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Hexasterophoran Glass Sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida

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Hexasterophoran Glass Sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida ISSN 1174–0043; 124 The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Hexasterophoran Glass Sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida Henry M. Reiswig and Michelle Kelly NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 124 COVER PHOTO Two unidentified hexasterophoran glass sponge species, the first possibly Farrea onychohexastera n. sp. (frilly white honeycomb sponge in several bushy patches), and the second possibly Chonelasma lamella, but also possibly C. chathamense n. sp. (lower left white fan), attached to the habitat-forming coral Solenosmilia variabilis, dominant at 1078 m on the Graveyard seamount complex of the Chatham Rise (NIWA station TAN0905/29: 42.726° S, 179.897° W). Image captured by DTIS (Deep Towed Imaging System) onboard RV Tangaroa, courtesy of NIWA Seamounts Programme (SFAS103), Oceans2020 (LINZ, MFish) and Rob Stewart, NIWA, Wellington (Photo: NIWA). NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NIWA) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Hexasterophoran Glass Sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida Henry M. Reiswig Biology Department, University of Victoria, and Natural History Section, Royal British Columbia Museum P.O. Box 3020 Stn CSC, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8W 3N5 Michelle Kelly National Centre for Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd Private Bag 99940, Auckland 1149, New Zealand NIWA Biodiversity Memoir 124 2011 Cataloguing in Publication REISWIG, H.M.; KELLY, M. The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Hexasterophoran Glass Sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida / by Henry M. Reiswig & Michelle Kelly—Wellington: NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), 2011 (NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, ISSN 1174–0043; 124) Soft cover: ISBN 978–0–478–23291–2 Hard cover: ISBN 978–0–478–23292–9 Electronic: ISBN 978–0–478–23293–6 Managing Editor: Dennis P. Gordon Copy Editor: Tracy Farr Typeset and indexed by: Geoff Gregory, Word Therapy, Paraparaumu Printed and bound by: Graphic Press & Packaging Ltd, Levin Received for publication—4 April 2011 NIWA Copyright 2011 CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................7 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................................................8 CHECKLIST OF SPECIES ...................................................................................................................15 SYSTEMATICS ...................................................................................................................................................16 Hexactinosida Schrammen ..........................................................................................................16 Farreidae Gray ............................................................................................................................16 Euretidae Zittel ...........................................................................................................................45 Euretinae Zittel ........................................................................................................................45 Chonelasmetinae Schrammen ..............................................................................................70 Tretodictyidae Schulze ............................................................................................................104 Aphrocallistidae Gray .............................................................................................................130 Auloplacidae Schrammen .......................................................................................................136 Aulocalycoida Tabachnick & Reiswig .....................................................................................154 Aulocalycidae Ijima .................................................................................................................154 Aulocalycinae Ijima ..............................................................................................................154 Lychniscosida Schrammen ........................................................................................................165 Aulocystidae Sollas ..................................................................................................................165 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................170 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................................................171 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................................172 SPECIES INDEX ..............................................................................................................................................175 Frontispiece: Four hexasterophoran glass sponge-species photographed on the Chatham Rise and the Macquarie Ridge of southern New Zealand. From the Macquarie Ridge (Australian EEZ): A, Homoieurete macquariense n. gen. n. sp. (NIWA station TAN0803/078, 53.430° S, 159.075° E, 845–903 m), and B, Chonelasma sp. (NIWA station TAN0803/018, 48.318° S, 164.570° E, 1077–1262 m). From the Chatham Rise: C, Aphrocallistes beatrix beatrix Gray, 1858 (NIWA station TAN0905/123, 44.136° S, 174.720° W, 643–816 m), and D, Aulocalyx australis n. sp. (NIWA station TAN0905/023, 42.760° S, 179.990° W, 770–919 m). Images captured by DTIS (Deep Towed Imaging System) onboard RV Tangaroa, courtesy of NIWA Seamounts Programme (SFAS103), Oceans2020 (LINZ, MFish) and Rob Stewart, NIWA, Wellington (Photos: NIWA). NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH (NIWA) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Hexasterophoran Glass Sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida Henry M. Reiswig Biology Department, University of Victoria, and Natural History Section, Royal British Columbia Museum P.O. Box 3020 Stn CSC, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8W 3N5 Michelle Kelly National Centre for Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd Private Bag 99940, Auckland 1149, New Zealand ABSTRACT The Hexactinellida of New Zealand, orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida, and Lychniscosida, are reviewed, inventoried from existing and new collections, and revised where necessary. Collections within the NIWA Invertebrate Collection and the Mu- seum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, both in Wellington, and specimens from the NORFANZ mid-Tasman Sea survey housed at the Queensland Museum, yielded well over 300 catalogued specimens, some of which are from the Australian EEZ. The previous list of four known species in New Zealand, Farrea occa Bowerbank, 1862, Euryplegma auriculare Schulze, 1886, Chonelasma hamatum Schulze, 1886, and C. lamella Schulze, 1886, has now been expanded to 30, including 21 new species, within 15 genera, one of which is new (Homoieurete n. gen.). The neglected family Auloplacidae (Schrammen, 1912) is resurrected. All four species previously known from New Zealand waters are well represented in the newly surveyed material. Five species known from elsewhere, Anomochone expansa Ijima, 1927, Aphrocallistes beatrix beatrix Gray, 1858, Lefroyella ceramensis Ijima, 1927, Periphragella elisae Marshall, 1875, and Psilocalyx wilsoni Ijima, 1927, but previously unknown in the New Zealand area, are reported and described, extending their distribution ranges. The 21 new species include six in Farreidae, seven in Euretidae, four in Tretodictyidae, two in Auloplacidae, one in Aulocalycidae, and one in Aulocystidae; the new genus Homoieurete belongs to Euretidae. One of the new species described here, Neoaulocystis cristata n. sp., has been recorded only near the Kingdom of Tonga, but is included here for the sake of a complete review of the genus. Similarly, two new species of the genus Anomochone collected on the NORFANZ voyage are found thus far only in Australian waters (northern Norfolk Ridge and Lord Howe Rise), but are included in this work for the sake of completeness of the review of the genus in this region. Similarly, two new species have been described from the Australian EEZ surrounding Macquarie Island, on Macquarie Ridge, and have been included here, as the species are also found in the New Zealand EEZ. The moderate number of washed-out specimens whose dictyonal skeleton are incompatible with any known species in New Zealand waters indicates that several species remain unknown and are yet to be collected in condition needed for full species level determination and description. Keywords: Porifera, Hexactinellida, Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida, Lychniscosida, Farreidae, Euretidae, Tretodictyidae, Aph- rocallistidae, Auloplacidae, Aulocalycidae, Aulocystidae, Farrea, Conorete, Gymnorete, Homoieurete n. gen., Lefroyella, Chonelasma, Periphragella, Anomochone, Hexactinella, Psilocalyx, Aphrocallistes, Auloplax, Aulocalyx, Euryplegma, Neoaulocystis, systematics, glass sponge, taxonomy, new species,
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