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Nuñez Angles
5th International Seminar on Security and Defence in the Mediterranean Multi-Dimensional Security Reports (+34) 93 302 6495 - Fax. (+34) 93 302 6495 - [email protected] (+34) 93 302 6495 - Fax. [email protected] Weapons of mass destruction in the Mediterranean: An omnidirectional threat. Jesús A. Núñez Villaverde, Balder Hageraats and Ximena Valente - Calle Elisabets, 12 08001 Barcelona, España Tel. Fundación CIDOB WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: AN OMNIDIRECTIONAL THREAT Jesús A. Núñez Villaverde Co-director of the Institute of Studies on Conflicts and Humanitarian Action, IECAH Balder Hageraats Researcher at IECAH Ximena Valente Researcher at IECAH Introduction 1. Similar to the first report, the concept of WMD is used in its general understanding of having the Similarly to the first report on Weapons of mass destruction in the three basic components of nuclear, Mediterranean: current status and prospects, released in 2005, this chemical and biological weapons. In practical terms, however, the main second report (Weapons of mass destruction in the Mediterranean: an focus of this report is on nuclear omnidimensional threat) is the result of an initiative – responding to a weapons given that these are the sustained interest in matters of security and defence in the Mediterranean only ones that true fit the profile of WMD at the moment. - by the CIDOB Foundation. It is therefore fitting to mention the annual seminars on security and defence that are held in Barcelona since 2002. In line with the decision taken at the third of these meetings, the aim of this report is to facilitate – both for those attending the sessions directly as well as the wider security community interested in the region - the analysis of one of the most pressing problems on the international agenda. -
Consequences of an Accident Involving Nuclear Weapons
ThisreportisdedicatedtothememoryofJohn Ainslie, whose persistent and meticulous research exposedmanyoftheaccidentsdescribedhere CONTENTS REPORT HEADLINES 2 FOREWORD 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION 8 THE PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 14 CASE STUDY 1: ‘An accident waiting to happen: fire at Windscale .......... 25 ON THE ROAD: ACCIDENTS DURING THE TRANSPORT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 30 CASE STUDY 2: Slipping off the road ............................. 39 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 42 CASE STUDY 3: Rough handling at RAF Bruggen ...................... 46 IN THE FIELD: INCIDENTS INVOLVING AIRCRAFT AND SHIPS 48 CASE STUDY 4: Nuclear weapons and the Falklands War ................ 55 UNDER THE WAVES: ACCIDENTS INVOLVING NUCLEAR-ARMED SUBMARINES 58 CASE STUDY 5: Collision in the ocean depths.........................73 SECRETS AND SPIES: NUCLEAR SECURITY 76 CASE STUDY 6: “We’re hijacking this submarine. Take us to Cuba.” ..........87 OVER HERE: ACCIDENTS INVOLVING US NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE UK 90 CASE STUDY 7: Broken Arrow at Lakenheath......................... 98 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 100 AFTERWORD 103 APPENDIX 104 GLOSSARY 106 REPORT AUTHOR: PETER BURT 1 REPORT HEADLINES Whywedidthisstudy: • The following factors have all contributed to accidents involving British nuclear weapons: This report presents the accident record of the ` Failures caused as equipment reaches UK’s nuclear weapons programme over its 65 the end of its operating life. year history. Our aim in doing this is simple: to remind the public of the risks posed by nuclear ` Equipment in short supply or overused. weapons, and to alert politicians and decision ` Operations hurried or conducted makers to the need to eliminate these risks. under pressure. ` Workers failing to follow even the What we found: strictest instructions and procedures. -
Nuclear Weapons FAQ (NWFAQ) Organization Back to Main Index
Nuclear Weapons FAQ (NWFAQ) Organization Back to Main Index This is a complete listing of the decimally numbered headings of the Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, which provides a comprehensive view of the organization and contents of the document. Index 1.0 Types of Nuclear Weapons 1.1 Terminology 1.2 U.S. Nuclear Test Names 1.3 Units of Measurement 1.4 Pure Fission Weapons 1.5 Combined Fission/Fusion Weapons 1.5.1 Boosted Fission Weapons 1.5.2 Staged Radiation Implosion Weapons 1.5.3 The Alarm Clock/Sloika (Layer Cake) Design 1.5.4 Neutron Bombs 1.6 Cobalt Bombs 2.0 Introduction to Nuclear Weapon Physics and Design 2.1 Fission Weapon Physics 2.1.1 The Nature Of The Fission Process 2.1.2 Criticality 2.1.3 Time Scale of the Fission Reaction 2.1.4 Basic Principles of Fission Weapon Design 2.1.4.1 Assembly Techniques - Achieving Supercriticality 2.1.4.1.1 Implosion Assembly 2.1.4.1.2 Gun Assembly 2.1.4.2 Initiating Fission 2.1.4.3 Preventing Disassembly and Increasing Efficiency 2.2 Fusion Weapon Physics 2.2.1 Candidate Fusion Reactions 2.2.2 Basic Principles of Fusion Weapon Design 2.2.2.1 Designs Using the Deuterium+Tritium Reaction 2.2.2.2 Designs Using Other Fuels 3.0 Matter, Energy, and Radiation Hydrodynamics 3.1 Thermodynamics and the Properties of Gases 3.1.1 Kinetic Theory of Gases 3.1.2 Heat, Entropy, and Adiabatic Compression 3.1.3 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Equipartition 3.1.4 Relaxation 3.1.5 The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Law 3.1.6 Specific Heats and the Thermodynamic Exponent 3.1.7 Properties of Blackbody -
Innovation Studies and the History of Technology
Trying to secure the past: innovation studies and the history of technology A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in the Faculty of Humanities Jonathan Aylen 2018 1 Contents page Listing of Publications 3 Abstract 4 Declaration 5 Copyright Statement 5 Jonathan Aylen, Statement of Eligibility 6 Introduction 1. Selection of a coherent set of papers 8 2. Historical methods in the study of technology 23 3. The nature of the innovation process 30 4. Lessons from innovation research 41 5. Bibliography 46 6. Corrections and updates 57 7. Impact of this research 59 Papers Blue Danube - Britain’s post-war atomic bomb 61 Stretch - how innovation continues once investment is made 62 Bloodhound - building the Ferranti Argus process control computer 63 Open versus closed innovation - development of the wide strip mill for steel 64 Construction of the Shotton wide strip mill 65 Development of computer applications in the iron and steel industry 66 2 “Trying to secure the past: innovation studies and the history of technology” "People work much in order to secure the future; I gave my mind much work and trouble, trying to secure the past" Isak Dinesen/also known as Karen von Blixen-Finecke (1885-1962), Shadows on the Grass, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990, essay “Echoes from the Hills”, p.116 papers: 1. Jonathan Aylen, “First waltz: development and deployment of Blue Danube, Britain’s post-war atomic bomb”, The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology, vol. 85, no.1, January 2015, pp.31-59 2. -
(Dis)Continuous Deterrence
SEPTEMBER 2018 (Dis)Continuous Deterrence Challenges to Britain’s Nuclear Doctrine Toby Fenwick © The British American Security Information Council (BASIC), 2018 All images are available for reuse under the MOD (Consent License) and the OGL (Open Government License) unless The British American Security otherwise stated. Information Council (BASIC) 17 Oval Way The opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility London of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of BASIC. SE11 5RR Charity Registration No. 1001081 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, T: +44 (0) 20 3752 5662 electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or www.basicint.org any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Please direct all enquiries to the publishers. The Author BASIC Toby Fenwick is a Research Associate of BASIC, The British American Security Information Council bringing more than 15 years’ public policy (BASIC) is an independent think tank and registered experience in HM Treasury, UK Cabinet Office, DFID, charity based in Whitehall, London, promoting the UK NAO, and think tanks to his work. He served innovative ideas and international dialogue on for 14 years in the RAF intelligence reserves, nuclear disarmament, arms control, and supporting operations at home and abroad. A nonproliferation. Since 1987, we’ve been at the Liberal Democrat, he served on the party’s most forefront of global efforts to build trust and recent nuclear weapons working group, has written cooperation on some of the world’s most extensively on UK nuclear weapons policy, and progressive global peace and security initiatives, lectured on it at the James Martin Center for advising governments in the United States, United Non-Proliferation Studies in Monterey, California. -
The Development of Britain's Megaton Warheads
Megaton Warheads Donald McIntyre Military Studies The Development of Britain’s Megaton Warheads Donald McIntyre MA Dissertation 2006 Megaton Warheads Donald McIntyre Contents Abstract Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1 2 British Nuclear Policy 6 3 Development of Thermonuclear Warheads 17 4 Anglo-American Relations 36 5 Thermonuclear Bluff? 48 6 Conclusions 56 Table: Operational Requirements Figure: The Megaton Family Bibliography Appendix A: Nuclear Weapons Appendix B: A Pedantic Glossary Appendix C: Speculative Schematics Megaton Warheads Donald McIntyre Abstract In 1946, the US Senate passed the McMahon Act, which prohibited the sharing of nuclear information with any other country. Prime Minister Churchill announced the intention to build a hydrogen bomb in February 1955, though development had started at AWRE Aldermaston the year before. In the summer of 1957, three large devices were exploded near Christmas Island in the Pacific Ocean; the series was code named Grapple . The official announcement stated that the devices were “in the megaton range”; the press was in no doubt that Britain had exploded an H-bomb. The following year, talks commenced with America and in June 1958 the McMahon Act was amended to allow exchange of nuclear information between the USA and UK. The result was that Britain had access to American thermonuclear weapon design; future British warheads were built largely to American designs. At the time, very little information was released on the nature of the Grapple tests and this led to speculation that they were not thermonuclear devices at all, but large fission weapons. These suspicions were articulated in 1982 as the “Thermonuclear Bluff”. This proposed that the prime purpose of the tests was to deceive the Americans into believing that the UK had mastered the H-bomb and was therefore fit to be admitted into the thermonuclear club. -
Playing with Fire
CONTENTS REPORT HEADLINES 2 FOREWORD 4 This report is dedicated to the memory of John EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Ainslie, whose persistent and meticulous research INTRODUCTION 8 exposed many of the accidents described here THE PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 14 CASE STUDY 1: ‘An accident waiting to happen: fire at Windscale . 25 ON THE ROAD: ACCIDENTS DURING THE TRANSPORT OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 30 CASE STUDY 2: Slipping off the road . 39 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS 42 CASE STUDY 3: Rough handling at RAF Bruggen . 46 IN THE FIELD: INCIDENTS INVOLVING AIRCRAFT AND SHIPS 48 CASE STUDY 4: Nuclear weapons and the Falklands War . 55 UNDER THE WAVES: ACCIDENTS INVOLVING NUCLEAR-ARMED SUBMARINES 58 CASE STUDY 5: Collision in the ocean depths. 73 SECRETS AND SPIES: NUCLEAR SECURITY 76 CASE STUDY 6: “We’re hijacking this submarine . Take us to Cuba .” . .87 OVER HERE: ACCIDENTS INVOLVING US NUCLEAR WEAPONS IN THE UK 90 CASE STUDY 7: Broken Arrow at Lakenheath . 98 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 100 AFTERWORD 103 APPENDIX 104 GLOSSARY 106 REPORT AUTHOR: PETER BURT 1 A nuclear armed Trident submarine, HMS REPORT HEADLINES Vigilant, returning to Faslane after deployment Why we did this study: • The following factors have all contributed to accidents involving British nuclear weapons: This report presents the accident record of the } Failures caused as equipment reaches UK’s nuclear weapons programme over its 65 the end of its operating life. year history. Our aim in doing this is simple: to remind the public of the risks posed by nuclear } Equipment in short supply or overused. -
Download Thesis
This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Knowledge management and institutional development within the British Nuclear Weapons Programme, 1947-1993 Chapman, Geoffrey Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 Knowledge Management and Institutional Development within the British Nuclear Weapons Programme, 1947-1993 Submitted by Geoffrey Chapman 05/2020 As a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) In the Department of War Studies King’s College London 1 Table of Contents Knowledge Management and Institutional Development within the British Nuclear Weapons Programme, 1947-1993 ............................................................................................................... -
Silent Spring
Silent Spring Chemical, Biological and Technological Visions of the Post-1945 Environment Friday 1st March 2013, 11.30am – 7pm Humanities Research Centre (Berrick Saul Building), University of York 11.30 – 11.45am Delegate Registration, Coffee and tea (BS/008) 11.45 – 11.50am Introduction (Sophie Jones and Catherine Spencer) 11.50 – 12.20pm Greens vs. Science? Alice Bell, University of Sussex 12.20 – 12.40pm Eco-Activism, Hollywood Style: The Role of Popular Films in Raising Environmental Awareness David Kirby, University of Manchester 12.40 – 1.00pm Discussion (chaired by Catherine Spencer) 1.00 – 1.45pm Lunch 1.45 – 2.05pm The Underlying Horror of the English Countryside Isabella Streffen, University of Sunderland 2.05 – 2.20pm Discussion (chaired by Sophie Jones) 2.20 – 2.30pm Comfort break 2.30 – 3.00pm Nuclear (South) Polarity Fabienne Collignon, University of Sheffield 3.00 – 3.25pm ‘Of What Disaster is This the Imminence’: ‘The Auroras of Autumn’ and the Christian Apocalypse Benjamin Madden, University of York 3.25 – 3.45pm Discussion (chaired by Stephanie Lambert) 3.45 – 4.00pm Coffee and tea 4.00 – 4.20pm Thinking Through Environments from a Liquid Perspective Hannah Boast, University of Sheffield/York 4.20 – 4.40pm ‘The Horrible Global Mess this Little World is in’: Lee Bontecou’s Plastic Flora and Fauna Jo Applin, University of York 4.40 – 5.00pm Discussion (chaired by Karina Jakubowicz) 5.00 – 5.10pm Comfort break and re-location to the Treehouse for discussion 5.10 – 5.25pm Interdisciplinary Transitions Siân Beynon-Jones, University of York 5.25 – 6.30pm Roundtable discussion 6.30 – 7.00pm Wine reception 1 Abstracts and Speaker Biographies Alice Bell: Greens vs Science? As with the biologist Julian Huxley’s role in the founding of the World Wildlife Fund the year before Silent Spring’s publication, Carson’s book is endemic of the way science’s ability to look carefully at the natural world alerts us to the negative impacts humans have had on it. -
Award Winning Magazine
The Magazine of friendsof the Royal The National Museum of the Naval Museum and Royal Navy (Portsmouth) HMS Victory HMS Victory and the Friends SCUTTLEBUTT AWARD WINNING MAGAZINE Another amazing Pre WW1 Anglo- Indonesian year for NMRN German naval race conflict 1963-66 [Edition No47, Autumn 2013] [by subscription or on sale £3.00] The Magazine of friendsof the Royal The National Museum of the Naval Museum and Royal Navy (Portsmouth) HMS Victory HMS Victory and the Friends ISSN 2052-5451 SCUTTLEBUTT [Edition No47, Autumn 2013] AWARD WINNING MAGAZINE [by subscription or on sale £3.00] postage additional cost CONTENTS Council of the Friends 4 Chairman’s Report (Peter Wykeham-Martin) 5 Second Sea Lord’s overview (Vice Admiral David Steel CBE Second Sea Lord) 6 UPDATES: News from the National Museum of the Royal Navy (Graham Dobbin) 8 Conserving HMS Victory (page 12) HMS Victory, Commanding Officer’s Report (Rod Strathern) 10 Progress with the Victory Preservation Project (Andrew Baines) 12 Steam Pinnace 199 - Progess Report (Martin Marks) 16 REGULAR FEATURES: Series on Museum Figureheads (David Pulvertaft) 20 The paintings of Frank Wood (Rick Cosby) 22 Naval Medals (James Kemp) 34 Naval Museum HMS Victory & Friends Events 68 SPECIAL FEATURES: The Anglo-German Naval Armament Race (Bernard Ireland) 24 Fisher Against the Rest (Richard Hill) 30 The Gun which won Trafalgar (John Roberts) 36 Paintings by Frank Wood (page 22) The Carronade (Ken Napier) 41 Opening Round The Escape of the GOEBEN (Nick Hewitt) 44 The Ship (Jetse Reijenga) 50 Continuing -
This Is an Amended Version of a Paper Presented at a Two-Day Conference
This is an amended version of a paper presented at a two-day conference at Portsmouth Naval Base in July 2018 organized by the National Museum of the Royal Navy to mark the 50th anniversary of entry into service of the Royal Navy's Polaris submarine fleet that took over national nuclear deterrent duties from Bomber Command of the Royal Air Force. I was one of several people invited to speak to the conference. Other speakers included: Dr Richard Moore, King's College, London, and Official Historian at AWE, Aldermaston. Professor Nigel Biggar, Regius Professor of Moral & Pastoral Theology at Christ Church, Oxford. Professor Paul Cornish. University of Cambridge. Dr James Jinks. Queen Mary, University of London. Dr Andy Corbett. Defence Studies Department, King’s College, London. Professor Lord Hennessy of Nympsfield. Queen Mary, University of London. Dr Jonathan Aylen. Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester. Dr Peter Burt, NIS. Paul Ingram. Executive Director, British American Security Information Council, (BASIC). Commander Rob Forsyth, Royal Navy (Retd). Brian Burnell 10 April 2019 THE ROAD TO TRIDENT Polaris, PIP, Chevaline A different view of history © 2019 Brian Burnell There are several histories of the Chevaline saga that culminated in a British decision to purchase Trident. Some produced professionally by writers trained in university schools of international relations, carefully written to be politically neutral, and overly focussed on international relations between Britain and the United States, while failing to address fundamental questions about the nature of Polaris and what it was designed to do. This account is more polemical with a greater focus on domestic politics. -
UK Nuclear History Working Paper
UK Nuclear History Working Paper Number: 1 The Real Meaning of the Words: a Pedantic Glossary of British Nuclear Weapons Richard Moore The real meaning of the words: a pedantic glossary of British nuclear weapons Introduction This glossary is intended as an aid for researchers, presenting the most accurate definitions available of British nuclear weapons codenames and nicknames. It is carefully bas ed on public-domain information (only), in particular documents in the UK National Archives (formerly PRO) at Kew. It has been discussed by the Southampton University seminar group on British nuclear weapons history and incorporates comments, for which I am extremely grateful, from group members and from Brian Burnell. Copyright remains with Richard Moore but researchers are welcome to quote from the glossary with suitable acknowledgement. Several types of codenames have been used for British nuclear weapons. The well known ‘rainbow’ names of the form (colour + noun) were assigned to weapons and equipment projects, nuclear and non-nuclear, by the Ministry of Supply (MoS). The names must have been random in theory, but an element of choice is apparent in their allocation (see e.g., Violet Mist for an example where more than one choice of codename was available). Some rainbow names were unofficial coinages: a non- nuclear example was Blue Yeoman, a radar incorporating elements of the earlier Blue Riband and Orange Yeoman projects. Some were haphazard word pairs (e.g., Indigo Hammer) but others more obviously matched (e.g., Blue Danube, Red Duster) and in one or two cases (e.g., Yellow Sun for a bomb based on thermonuclear fusion) coincidence in allocation seems unlikely.