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Middle Low German Loanwords in Russian

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Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 123 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) George Thomas Middle Low German Loanwords in Russian Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D.C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG-Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access S l a v is t ic h e B eiträge BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON JOHANNES HOLTHUSEN ■ HEINRICH KUNSTMANN JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION PETER REHDER Band 123 VERLAG OTTO SAGNER MÜNCHEN George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access GEORGE THOMAS MIDDLE LOW GERMAN LOANWORDS IN RUSSIAN VERLAG OTTO SAGNER ■ MÜNCHEN 1978 George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access 00060821 ВеуэгІэоЬе Staat« ^ IbMothêk München ISBN 3-87690*149-9 Copyright by Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1978 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, München Druck: Alexander Grossmann Fäustlestr. 1, D -80 00 München 2 George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access 00060821 PREFACE This book began as a thesis at London University which I defended in 1969• It has been entirely re-thought and re-written. Its subject matter first caught my interest when as an under- graduate I was attending a course of lectures on the history of the Russian language at London University given by Robert Auty• To him and my thesis supervisor Michael Samilov I owe an enormous debt of thanks. I should also like to thank N. M. šanskij my supervisor during my year in Moscow (1967-68). The staffs of a number of libraries throughout the world have eased my task, but I would like here to record my thanks to the ladies of the No. 1 Reading Room of the Lenin Library and the staff of the library of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies. I was fortunate to work also at the Riga City Archive and the Staatliches Archivlager in Göttingen. To their staffs I express my indebtedness. It was also my great pleasure to work with the staff of the kartoteka drevnerusskogo jazyka of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Moscow. To Academician S. G. Barchudarov for his kind permission to use the kartoteka and to 0. I. Smirnova and her colleagues for their assistance in using it I am greatly indebted. I am very grateful to a number of colleagues for their advice and encouragement: G. F. Cushing, H. Leeming, A. K. Rejcak, A. S. Gerd, N. A. Mešcerskij, H. Weczerka, H. H. Bielfeldt, and particularly N. Angermann. To my typist Patricia Goodall goes my special appreciation for the preparation of the camera ready copy. Lastly I should like to record my heartfelt thanks to Kubon and Sagner and the editor Dr. Peter Rehder for including this book in the series Slavistische Beiträge. Hamilton, July 1978 George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access 00060621 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SPELLING NOTE 8 INTRODUCTION 9 1. A Note on Middle Low German 9 2. Previous Treatment of the Subject 12 3. The Aim and Methodology of This Work 17 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 26 1. The Beginnings of Russo-Hanseatic Trade 26 2. Russo-German Trade Within the Framework of the 28 Hanseatic System 3. The End of Hanseatic Trade in Russia 32 4• Means of Transport 34 5. Items of Trade 36 6. Methods of Trade 38 7. Persons Involved in the Trade 39 8. Currency and Weights 41 9. Communication Between Russian and German 41 10. The Livonian Order 4 3 11. Cultural Contacts 4 5 12. General Conclusions 4 7 VOCABULARY 54 LINGUISTIC CONCLUSIONS 219 1. Phonetics 219 2. Morphology 221 3. Semantic Classification 223 ״ The Word Geography of MLG Loans 229 .4 5. The Obsolescence and Retention of MLG Loanwords 231 6. The Overall Function of MLG Loanwords 2 32 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF DATING FOR THE EARLIEST ATTESTATION 236 OF CERTAIN WORDS TREATED IN THIS BOOK George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access 00060821 PAGE KEY TO THE ABBREVIATIONS OF LANGUAGES 237 BIBLIOGRAPHY 238 1. Primary Sources 238 2. Sources Quoted from the Kartoteka 240 3. Dictionaries 243 4. Secondary Sources 246 INDEX OF RUSSIAN WORDS 259 INDEX OF MIDDLE LOW GERMAN WORDS 265 - 7- George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access 00060821 SPELLING NOTE For Russian sources I have followed the spelling of the printed editions and transliterated them according to the international system. I have made no distinction between ^ a n d I I have preserved i ; в has been rendered as *f ; % has been rendered as " internally and omitted finally. All superscripts and subscripts have been incorporated in the general text. The spelling of all dictionaries and secondary sources pre-dating the orthographic reform has been revised to suit the present norms. George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access 00060821 INTRODUCTION The contacts between the Slavonic and Germanic peoples over the course of more than 2 millenia have led to a high level of mutual enrichment of the lexical systems of their languages • The two groups share items of vocabulary which are absent in any other language• Gothic loanwords penetrated Slavonic from early contacts on the Black Sea coast. The Slavs also borrowed heavily from the Bavarians in the 7th and 8th С For most of the individual Slavonic languages we now have a monograph on the role of German 2 loanwords in the vocabulary of the respective language• For Cz., Sin., SCr. , Pol•, we are now quite well informed about the rise of caiques modelled on German.** For Russian the study of German loan- words from the middle of the 16th С into the 19th С has been very 4 extensive• The previously widespread opinion that German influences before Peter the Great were negligible is now untenable. In addition the role of Scandinavian loans, arising from contact with the Vikings in Russia, though one may continue to argue about individual words, is known in its broad outlines•^ The role of western loanwords in the period following the decline of Viking influence has received very little attention from scholars, many of whom have assumed a priori that since Russia had little contact with the West after the break-up of Kievan Rus' loanwords from this period are few. The present work will seek to show that through contact with the Hanseatic league the language, particularly in Novgorod, Pskov and Smolensk, was considerably enriched by loanwords from Middle Low German precisely during that period when Russian contacts with the West were arguably at their lowest ebb. 1. A Note on Middle Low German The northern group of the continental West Germanic languages which have not undergone the second Germanic sound-shift may be brought under the general heading of Low German (LG)• More - 9- George Thomas - 9783954792948 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:48:01AM via free access 00060821 specifically, however, the term is applied to those dialects which have arisen in the area of Saxony. Since Jacob Grimm, the language spoken here in the period 1200-1600 has been called MLG (G. Mittelniederdeutsch).6 The preceding period is marked by a complete absence of any texts in LG. The MLG period lasts until the 16th С when as an official literary language it is gradually superseded by NHG and what LG is written is heavily contaminated by HG words and forms•7 After being driven out of official, legal, political or epistolary use, LG survived only as a vernacular or о in literature for satirical purposes . MLG is traditionally divided into 4 dialects: Westphalian, Eastphalian, Brandenburg, North Low Saxon. It is on the basis of the last of these dialects that a more or less standard literary language came to be formed mainly as a result of the rise of о Lübeck as the dominating force in the Hansa, even though an earlier literary standard was in use in Eastphalia.The geographical distribution of MLG coincided roughly with the sphere of influence of the Hanseatic League except in East Prussia where East Middle German, introduced by the Teutonic Order, predominated. Thus MLG was spoken and written from Bruges and London in the South West to Livonia and Novgorod in the North East. The language be- came the lingua franca of northern Europe particularly in the sphere of commerce, among artisans and in city speech• The influence of MLG was increased by the settlement of German crafts- men in most of the towns of Scandinavia. The result of this widespread use of MLG and a need to designate Hanseatic goods by a common name was that enormous numbers of MLG words were adopted into the languages of northern Europe. It has been estimated for Danish for instance that of 500 loanwords entering the language in the period 1200-1500 400 are from MLG.^ These loans can be identified in almost all spheres of life and include words which would figure highly on any word frequency count for Sw • or Dan. 12 Some examples: Sw• borgm&stere, skomakare, kansler, jungfru, skilling, stapel, peppar, senap, mynt, krftgare, timmerman, fftnster; Dan.
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