The National Security Council and the Iran-Contra Affair
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Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) ‘Whose Vietnam?’ - ‘Lessons learned’ and the dynamics of memory in American foreign policy after the Vietnam War Beukenhorst, H.B. Publication date 2012 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Beukenhorst, H. B. (2012). ‘Whose Vietnam?’ - ‘Lessons learned’ and the dynamics of memory in American foreign policy after the Vietnam War. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:02 Oct 2021 Bibliography Primary sources cited (Archival material, government publications, reports, surveys, etc.) ___________________________________________________________ Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (RRPL), Simi Valley, California NSC 1, February 6, 1981: Executive Secretariat, NSC: folder NSC 1, NSC Meeting Files, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (RRPL). ‘News clippings’, Folder: ‘Central American Speech April 27, 1983 – May 21, 1983’, Box 2: Central American Speech – Exercise reports, Clark, William P.: Files, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library (RRPL). -
A WAY FORWARD with IRAN? Options for Crafting a U.S. Strategy
A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? Options for Crafting a U.S. Strategy THE SOUFAN CENTER FEBRUARY 2021 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. STRATEGY A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? Options for Crafting a U.S. Strategy THE SOUFAN CENTER FEBRUARY 2021 Cover photo: Associated Press Photo/Photographer: Mohammad Berno 2 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. STRATEGY CONTENTS List of Abbreviations 4 List of Figures 5 Key Findings 6 How Did We Reach This Point? 7 Roots of the U.S.-Iran Relationship 9 The Results of the Maximum Pressure Policy 13 Any Change in Iranian Behavior? 21 Biden Administration Policy and Implementation Options 31 Conclusion 48 Contributors 49 About The Soufan Center 51 3 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. STRATEGY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BPD Barrels Per Day FTO Foreign Terrorist Organization GCC Gulf Cooperation Council IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile IMF International Monetary Fund IMSC International Maritime Security Construct INARA Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act INSTEX Instrument for Supporting Trade Exchanges IRGC Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC-QF Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - Qods Force JCPOA Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action MBD Million Barrels Per Day PMF Popular Mobilization Forces SRE Significant Reduction Exception 4 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. STRATEGY LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Iran Annual GDP Growth and Change in Crude Oil Exports 18 Figure 2: Economic Effects of Maximum Pressure 19 Figure 3: Armed Factions Supported by Iran 25 Figure 4: Comparison of Iran Nuclear Program with JCPOA Limitations 28 5 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. -
Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 12/07/2020 9:54:33 AM
Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 12/07/2020 9:54:33 AM Friday 12/04/20 This material is distributed by Ghebi LLC on behalf of Federal State Unitary Enterprise Rossiya Segodnya International Information Agency, and additional information is on file with the Department of Justice, Washington, District of Columbia. ‘Stand Our Ground’: US Lawmakers Call to Resist Chinese Communist Party’s ‘Quest to Exert Dominance’ by Morgan Artvukhina Top US intelligence officials have sounded the alarm in recent days about the supreme danger posed by China and the Communist Party of China to the United States. While their rhetoric casts the US as a victim of China’s unfair rise, in reality the US’ climb to world leadership was helped by its own sabotage of Chinese development. In a joint statement on Friday. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence acting Chairman Marco Rubio (R-FL) and Vice Chairman Mark Warner (D-VA) said they agree with US Director of National Intelligence John Ratcliffe “that China poses the greatest national security threat to the United States. Our intelligence is clear: the Chinese Communist Party will stop at nothing to exert its global dominance.” The day prior, Ratcliffe penned an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal in which he argued that “the People’s Republic of China poses the greatest threat to America today, and the greatest threat to democracy and freedom world-wide since World War II.” Ratcliffe claimed “Beijing intends to dominate the US and the rest of the planet economically, militarily and technologically” through a vast espionage plan to steal intellectual property from the US, replicate the technology, then edge those same firms out of the market - a strategy he called “rob, replicate and replace.” Ratcliffe’s article isn’t limited to attacking the Communist Party of China, however: he also warns of the dangers “Chinese nationals” pose to intellectual property and to “research and development secrets,” noting the FBI is “frequently arresting” them. -
DCCA Opinion No. 91-BG-1518: in Re Elliott Abrams
Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the Atlantic and Maryland Reporters. Users are requested to notify the Clerk of the Court of any formal errors so that corrections may be made before the bound volumes go to press. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS No. 91-BG-1518 IN RE ELLIOTT ABRAMS, RESPONDENT, A Member of the Bar of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals On Report and Recommendation of the Board on Professional Responsibility ON REHEARING EN BANC (Reargued En Banc May 7, 1996 Decided February 5, 1997) Charles J. Cooper, with whom William L. McGrath was on the brief, for respondent. Michael S. Frisch, Assistant Bar Counsel, with whom Leonard H. Becker, Bar Counsel, and Julia L. Porter, Assistant Bar Counsel, were on the brief, for the Office of Bar Counsel. Before WAGNER, Chief Judge, and FERREN, TERRY, STEADMAN, SCHWELB, FARRELL, KING, RUIZ, and REID, Associate Judges. Opinion for the court by Associate Judge SCHWELB. Concurring opinion by Associate Judge SCHWELB, with whom Associate Judges FERREN and FARRELL join, at p. __. Concurring opinion by Associate Judge KING at p. __. Concurring opinion by Associate Judge RUIZ at p. __. Dissenting opinion by Associate Judge TERRY, with whom Chief Judge WAGNER and Associate Judges STEADMAN and REID join, at p. __. SCHWELB, Associate Judge: This matter is before us on the recommendation of the Board on Professional Responsibility that Elliott Abrams, Esq., a member of our Bar, and formerly Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, be suspended from the practice of law in the District of Columbia for a period 2 of one year. -
Notes on Iran-Contra Investigation: Summary of Oliver North's Testimony, July 7-10 Deborah Tyroler
University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiCen Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 7-22-1987 Notes On Iran-contra Investigation: Summary Of Oliver North's Testimony, July 7-10 Deborah Tyroler Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/noticen Recommended Citation Tyroler, Deborah. "Notes On Iran-contra Investigation: Summary Of Oliver North's Testimony, July 7-10." (1987). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/noticen/790 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiCen by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 076375 ISSN: 1089-1560 Notes On Iran-contra Investigation: Summary Of Oliver North's Testimony, July 7-10 by Deborah Tyroler Category/Department: General Published: Wednesday, July 22, 1987 The main points of fired National Security Council aide Lt. Col. Oliver North's testimony before the House and Senate select committees are summarized below: * North said he did nothing in his 5-1/2 years on the NSC staff that had not been approved by his superiors. He protested the implications of others that he had been, as he put it, "a loose cannon on the gun deck of state at the NSC." "I haven't in the 23 years that I have been in the uniformed services of the USA ever violated an order, not one," he said. * Although no one explicitly told him so, he said, he "assumed" throughout that Reagan had known about all of his activities including the diversion of profits from the Iran arms sales to the contras. -
Congressional Record—House H2616
H2616 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE March 15, 2007 b 1715 peace or stability in Iraq or Iran with- and the British), began running a similar op- out addressing the Palestinian-Israeli eration, aimed at avoiding congressional USING CONSTRUCTIVE ENGAGE- scrutiny or public accountability of any sort, MENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST issue openly, honestly and urgently. The issues of the Middle East are in- out of Vice President Dick Cheney’s office. The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mrs. They dipped into ‘‘black pools of money’’, extricably interconnected, and no one possibly stolen from the billions of Iraqi oil BOYDA of Kansas). Under a previous understands that better than Speaker order of the House, the gentleman from dollars that have never been accounted for PELOSI. At a time when the White since the US occupation began. Washington (Mr. MCDERMOTT) is recog- House prefers to choose sides, our dis- Some of these funds, as well as Saudi ones, nized for 5 minutes. tinguished leader prefers to pursue were evidently funneled through the embat- Mr. MCDERMOTT. Madam Speaker, peace in the Middle East, demanding tled, Sunni-dominated Lebanese government you don’t negotiate with the barrel of diplomacy aimed at achieving peace of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora to the sort a gun, but that seems to be the Presi- of Sunni jihadist groups (‘‘some sympathetic through social and economic justice for to al-Qaeda’’) whose members might nor- dent’s strategy with respect to Iran. all. That is why the House must legislate mally fear ending up in Guantanamo and to It is the kind of vision the whole a group, or groups, associated with the fun- to ensure that the President cannot world has passionately embraced before damentalist Muslim Brotherhood. -
Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Faculdade De Ciências Econômicas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ESTRATÉGICOS INTERNACIONAIS LAURA DE CASTRO QUAGLIA NATIONAL SECURITY INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: The case of the US National Security Council (2001-2015) Porto Alegre 2016 LAURA DE CASTRO QUAGLIA NATIONAL SECURITY INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: The case of the US National Security Council (2001-2015) Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marco Cepik Porto Alegre 2016 LAURA DE CASTRO QUAGLIA NATIONAL SECURITY INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: The case of the US National Security Council (2001-2015) Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais. Aprovada em: Porto Alegre, 21 de dezembro de 2016. BANCA EXAMINADORA: Prof. Dr. Marco Cepik – Orientador PPGEEI - UFRGS Prof. Dr. Carlos Schmidt Arturi PPGCPol - UFRGS Profa. Dra. Sonia Maria Ranincheski PPGEEI - UFRGS Prof. Dr. Érico Esteves Duarte PPGEEI - UFRGS Para Mafa AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Republica Federativa do Brasil e à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, que através do seu corpo docente me proporcionou uma educação superior gratuita e de qualidade. Em especial agradeço ao meu orientador, Professor Dr. Marco Cepik, pela oportunidade de convívio cotidiano que me proporcionou ensinamentos que vão muito além da academia. Agradeço aos colegas e amigos da UFRGS por propiciarem um ambiente acadêmico elevado durante a minha formação, e momentos descontraídos quando necessário. -
Introduction Chapter 1
Notes Introduction 1. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1970). 2. Ralph Pettman, Human Behavior and World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1975); Giandomenico Majone, Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 275– 76. 3. Bernard Lewis, “The Return of Islam,” Commentary, January 1976; Ofira Seliktar, The Politics of Intelligence and American Wars with Iraq (New York: Palgrave Mac- millan, 2008), 4. 4. Martin Kramer, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in Amer- ica (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2000). 5. Bernard Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” Atlantic Monthly, September, 1990; Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Affairs 72 (1993): 24– 49; Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). Chapter 1 1. Quoted in Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemma of Human Rights (Lanham, MD: Hamilton Press, 1986), 11– 12, 114– 15, 133, 138– 39; Hedley Donovan, Roosevelt to Reagan: A Reporter’s Encounter with Nine Presidents (New York: Harper & Row, 1985), 165. 2. Charles D. Ameringer, U.S. Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of American History (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990), 357; Peter Meyer, James Earl Carter: The Man and the Myth (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 18; Michael A. Turner, “Issues in Evaluating U.S. Intelligence,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 5 (1991): 275– 86. 3. Abram Shulsky, Silent Warfare: Understanding the World’s Intelligence (Washington, DC: Brassey’s [US], 1993), 169; Robert M. -
Corporate and Foreign Interests Behind White House Push to Transfer U.S
Corporate and Foreign Interests Behind White House Push to Transfer U.S. Nuclear Technology to Saudi Arabia Prepared for Chairman Elijah E. Cummings Second Interim Staff Report Committee on Oversight and Reform U.S. House of Representatives July 2019 oversight.house.gov EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On February 19, 2019, the Committee on Oversight and Reform issued an interim staff report prepared for Chairman Elijah E. Cummings after multiple whistleblowers came forward to warn about efforts inside the White House to rush the transfer of U.S. nuclear technology to Saudi Arabia. As explained in the first interim staff report, under Section 123 of the Atomic Energy Act, the United States may not transfer nuclear technology to a foreign country without the approval of Congress in order to ensure that the agreement meets nine nonproliferation requirements to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. These agreements, commonly known as “123 Agreements,” are typically negotiated with career experts at the National Security Council (NSC) and the Departments of State, Defense, and Energy. The “Gold Standard” for 123 Agreements is a commitment by the foreign country not to enrich or re-process nuclear fuel and not to engage in activities linked to the risk of nuclear proliferation. During the Obama Administration, Saudi Arabia refused to agree to the Gold Standard. During the Trump Administration, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) went further, proclaiming: “Without a doubt, if Iran developed a nuclear bomb, we will follow suit as soon as possible.” There is strong bipartisan opposition to abandoning the “Gold Standard” for Saudi Arabia in any future 123 Agreement. -
“Leaving Them to Stew in Their Own Juice”
“Leaving them to Stew in Their Own Juice” US-Syrian Relations and the Lebanese Civil War,1981-1984 Magnus Seland Andersson Master’s Thesis in History – Institute of Archeology, Conservation and History – Faculty of Humanities University of OSLO Spring 2018 II “Leaving them to Stew in Their Own Juice” US-Syrian Relations and the Lebanese Civil War,1981-1984 III © Magnus Seland Andersson 2018 “Leaving Them To Stew in Their Own Juice:” US-Syrian Relations and the Lebanese Civil War, 1981-1985 Magnus Seland Andersson Cover photo: The National Security Planning Group discussing the Beirut barracks bombing, October 23rd 1983. Courtesy of Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Summary US-Syrian relations in the first half of the 1980’s was dominated by the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990). US involvement in the conflict started with the 1981 missile crisis in which a stand-off between the Phalange, a Christian Maronite militia backed by Israel, challenged Syria’s hold over the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. The Reagan administration saw Syria as a Soviet proxy, but there was no consensus on how to approach Hafez al-Assad’s Syria, or the Lebanese conflict. The US entered the stand-off as a mediator, concluding negotiations in late July 1981. But there was little follow-up between Syria and the United States. Instead, the Reagan administration consistently attempted to increase its cooperation with Israel in the Middle East, as well as that of other “moderate” Arab states, such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia.When Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982 to combat the PLO, the US again inserted itself into the conflict as a mediator between Syria and Israel, and the PLO and the Lebanese to withdrawal of “all foreign forces” from the country. -
Michael Ledeen, the Neoconservatives, and The
Hugh B. Urban such conservative think-tanks as the American Enterprise Institute and 321.64:321.7 the Project for the New American Century, counting among their ranks politicians and militarists including Paul Wolfowitz, Donald Rums- feld, and Dick Cheney, as well as such intellectuals as Irving Kristol, HUGH B. URBAN William Kristol, and (until recently) Francis Fukuyama. Despite their many ideological, cultural, and socioeconomic differences, these two factions have come together in the current White House and have found common ground in the policies of George W. Bush. Indeed, Bush represents a kind of structural link or ligament that helps tie these two, otherwise very different factions together: He embodies the MACHIAVELLI MEETS THE RELIGIOUS ideals of piety, morality, and family values that appeal to his strongest RIGHT: MICHAEL LEDEEN, THE base of popular support among evangelical Christians, while at the same time embracing the aggressive militarism and nation-building NEOCONSERVATIVES, AND THE POLITICAL agenda promoted by the Neoconservatives. The result is what David USES OF FUNDAMENTALISM Domke has called a kind of „political fundamentalism,” that is, „an in- tertwining of conservative religious faith, politics, and strategic com- munication.”5 In this essay, I will expand Domke’s notion of political funda- Americans are a free people, who know that freedom is the right of mentalism by examining what I will call the political uses of funda- every person and the future of every nation. The liberty we prize is not mentalism6—that is, the strategic manipulation of religious beliefs, America’s gift to the world, it is God’s gift to humanity .. -
National Security Reform: Problems, Progress, and Prospects
STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic level study agent for issues related to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrate- gic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of De- fense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip re- ports, and quick reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army par- ticipation in national security policy formulation. RETHINKING LEADERSHIP AND “WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT” NATIONAL SECURITY REFORM: PROBLEMS, PROGRESS, AND PROSPECTS Joseph R. Cerami Jeffrey A. Engel Editors May 2010 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. The views expressed in this report are those of the au- thors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the De- partment of Defense, or the U.S.