La Representación De La Identidad En La Literatura Boliviana

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La Representación De La Identidad En La Literatura Boliviana UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA NACIONAL SAMUEL ARRIARÁN LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD EN LA LITERATURA BOLIVIANA La teoría de la literatura se replantea hoy a partir de la problemática de la diversidad cultural o lo que algunos autores denominan “estudios intercultu­ rales” Esto significa que estamos ante una mirada más amplia sobre los cruces culturales. Ya no se pueden seguir sosteniendo enfoques basados en el canon occidental o lo que sucede dentro de una sola cul tura. En el caso de Bolivia, como en el resto de los países de América Latina, observamos el esta­ llamiento de las categorías y métodos del análisis literario. Es necesario abrirse también a una pers­ pectiva de la crítica literaria con base en la diver­ sidad y la interculturalidad. De este modo, el objetivo general del libro es elaborar un trabajo interpretativo de la identidad cultural en textos literarios narrativos de escritores bolivianos, con la finalidad de indagar la preocu­ pación por la representación identitaria en relación con aspectos de la diversidad de género, etnia, sexo, entre otros. El tema de la presente obra se relaciona con la problemática de la diversidad e interculturalidad (que se trabaja en el Área Académica 2 Diversi­ dad e Interculturalidad de la Universidad Pedagó­ gica Nacio nal). De ahí la relevancia de comparar la historia de Bolivia con la historia de México. Aquí resaltan cuestiones comunes de suma importancia para la actualidad, como la discusión y la interpre­ tación de lo que significa para las políticas educa­ tivas la ciudadanía, la comunidad, la nacionalidad y el mestizaje. La representación de la identidad en la literatura boliviana Samuel Arriarán La representación de la identidad en la literatura boliviana Samuel Arriarán Primera edición, febrero de 2021 © Derechos reservados por la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Esta edición es propiedad de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Carretera al Ajusco núm. 24, col. Héroes de Padierna, Tlalpan, CP 14200, Ciudad de México www.upn.mx Esta obra fue dictaminada por pares académicos. ISBN 978-607-413-396-7 PQ7803 A7.7 Arriarán Cuéllar, Samuel La representación de la identidad en la literatura boliviana / Samuel Arriarán – Ciudad de México : UPN, 2021. 1 texto electrónico (153 p.) : 1.1 MB ; archivo PDF : tablas – (Horizontes educativos) ISBN 978-607-413-396-7 1. LITERATURA BOLIVIANA – HISTORIA Y CRÍTICA 2. ESCRITORES BOLIVIANOS 3. CULTURA – BOLIVIA I.t. II.Serie Queda prohibida la reproducción parcial o total de esta obra, por cualquier medio, sin la autorización expresa de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. Hecho en México. Dedicado a la memoria de mi querido hermano Luis ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................10 Estructura del libro .............................................................................15 CAPÍTULO 1 LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD INDÍGENA ..................23 1. La perspectiva externa. Alcides Arguedas ......................................25 2. La perspectiva interna desde lo exterior. Raúl Botelho Gosálvez ....................................................................29 3. La perspectiva interna. Jesús Lara ..................................................31 Conclusión ..........................................................................................39 CAPÍTULO 2 LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD MESTIZA .....................42 1. El mestizaje como identidad negativa ............................................43 Raúl Botelho Gosálvez ...................................................................43 Augusto Céspedes ...........................................................................44 Gaby Vallejo ....................................................................................47 2. El mestizaje como identidad positiva ............................................50 Néstor Taboada Terán ....................................................................50 Nataniel Aguirre .............................................................................54 Adolfo Cáceres Romero .................................................................56 7 Antonio Díaz Villamil ....................................................................58 Jaime Sáenz .....................................................................................60 Conclusión ..........................................................................................66 CAPÍTULO 3 LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD NACIONAL-POPULAR ...........................................................................69 1. La literatura minera ........................................................................71 Jaime Mendoza ...............................................................................73 Fernando Ramírez Velarde .............................................................76 2. La literatura de la guerra del Chaco ...............................................78 Néstor Taboada Terán ....................................................................78 Adolfo Costa du Rels ......................................................................80 Augusto Céspedes ...........................................................................83 Augusto Guzmán ............................................................................85 Adolfo Cáceres Romero .................................................................86 3. La literatura de las dictaduras militares .........................................87 Alfonso Gumucio Dagron .............................................................87 4. La literatura de la época de la democracia .....................................90 Edmundo Paz Soldán .....................................................................90 Conclusión ..........................................................................................93 CAPÍTULO 4 LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD ONTOLÓGICA ...........95 Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz ..............................................................97 Jesús Urzagasti ...................................................................................101 Edmundo Paz Soldán .......................................................................110 Sueños digitales ............................................................................110 Renato Prada Oropeza ......................................................................113 Conclusión ........................................................................................123 8 CAPÍTULO 5 LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD RELIGIOSA ...............126 Julio de la Vega ..................................................................................126 Oscar Uzín Fernández ......................................................................128 Conclusión ........................................................................................132 CAPÍTULO 6 LA REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA IDENTIDAD DE GÉNERO ..............134 Adela Zamudio..................................................................................134 Yolanda Bedregal ...............................................................................136 Adolfo Costa du Rels ........................................................................139 Carlos Medinacelli ............................................................................140 Conclusión ........................................................................................141 CONCLUSIONES ...................................................................................144 REFERENCIAS .......................................................................................147 9 INTRODUCCIÓN La teoría de la literatura se replantea hoy a partir de la problemática de la diversidad cultural o lo que algunos autores denominan “es­ tudios interculturales” (Ortega, 2008). Esto significa que estamos ante una mirada más amplia sobre los cruces culturales. Ya no se pueden seguir sosteniendo enfoques basados en el canon occiden­ tal o lo que sucede dentro de una sola cultura. En el caso de Bolivia como en el resto de los países de América Latina observamos el estallamiento de las categorías y métodos del análisis literario. Es necesario abrirse también a una perspectiva de la crítica literaria con base en la diversidad y la interculturalidad. La nueva fundamentación teórica y metodológica que propo­ nemos en este libro se orienta por cierta forma de investigación centrada más en los contactos e hibridaciones que incluyen los procesos migratorios y las formas más actuales de mezcla barroca1 como espacios creativos. La pertinencia de romper con los métodos univocistas de análisis literario y optar por un principio dialógico, 1 Por mezcla barroca entendemos una diversidad múltiple: “diversidad de tiempos históricos y diversidad de historias; diversidad de formas políticas o estructuras de autoridad que implica diversidad cultural o, en un sentido más general, de civili­ zación que, sin embargo coexisten o forman parte de lo que hoy se reconoce como una sociedad más o menos nacional o país” (Tapia, 2002, p. 312). 10 Introducción hace posible avanzar la investigación en la perspectiva teórica de la diversidad y de la interculturalidad. Se trata de proponer nuevas lecturas que articulen las prácticas sociales, la producción literaria y los relatos de identificación y de diferencia. Esto significa desa­ rrollar una perspectiva teórica hermenéutica donde se incluya la discusión e interpretación de lo que significa (para los autores y los
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