighty Mount Rinjani, this delightful Subject A01/AP019 little town was alive with eager Adj+PP Complement mountain climbers and backpackers. At the foothills of the mighty A01/AP020 Mount Rinjani, this delightful Attributive Adj little town was alive with eager
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Code Data Function Structure mountain climbers and backpackers. They were getting ready on the Subject A01/AP021 serious 5-day trek to the summit of Adj+PP Complement Rinjani. They were getting ready on the A01/AP022 serious 5-day trek to the summit Attributive Adj of Rinjani. This is the second-highest A01/AP023 Attributive Adj mountain in Indonesia… You must be in good physical A01/AP024 condition to attempt the Attributive Adj challenging climb… You must be in good physical A01/AP025 condition to attempt the Attributive Adj challenging climb… You must be in good physical A01/AP026 condition to attempt the Attributive Adj challenging climb… For those not inclined or able to A01/AP027 reach such lofty heights, Senaru Postpositive Adj+VP offers beautiful nature walks. For those not inclined or able to A01/AP028 reach such lofty heights, Senaru Postpositive Adj+VP offers beautiful nature walks. For those not inclined or able to A01/AP029 reach such lofty heights, Senaru Attributive Adj offers beautiful nature walks. For those not inclined or able to A01/AP030 reach such lofty heights, Senaru Attributive Adj offers beautiful nature walks. It's worth taking one or two days to soak up the atmosphere and the Subject A01/AP031 cool temperatures, and to enjoy Adj+Clause Complement the forest trails in this stunning mountain region. It's worth taking one or two days to soak up the atmosphere and the A01/AP032 cool temperatures, and to enjoy Attributive Adj the forest trails in this stunning mountain region. It's worth taking one or two days A01/AP033 to soak up the atmosphere and the Attributive Adj cool temperatures, and to enjoy
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Code Data Function Structure the forest trails in this stunning mountain region. Subject A01/AP034 ...you get higher... AdvP+Adj Complement ...coffee and snacks in dining A01/AP035 rooms which offer very dramatic Attributive AdvP+Adj vistas… I sat sipping my coffee on a little A01/AP036 Attributive Adj wooden deck… I sat sipping my coffee on a little A01/AP037 Attributive Adj wooden deck… ...there was one of the tallest A01/AP038 Attributive AdvP+Adj waterfalls on the mountain… ...the vista in the other direction was towards the ocean across a A01/AP039 Attributive Adj series of stunning rice terraces cascading down the valley… These rice fields are a real spectacle and some of the most A01/AP040 Attributive Adj beautiful I have seen in all of Indonesia. These rice fields are a real spectacle and some of the most A01/AP041 Attributive AdvP+Adj beautiful I have seen in all of Indonesia. There are plenty of locals willing A01/AP042 to guide you through this Attributive Adj magnificent landscape. The thing I most enjoyed about Senaru was discovering the well- A01/AP043 Attributive Adj maintained forest trails that lead to its two massive waterfalls. A01/AP044 ...they took off at rapid speed… Attributive Adj The trail brought me right A01/AP045 underneath the spray of this Attributive Adj cascading natural beauty. The trail brought me right A01/AP046 underneath the spray of this Attributive Adj cascading natural beauty. One way to approaching it is A01/AP047 Attributive Adj through an old tunnel. ...we ducked down low to avoid A01/AP048 colliding with the odd bat Attributive Adj dangling from above.
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Code Data Function Structure We waded through knee-deep, A01/AP049 Attributive Adj swiftly flowing water. Object A01/AP050 This all kept me alert… Adj Complement I was happy that we moved along Subject A01/AP051 Adj+Clause at a keen pace… Complement I was happy that we moved along A01/AP052 Attributive Adj at a keen pace… I heard the thunderous roar of this A01/AP053 Attributive Adj massive waterfall I heard the thunderous roar of this A01/AP054 Attributive Adj massive waterfall This waterfall was bigger and Subject AdvP+Adj+ A01/AP055 more dramatic than the first one. Complement PP This waterfall was bigger and Subject AdvP+Adj+ A01/AP056 more dramatic than the first one. Complement PP The sound it made was Subject A01/AP057 Adj deafening… Complement A01/AP058 ...it was a real wow moment… Attributive Adj ...the perfect swimming hole A01/AP059 spread out in a semi-circle at its Attributive Adj base and beckoned me… I took the plunge and braved the ice-cold clear water, immediately A01/AP060 Attributive Adj feeling some of the exhilarating power of this thunderous fall… I took the plunge and braved the ice-cold clear water, immediately A01/AP061 Attributive Adj feeling some of the exhilarating power of this thunderous fall… I took the plunge and braved the ice-cold clear water, immediately A01/AP062 Attributive Adj feeling some of the exhilarating power of this thunderous fall… I took the plunge and braved the ice-cold clear water, immediately A01/AP063 Attributive Adj feeling some of the exhilarating power of this thunderous fall… A01/AP064 A delightful experience. Attributive Adj Another beautiful area to discover A01/AP065 in the north is the Sembalun Attributive Adj Valley.
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Code Data Function Structure Its fertile volcanic land spreads A01/AP066 out from the eastern slopes of Mt. Attributive Adj Rinjani. Its fertile volcanic land spreads A01/AP067 out from the eastern slopes of Mt. Attributive Adj Rinjani. I sampled fresh strawberry juice A01/AP068 Attributive Adj for the first time. A01/AP069 What a delight… Attributive Adj I could see his vast patchwork of A01/AP070 Attributive Adj strawberry fields… A01/AP071 ...the view was breathtaking… Attributive Adj Sembalun Lawang village is another access point to the trek to A01/AP072 Mt. Rinjani, with several clean Attributive Adj and affordable homestays and other low budget options on offer. Sembalun Lawang village is another access point to the trek to A01/AP073 Mt. Rinjani, with several clean Attributive Adj and affordable homestays and other low budget options on offer. Sembalun Lawang village is another access point to the trek to A01/AP074 Mt. Rinjani, with several clean Attributive Adj and affordable homestays and other low budget options on offer. The Rinjani Information Centre A01/AP075 (RIC) is worth a stop, with its Attributive Adj extensive array of information… The center can also supply you A01/AP076 with tents, local trekking guides Attributive Adj and provisions. ...the mountain is sacred to Subject A01/AP077 Hindus and the local Sasak Adj+PP Complement people… ...the mountain is sacred to Hindus A01/AP078 Attributive Adj and the local Sasak people… The Sasak are the original people A01/AP079 Attributive Adj of Lombok… Sasak are predominantly Muslim, A01/AP080 with the majority practicing their Attributive Adj local Muslim faith and traditions.
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Code Data Function Structure The mountain now has an active A01/AP081 Attributive Adj 'baby volcano'… North Lombok offers walks and waterfalls, local Sasak culture and a world of beauty and natural A01/AP082 Attributive Adj wonder to discover, making it one of the best-kept secrets in the vast Indonesian archipelago. North Lombok offers walks and waterfalls, local Sasak culture and a world of beauty and natural A01/AP083 Attributive Adj wonder to discover, making it one of the best-kept secrets in the vast Indonesian archipelago. North Lombok offers walks and waterfalls, local Sasak culture and a world of beauty and natural A01/AP084 Attributive Adj wonder to discover, making it one of the best-kept secrets in the vast Indonesian archipelago.
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Appendix 2: The Functions and Structures of Adjective Phrases Found in A Road Trip to the West Coast of Java by Rintang Azhar Code Data Function Structure ...roll down the window of your car to appreciate the endless A02/AP001 nautical beauty of Anyer littoral Attributive Adj zone that spans through its long coastline. ...roll down the window of your car to appreciate the endless A02/AP002 nautical beauty of Anyer littoral Attributive Adj zone that spans through its long coastline. ...roll down the window of your car to appreciate the endless A02/AP003 nautical beauty of Anyer littoral Attributive Adj zone that spans through its long coastline. ...roll down the window of your car to appreciate the endless A02/AP004 nautical beauty of Anyer littoral Attributive Adj zone that spans through its long coastline. Taking a two-hour road trip to the west coast of Java is the easiest thing Jakartans could do to find A02/AP005 stunning beaches without having Attributive Adj to fly afar to the other islands in the archipelago nation that offers a myriad of coastal tourism. Taking a two-hour road trip to the west coast of Java is the easiest thing Jakartans could do to find A02/AP006 stunning beaches without having Attributive AdvP+Adj to fly afar to the other islands in the archipelago nation that offers a myriad of coastal tourism. Taking a two-hour road trip to the west coast of Java is the easiest thing Jakartans could do to find A02/AP007 stunning beaches without having Attributive Adj to fly afar to the other islands in the archipelago nation that offers a myriad of coastal tourism.
59
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Code Data Function Structure Taking a two-hour road trip to the west coast of Java is the easiest thing Jakartans could do to find A02/AP008 stunning beaches without having Attributive Adj to fly afar to the other islands in the archipelago nation that offers a myriad of coastal tourism. Anyer is known as a go-to A02/AP009 destination for anyone who needs Attributive Adj an instant offshore getaway… Anyer is known as a go-to A02/AP010 destination for anyone who needs Attributive Adj an instant offshore getaway… Pack any stuff for a short A02/AP011 Attributive Adj getaway… Having a trip with family or friends to Anyer will be fun to Subject A02/AP012 Adj+VP enjoy every moment during the Complement trip. ...it will be a personal experience A02/AP013 to be able to see the scenic view Attributive Adj from the windows car… ...it will be a personal experience A02/AP014 to be able to see the scenic view Attributive Adj from the windows car… It's not a very picturesque view from the toll road and industrial A02/AP015 Attributive AdvP+Adj district nearby the Port of Merak… It's not a very picturesque view from the toll road and industrial A02/AP016 Attributive Adj district nearby the Port of Merak… ...it will pay off as one reaches the coastal town that has natural gems A02/AP017 and historical narrative that can be Attributive Adj discovered throughout its long coastal line… ...it will pay off as one reaches the coastal town that has natural gems A02/AP018 and historical narrative that can be Attributive Adj discovered throughout its long coastal line...
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Code Data Function Structure ...it will pay off as one reaches the coastal town that has natural gems A02/AP019 and historical narrative that can be Attributive Adj discovered throughout its long coastal line...... it will pay off as one reaches the coastal town that has natural gems A02/AP020 and historical narrative that can be Attributive Adj discovered throughout its long coastal line...... it will pay off as one reaches the coastal town that has natural gems A02/AP021 and historical narrative that can be Attributive Adj discovered throughout its long coastal line... Anyer is home for its inhabitants that lingers through the maritime economy that helps build the coastal town develop to be alluring tourism destination in A02/AP022 Banten Province which comes Attributive Adj with a list of beaches, offshore tourism, seafood, nautical attraction, maritime festival and their signature beach resort hospitality. Anyer is home for its inhabitants that lingers through the maritime economy that helps build the coastal town develop to be alluring tourism destination in A02/AP023 Banten Province which comes Attributive Adj with a list of beaches, offshore tourism, seafood, nautical attraction, maritime festival and their signature beach resort hospitality. Anyer is home for its inhabitants that lingers through the maritime economy that helps build the A02/AP024 coastal town develop to be Attributive Adj alluring tourism destination in Banten Province which comes with a list of beaches, offshore
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Code Data Function Structure tourism, seafood, nautical attraction, maritime festival and their signature beach resort hospitality. Anyer is home for its inhabitants that lingers through the maritime economy that helps build the coastal town develop to be alluring tourism destination in A02/AP025 Banten Province which comes Attributive Adj with a list of beaches, offshore tourism, seafood, nautical attraction, maritime festival and their signature beach resort hospitality. Anyer is home for its inhabitants that lingers through the maritime economy that helps build the coastal town develop to be alluring tourism destination in A02/AP026 Banten Province which comes Attributive Adj with a list of beaches, offshore tourism, seafood, nautical attraction, maritime festival and their signature beach resort hospitality. Anyer is home for its inhabitants that lingers through the maritime economy that helps build the coastal town develop to be alluring tourism destination in A02/AP027 Banten Province which comes Attributive Adj with a list of beaches, offshore tourism, seafood, nautical attraction, maritime festival and their signature beach resort hospitality. Anyer is home for its inhabitants that lingers through the maritime economy that helps build the A02/AP028 coastal town develop to be Attributive Adj alluring tourism destination in Banten Province which comes with a list of beaches, offshore
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Code Data Function Structure tourism, seafood, nautical attraction, maritime festival and their signature beach resort hospitality. ...the town previously named Angier or Anjer is one of the first moorages for distant travellers in A02/AP029 Attributive Adj the past, making it one of the most important trade routes in Indonesia...... the town previously named Angier or Anjer is one of the first moorages for distant travellers in A02/AP030 Attributive AdvP+Adj the past, making it one of the most important trade routes in Indonesia...... this Northwestern area in Java A02/AP031 Attributive Adj lays a mega port of Merak… An approximately 100-kilometre coastal line streeches from Anyer to Tanjung Lesung, tempting one's A02/AP032 eyes to never look away from the Attributive Adj open windows from their car to feel the sea breeze and sunshine that touch the skin. An approximately 100-kilometre coastal line streeches from Anyer to Tanjung Lesung, tempting one's A02/AP033 eyes to never look away from the Attributive Adj open windows from their car to feel the sea breeze and sunshine that touch the skin. Natural sound from the swish ripple, swaying coconut trees, and A02/AP034 Attributive Adj sailing fishermen boat are among the pleasing vistas… Natural sound from the swish ripple, swaying coconut trees, and A02/AP035 Attributive Adj sailing fishermen boat are among the pleasing vistas… Natural sound from the swish ripple, swaying coconut trees, and A02/AP036 Attributive Adj sailing fishermen boat are among the pleasing vistas…
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Code Data Function Structure The most famous landmark in the resort town is believed as the A02/AP037 Attributive AdvP+Adj starting point of the historical road that run across Java… The most famous landmark in the resort town is believed as the A02/AP038 Attributive Adj starting point of the historical road that run across Java… The original building was A02/AP039 Attributive Adj destroyed by the 1883 Tsunami… A02/AP040 ...a new lighthouse was built… Attributive Adj ...tourists can discover the historic A02/AP041 footprint of the Dutch East Attributive Adj Indies… One will be mesmerized at how The Great Post Road that spans 1,000 kilometres long was established, revealing the colonial footprint that passes through Batavia (Jakarta), Meester A02/AP042 Cornelis (Jatinegara), Buitonzorg Attributive Adj (Bogor), Preanger (Bandung), Candaal (Kendal), Semarang, Lassum (Lasem), Grissee (Gresik), Soerabaja (Surabaya) and ended in Panaeoecan (Panarukan). ...people are more familiar with the name, Jalan Pantai Utara Subject AdvP+Adj+ A02/AP043 (Pantura) as an embodiment of Complement PP the colonial road. ...people are more familiar with the name, Jalan Pantai Utara A02/AP044 Attributive Adj (Pantura) as an embodiment of the colonial road. ...one also could explore the local A02/AP045 Attributive Adj culinary nearby the lighthouse… Relaxing and enjoying the A02/AP046 gorgeous tropical sunsets are the Attributive Adj main things to do here. Relaxing and enjoying the A02/AP047 gorgeous tropical sunsets are the Attributive Adj main things to do here.
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Code Data Function Structure Relaxing and enjoying the A02/AP048 gorgeous tropical sunsets are the Attributive Adj main things to do here. Head to the Pier close to the A02/AP049 lighthouse to get the best Postpositive Adj+PP viewpoint. Head to the Pier close to the A02/AP050 lighthouse to get the best Attributive Adj viewpoint. Balmy waters and soft white sand enticing families of all ages A02/AP051 Attributive Adj seeking a sublime holiday at Anyer Beach… Balmy waters and soft white sand enticing families of all ages A02/AP052 Attributive Adj seeking a sublime holiday at Anyer Beach… Balmy waters and soft white sand enticing families of all ages A02/AP053 Attributive Adj seeking a sublime holiday at Anyer Beach… ...it is the most popular beach in the coastal town and it's within A02/AP054 Attributive AdvP+Adj easy reach for those staying in the resorts along the beaches. ...it is the most popular beach in the coastal town and it's within A02/AP055 Attributive Adj easy reach for those staying in the resorts along the beaches. ...it is the most popular beach in the coastal town and it's within A02/AP056 Attributive Adj easy reach for those staying in the resorts along the beaches. With a coastal view overlooking A02/AP057 Attributive Adj Mount Rakata… ….the child of historical Mount Krakatoa, Anyer boasts the best A02/AP058 Attributive Adj geographic location to witness sunset during twilight. ….the child of historical Mount Krakatoa, Anyer boasts the best A02/AP059 Attributive Adj geographic location to witness sunset during twilight.
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Code Data Function Structure ….the child of historical Mount Krakatoa, Anyer boasts the best A02/AP060 Attributive Adj geographic location to witness sunset during twilight. The established tourism spot has A02/AP061 Attributive Adj comprehensive facilities. The established tourism spot has A02/AP062 Attributive Adj comprehensive facilities. It's also the annual destination for A02/AP063 divers to discover its marine Attributive Adj gems. It's also the annual destination for A02/AP064 divers to discover its marine Attributive Adj gems. Families and friend could also A02/AP065 Attributive Adj experience aquatic sports… Karang Bolong, which means a 'coral hole' in English, is named by its natural formation with a A02/AP066 Attributive Adj huge hollowed-out rock arching over the sands that forms a dramatic archway to the beach. Karang Bolong, which means a 'coral hole' in English, is named by its natural formation with a A02/AP067 Attributive Adj huge hollowed-out rock arching over the sands that forms a dramatic archway to the beach. Karang Bolong, which means a 'coral hole' in English, is named by its natural formation with a A02/AP068 Attributive Adj huge hollowed-out rock arching over the sands that forms a dramatic archway to the beach. It’s the most distinctive beach A02/AP069 Attributive AdvP+Adj view compared with others… ...it's very affordable for local and Subject AdvP+Adj+ A02/AP070 domestic tourism… Complement PP ...it's very affordable for local and A02/AP071 Attributive Adj domestic tourism… ...it's very affordable for local and A02/AP072 Attributive Adj domestic tourism… Many visitors come for A02/AP073 Attributive Adj photography and selfies under the
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Code Data Function Structure hallowed coral reef that hangs like a ramp. ...it is no wonder Karang Bolong will easily end up being the next A02/AP074 Attributive Adj stop that add up the memories during the trip to the coastal town. ...you can enjoy the breezy wind A02/AP075 while witnessing the stunning sea Attributive Adj scenery… ...you can enjoy the breezy wind A02/AP076 while witnessing the stunning sea Attributive Adj scenery... Some rocks are possible to Subject A02/AP077 Adj+VP climb… Complement ...you can see better views from A02/AP078 Attributive Adj above… Swimming and boat riding are Subject A02/AP079 Adj also fun. Complement Make sure to find the right spots A02/AP080 Attributive Adj to do those activities… Sambolo Beach is a popular A02/AP081 option for family bonding and Attributive Adj water sport. This beach is a great place for swimming, banana boating, scuba A02/AP082 Attributive Adj diving, snorkelling, sailing and fishing. Don't miss out on underwater A02/AP083 Attributive Adj photography… ...the water is crystal clear with a Subject A02/AP084 Adj+PP vibrant coral garden. Complement ...the water is crystal clear with a A02/AP085 Attributive Adj vibrant coral garden. ...the camping ground is also available besides other Subject A02/AP086 Adj+PP accommodations, such as cottage, Complement hotel, bungalow and resort… Sambolo is known from its long pier overlooking the offshore view A02/AP087 Attributive Adj that is able to capture the dramatic sunset in the panoramic frame. Sambolo is known from its long A02/AP088 Attributive Adj pier overlooking the offshore view
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Code Data Function Structure that is able to capture the dramatic sunset in the panoramic frame. Sambolo is known from its long pier overlooking the offshore view Subject A02/AP089 that is able to capture the Adj+VP Complement dramatic sunset in the panoramic frame. Sambolo is known from its long pier overlooking the offshore view A02/AP090 Attributive Adj that is able to capture the dramatic sunset in the panoramic frame. Sambolo is known from its long pier overlooking the offshore view A02/AP091 Attributive Adj that is able to capture the dramatic sunset in the panoramic frame. ...bring friends and family to learn about local lowland endemic at A02/AP092 the conservation area in the forest Attributive Adj at Taman Hutan Raya (Tahura) Carita… ...bring friends and family to learn about local lowland endemic at A02/AP093 the conservation area in the forest Attributive Adj at Taman Hutan Raya (Tahura) Carita...... bring friends and family to learn about local lowland endemic at the A02/AP094 conservation area in the forest at Attributive Adj Taman Hutan Raya (Tahura) Carita...... it's a sanctuary for anyone who A02/AP095 looks for mild air after being Attributive Adj exposed to the sun. Unfold the mat and have a picnic A02/AP096 Attributive Adj surrounded by lush greeneries. Taking a boat Sangiang (Dwarsindenweg in Dutch), an uninhabited island located in A02/AP097 Attributive Adj midway of the Sunda Strait between the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java. There are few sailing clubs and A02/AP098 Attributive Adj professional membership…
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Code Data Function Structure Some of the local properties also A02/AP099 offer the sailing experience to Attributive Adj Sangiang Island… Sangiang Island is only available for limited visits to ensure the Subject AdvP+Adj+ A02/AP100 protection of the untouched jungle Complement PP+VP and offshore coral reef formations as well as its marine life. Sangiang Island is only available for limited visits to ensure the A02/AP101 protection of the untouched jungle Attributive Adj and offshore coral reef formations as well as its marine life. Sangiang Island is only available for limited visits to ensure the A02/AP102 protection of the untouched jungle Attributive Adj and offshore coral reef formations as well as its marine life. Sangiang Island is only available for limited visits to ensure the A02/AP103 protection of the untouched jungle Attributive Adj and offshore coral reef formations as well as its marine life. ...there are many magnificent A02/AP104 Attributive Adj beaches that can be explored… ...each beach provides a personal A02/AP105 experience for anyone coming to Attributive Adj visit. ...many people are reluctant to Subject A02/AP106 come back for their weekend Adj+VP Complement escape to Anyer… For travellers who are familiar Subject A02/AP107 with the disastrous event that took Adj+PP Complement 437 lives last year... For travellers who are familiar A02/AP108 with the disastrous event that took Attributive Adj 437 lives last year...... it's a scary thing to have and A02/AP109 people don't want to put Attributive Adj themselves in jeopardy. Anyer geographic condition will always be challenging as it is A02/AP110 Attributive Adj located topographically in the belt of The Ring of Fire where active
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Code Data Function Structure volcano and plate movement are naturally rimmed around it. Anyer geographic condition will always be challenging as it is located topographically in the belt Subject A02/AP111 Adj+Clause of The Ring of Fire where active Complement volcano and plate movement are naturally rimmed around it. ...active volcano and plate A02/AP112 movement are naturally rimmed Attributive Adj around it. …anyone still thinks about hazardous Krakatoa eruption in A02/AP113 Attributive Adj 1883 that generated a large tsunami ...anyone still thinks about hazardous Krakatoa eruption in A02/AP114 Attributive Adj 1883 that generated a large tsunami ...the local government urged to A02/AP115 promote disaster mitigation in Attributive Adj coastal tourism destinations… ...the local government urged to A02/AP116 promote disaster mitigation in Attributive Adj coastal tourism destinations… ...the area faces significant A02/AP117 economic loss following the Attributive Adj Sunda Strait Tsunami… ...the area faces significant A02/AP118 economic loss following the Attributive Adj Sunda Strait Tsunami… With a guarantee to improve the quality of coastal tourism showed through undergoing a A02/AP119 Attributive Adj rehabilitation program, as well as the new investment for the new properties in the area… With a guarantee to improve the quality of coastal tourism showed through undergoing a A02/AP120 Attributive Adj rehabilitation program, as well as the new investment for the new properties in the area…
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Code Data Function Structure With a guarantee to improve the quality of coastal tourism showed through undergoing a A02/AP121 Attributive Adj rehabilitation program, as well as the new investment for the new properties in the area… ...local and international tourists A02/AP122 are urged to bring back the soul of Attributive Adj the coastal gem in western Java. ...local and international tourists A02/AP123 are urged to bring back the soul of Attributive Adj the coastal gem in western Java. ...local and international tourists A02/AP124 are urged to bring back the soul of Attributive Adj the coastal gem in western Java. ...the province has also been developing satellite cities that A02/AP125 could run an independent Attributive Adj economy similar to its neighbor, Jakarta… Tangerang Selatan and The City of Tangerang has been showing A02/AP126 significant progress to attract Attributive Adj tourists and visitors with lifestyle tourism. Bintaro and BSD provide comprehensive lifestyle tourism through MICE, design district, A02/AP127 Attributive Adj start-ups community, culinary spot, luxury accommodations and community tourism. Bintaro and BSD provide comprehensive lifestyle tourism through MICE, design district, A02/AP128 Attributive Adj start-ups community, culinary spot, luxury accommodations and community tourism. Bintaro and BSD provide comprehensive lifestyle tourism through MICE, design district, A02/AP129 Attributive Adj start-ups community, culinary spot, luxury accommodations and community tourism.
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Code Data Function Structure Tangerang city has been focusing on manifesting the tourism and A02/AP130 Attributive Adj business that reflects to the local potential… ...the location is close to the Subject A02/AP131 Indonesia's busiest international Adj+PP Complement airport… ...the location is close to the A02/AP132 Indonesia's busiest international Attributive AdvP+Adj airport… ...the location is close to the A02/AP133 Indonesia's busiest international Attributive Adj airport…