Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences Pranee Liamputtong Editor

Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences Pranee Liamputtong Editor Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences With 192 Figures and 81 Tables Editor Pranee Liamputtong School of Science and Health Western Sydney University Penrith, NSW, Australia ISBN 978-981-10-5250-7 ISBN 978-981-10-5251-4 (eBook) ISBN 978-981-10-5252-1 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960888 # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore To my mother: Yindee Liamputtong and To my children: Zoe Sanipreeya Rice and Emma Inturatana Rice Preface Research is defined by the Australian Research Council as “the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies, inventions and understandings.” Research is thus the foundation for knowledge. It produces evidence and informs actions that can provide wider benefit to a society. The knowledge that researchers cultivate from a piece of research can be adopted for social and health programs that can improve the health and well-being of the individuals, their communities, and the societies in which they live. As we have witnessed, in all corners of the globe, research has become an endeavor that most of us in the health and social sciences cannot avoid. This Handbook is conceived to provide the foundation to readers who wish to embark on a research project in order to form knowledge that they need. The Handbook comprises four main parts: Traditional Research Methods in Health and Social Sciences, Innovative Research Methods in Health Social Sciences, Doing Cross-Cultural Research in Health Social Sciences, and Sensitive Research Meth- odology and Approach. This Handbook attests to the diversity and richness of research methods in the health and social sciences. It will benefit many readers, particularly students and researchers who undertake research in health and social science areas. It is also valuable for the training needs of postgraduate students who wish to undertake research in cross-cultural settings, with special groups of people, as it provides essential knowledge not only on the methods of data collection but also salient issues that they need to know if they wish to succeed in their research endeavors. Traditionally, there are several research approaches and practices that researchers in the health social sciences have adopted. These include qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches. Each approach has its own philosophical founda- tions, and the ways researchers go about to form knowledge can be different. But all approaches do share the same goal: to acquire knowledge that can benefit the world. This Handbook includes many chapters that dedicate to the traditional ways of conducting research. These chapters provide the “traditional ways of knowing” that many readers will need. As health and social science researchers, we are now living in a moment that needs our imagination and creativity when we carry out our research. Indeed, we are now living “in the new age” where we will see more and more “new experimental vii viii Preface works” being invented by researchers. And in this new age, we have witnessed many innovative and creative forms of research in the health and social sciences. In this Handbook, I also bring together a unique group of health and social science researchers to present their innovative and creative research methods that readers can adopt in their own research. The Handbook introduces many new ways of doing research. It embraces “methodological diversity,” and this methodological diversity will bring “new ways of knowing” in the health and social sciences. Chapters in this Handbook will help to open up our ideas about doing research differently from the orthodox research methods that we have been using or have been taught to do. Despite the increased demands on cross-cultural research, discussions on “cul- turally sensitive methodologies” are still largely neglected in the literature on research methods. As a result, researchers who are working in cross-cultural settings often confront many challenges with very little information on how to deal with these difficulties. Performing cross-cultural research is exciting, but it is also full of ethical and methodological challenges. This Handbook includes a number of chapters written by researchers who have undertaken their research in cross-cultural settings. They are valuable to many readers who wish to embark on doing a cross- cultural research in the future. Globally too, we have witnessed many people become vulnerable to health and social issues. It will be difficult, or even impossible, for health and social science researchers to avoid carrying out research regarding vulnerable and marginalized populations within the “moral discourse” of the postmodern world, as it is likely that these population groups will be confronted with more and more problems in their private and public lives as well as in their health and well-being. Similar to undertaking cross-cultural research, the task of conducting research with the “vulnerable” and/or the “marginalized” presents researchers with unique opportunities and yet dilemmas. The Handbook also includes chapters that discuss research that involves sensitive and vulnerable/marginalized people. This Handbook cannot be born without the help of others. I would like to express my gratitude to many people who helped to make this book possible. I am grateful to all the contributors who worked very hard to get their chapter done timely and comprehensively. I hope that the process of writing your chapter has been a rewarding endeavor to you as well. My sincere appreciation is given to Mokshika Gaur who believes in the value of the volume on research methods in health social sciences and has given me a contract to edit the Handbook. I also thank Tina Shelton, Vasowati Shome, and Ilaria Walker of Springer who helped to bring this book to life. I dedicate this book to my mother Yindee Liamputtong, who has been a key person in my life. It was my mother who made it possible for me to continue my education amidst poverty. Without her, I would not have been where I am now. I also dedicate the book to my two daughters, Zoe Sanipreeya Rice and Emma Inturatana Rice, who have formed an important part of my personal and professional lives in Australia. Sydney, Australia Pranee Liamputtong Contents Volume 1 Section I Traditional Research Methods in Health and Social Sciences . .............................................. 1 1 Traditional Research Methods in Health and Social Sciences: An Introduction ....................................... 3 Pranee Liamputtong 2 Qualitative Inquiry .................................... 9 Pranee Liamputtong 3 Quantitative Research .................................. 27 Leigh A. Wilson 4 The Nature of Mixed Methods Research ................... 51 Cara Meixner and John D. Hathcoat 5 Recruitment of Research Participants ..................... 71 Narendar Manohar, Freya MacMillan, Genevieve Z. Steiner, and Amit Arora 6 Ontology and Epistemology ............................. 99 John D. Hathcoat, Cara Meixner, and Mark C. Nicholas 7 Social Constructionism ................................. 117 Viv Burr 8 Critical Theory: Epistemological Content and Method ........ 133 Anastasia Marinopoulou 9 Positivism and Realism ................................. 151 Priya Khanna 10 Symbolic Interactionism as a Methodological Framework ..... 169 Michael J. Carter and Andrea Montes Alvarado ix x Contents 11 Hermeneutics: A Boon for Cross-Disciplinary Research ....... 189 Suzanne D’Souza 12 Feminism and Healthcare: Toward a Feminist Pragmatist Model of Healthcare Provision ................................. 205 Claudia Gillberg and Geoffrey Jones 13 Critical Ethnography in Public Health: Politicizing Culture and Politicizing Methodology ................................ 223 Patti Shih 14 Empathy as Research Methodology ....................... 237 Eric Leake 15 Indigenist and Decolonizing Research Methodology .......... 253 Elizabeth

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