ESTETIKA HINDU DALAM CERITA SUNDA DAN UPASUNDA PADA TEKS ĀDIPARWA Oleh Ida Bagus Subrahmaniam Saitya Dosen Pada Fakultas Brahma Widya IHDN Denpasar

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ESTETIKA HINDU DALAM CERITA SUNDA DAN UPASUNDA PADA TEKS ĀDIPARWA Oleh Ida Bagus Subrahmaniam Saitya Dosen Pada Fakultas Brahma Widya IHDN Denpasar ESTETIKA HINDU DALAM CERITA SUNDA DAN UPASUNDA PADA TEKS ĀDIPARWA Oleh Ida Bagus Subrahmaniam Saitya Dosen pada fakultas Brahma Widya IHDN Denpasar ABSTRACT Ādiparwa is an early part of the Mahābhārata. Ādiparwa can be considered to consist of 2 (two) separate sections. The first part, presenting the framework of the Bhārata epic, is the story of the sacrifice on the order of Janamejaya in order to destroy the dragons because Parikṣit who was the father of Janamejaya was killed by the Taksaka. The second part, contains the genealogy of the Paṇḍawa and Korawa, their birth and youth to Arjuna’s marriage to Subhadrā. In addition to the above story, in Ādiparwa there are also stories about Sunda and Upasunda, the story is often used in Balinese art, especially in the ballet. Sunda and Upasunda are siblings who are very loyal, they get the grace to be able to master the tri Bhuwana of Bhaṭāra Brahmā. The Sundanese and Upasunda stories contain elements of Hindu aesthetics, namely Satyam, Siwam, and Sundaram. Keywords: aesthetics Hindu, Sunda and Upasunda, Ādiparwa A. PENDAHULUAN Bali.Di Bali teks-teks sastra agama tersebut disimpan dalam bentuk lontar-lontar.Di Mahābhārata merupakan bagian Bali naskah lontar dihargai sebagai “candi dari Itihāsa yang menceritakan mengenai pustaka” tempat suci yang dibangun keluarga Bhārata, yaitu dikenal sebagai dengan kata-kata terpilih.Esensi dari Pandava dan Kaurava.Mahābhārata dibagi ratusan lontar yang ada di Bali memiliki atas 18 (delapan belas) parwa yang disebut tiga tema utama (Agastia, 1987:40).Tiga aṣṭadaśaparwa.Cerita Mahābhārata tidak tema dimaksud adalah jñāna, susila, dan dikenal di India saja, di Indonesia pun raṣa. (1) Tema jñāna, yaitu pengetahuan cerita tersebut dikenal oleh masyarakat. hakikat dan diwujudkan menjadi lontar Mahābhārata yang ada di Indonesia tattwa. Isinya didominasi oleh doktrin- berbahasa Jawa Kuna tidak terlepas dari doktrin teologi-filosofis. (2) Tema suśila, proyek mangjawaken Byāsamata oleh Raja diwujudkan menjadi lontar sāśana dan nīti. Dharmawangsa Teguh dari Kerajaan Kediri Isi teksnya didominasi oleh ajaran moral pada abad IX.Mangjawaken Byāsamata dan kepemimpinan. (3) Tema raṣa, atau berarti membahasajawakan pikiran-pikiran estetika-religius diwujudkan dalam lontar Maharṣi Vyāsa, Mahābhārata merupakan seni dan lontar-lontar religius-magis (Suka salah satu dari proyek tersebut. Yasa dan Sarjana, 2011:2) Oleh karena itu, banyak teks-teks Di dalam teks lontar seringkali sastra agama yang berbahasa Jawa Kuna transformasi ajaran disampaikan dalam yang terdapat di Indonesia, terutama di Jurnal Sanjiwani, Volume 9, No 2, Tahun 2018 71 bentuk mitos-mitos.Mitologi merupakan (1994:112-113), parwa yang dapat kesadaran primitif berupa gambaran- ditemukan dalam khazanah sastra Jawa Kuna gambaran mengenai dewa-dewi untuk hanya 9 (sembilan) buah, yaitu Ādiparwa, menjelaskan gejala-gejala alam, Sabhaparwa, Wirataparwa, Udyogaparwa, pandangan moral, estetika, dan memiliki Bhismaparwa, Asramawasanaparwa, konsep-konsep tentang adikodrati (Bagus, Mausalaparwa, Prastanikaparwa, dan 2000:657). Penganut agama Hindu di Bali Swargarohanaparwa. masih mempercayai akan keberadaan dan Dari kedelapan parwa yang berbahasa kebenaran mitos, sehingga lontar-lontar Jawa Kuna, Ādiparwa merupakan bagian yang memuat mitologi tetap mendapat awal dari kitab Mahābhārata.Menurut perhatian bahkan sangat dikeramatkan. Zoetmulder (1994:80),Ādiparwa dapat Melalui mitos, masyarakat digiring untuk dipandang terdiri atas 2 (dua) bagian mulai berpikir tentang inti kesemetaan, tersendiri. Bagian pertama, menyajikan dengan media kisah-kisah para dewa kerangka mengenai epos Bhārata adalah yang bisa dinikmati dari berbagai kelas cerita mengenai upacara korban atas pemikiran. perintah Raja Janamejaya dengan tujuan Lontar-lontar di Bali memiliki bentuk untuk memusnahkan para naga dikarenakan dan isi yang beraneka ragam.Hal ini terlihat Raja Parikṣit yang merupakan ayah dari dalam pengelompokan lontar-lontar di Raja Janamejaya dibunuh oleh naga Gedong Kirtya, Singaraja. Pengelompokan Taksaka. Bagian kedua, berisikan silsilah tersebut digolongkan menjadi 6 (enam) para Pandawa dan Kaurawa, kelahiran jenis, yaitu : dan masa muda mereka hingga pernikahan a. Weda, meliputi Weda, Mantra, Arjuna dengan Subhadrā. Kalpasastra. Di samping cerita di atas, di dalam b. Agama, meliputi Palakerta, Ādiparwa juga terdapat cerita mengenai Sasana, Niti. Sunda dan Upasunda, cerita tersebut sering digunakan dalam kesenian Bali, terutama c. Wariga, meliputi Wariga, Tutur, dalam sendratari.Sunda dan Upasunda Kanda, Usada. merupakan saudara kandung yang sangat d. Itihasa, meliputi Parwa, Kakawin, setia, mereka mendapatkan anugerah Kidung, Geguritan. untuk dapat menguasai tri bhuwana dari e. Babad, meliputi Pamancangah, Bhaṭāra Brahmā. Akhir kisah ini, Sunda Usana, Uwug. dan Upasunda saling mengalahkan untuk merebut Dewi Tilottama dan kaka-beradik f. Tantri, meliputi Tantri, Satua. tersebut tewas terbunuh. Selanjutnya (Cika, 2006:2) dibahas mengenai aspek estetika Hindu Dari pengelompokan di atas cerita yang terdapat di dalam cerita Sunda dan Mahābhārata termasuk ke dalam kelompok Upasunda pada teks Ādiparwa. Itihasa karena Mahābhārata terdiri atas aṣṭadaśaparwa. Menurut Zoetmulder 72 Jurnal Sanjiwani, Volume 9, No 2, Tahun 2018 B. PEMBAHASAN akan pertapaannya. 1. Estetika Hindu Oleh karena keteguhan Sunda dan Upasunda bertapa maka Bhaṭāra Brahmā 2. Deskripsi Cerita Sunda Dan Upasunda datang dan bertanya anugerah apa yg Teks Ādiparwa merupakan suatu diingingkan oleh mereka. Kedua saudara karya sastra agama Hindu yang berbentuk tersebut meminta agar dapat menguasai tri parwa (prosa).Dalam tulisan ini digunakan buwana, tidak ada yang dapat menaklukkan teks Ādiparwa berbahasa Jawa Kuna yang mereka, dan tidak ada makhluk apapun diterjemahkan oleh P.J. Zoetmulder. Cerita yang membahayakan selain mereka. Sunda dan Upasunda berada di dalam bab Bhaṭāra Brahmā akhirnya memberikan XVII halaman 285-289. Adapun sinopsis anugerah tersebut sesuai dengan keinginan dari cerita Sunda dan Upasunda yang Sunda dan Upasunda. terdapat pada teks Ādiparwa dijelaskan Setelah mendapat anugerah, maka sebagai berikut. kedua raksasa tersebut menyerbu Tri Diceritakan, Bhaṭāra Nārada bhuwana, tidak ada satupun dewa yang datang menemui Yudhiṣṭira di Kerajaan dapat mengalahkan mereka. Para dewa Indraprastha.Bhaṭāra Narada memberikan kemudian menghadap Bhaṭāra Brahmā wejangan kepada Yudhiṣṭira agar berhati- untuk mendapatkan anugerah agar dapat hati dalam hal memperistri Dropadī, agar mengalahkan Sunda dan Upasunda, tidak terjadi konflik sesama Pāṇḍawa. kemudian Bhaṭāra Brahmā memerintahkan Bhaṭāra Nārada menceritakan kisah Sunda Sang Wiśwakarma untuk menciptakan dan Upasunda kepada Maharaja Yudhiṣṭira. gadis yang sangat cantik.Sang Wiśwakarma mengerjakan dengan hati-hati, diambilnya Ada 2 (dua) raksasa bersaudara, ratna yang bagus, terdiri dari seratus biji bernama Sunda dan Upasunda.Kedua wijen, yang dikumpulkannya akhirnya saudara tersebut saling mengasihi, tidak menjadi seorang gadis yang sangat cantik makan apabila tidak berdua dan selalu satu bernama Tilottamā. pendirian. Mereka bermaksud menguasai tri bhuwana maka Sunda dan Upasunda Di puncak Gunung Windhya, Sunda bertapa di puncak Gunung Windhya.Sunda dan Upasunda melakukan pesta dan dan Upasunda memotong daging mereka mabuk-mabukkan, saat itulah Tilottamā untuk dipersembahkan kepada Sanghyang datang. Oleh karena sudah mabuk dan Agni. melihat kecantikan dari Tilottamā, Sunda dan Upasunda berebut untuk mendapatkan Melihat keseriusan Sunda dan Tilottamā. Kedua raksasa tersebut tidak Upasunda bertapa, para dewa menjadi takut ada yang mau mengalah, maka pertarungan apabila tapa mereka berhasil.Kemudian Sunda dan Upasunda tidak terelakkan yang para dewa mencari akal agar kedua raksasa akhirnya mereka tewas bersama. tersebut gagal dalam tapaan mereka.Para dewa kemudian menciptakan gadis yang Hal itulah yang menjadi wejangan membawa segala jenis perhiasan, namun dari Bhaṭāra Nārada agar para Pāṇḍawa baik Sunda maupun Upasunda tetap teguh tidak saling memperebutkan Dropadī agar Jurnal Sanjiwani, Volume 9, No 2, Tahun 2018 73 tidak mendapatkan nasib seperti Sunda .....pinūjakênya ta dagingnya, tinêwӧrnya dan Upasunda, maka Yudhiṣṭira membuat saka satampyal,hinomākênya ri hyang perjanjian dengan adik-adiknya tentang Agni. Hanan pangekapāda, makapanampak peraturan memadu kasih dengan Dropadī. pādāngguṣṭanya kiwā, ya maruḍung ri sang hyang Ādityapanas sadākāla. Malawas pwa 3. Estetika Hindu dalam Cerita Sunda yāgawe tapa..... (Ādiparwa XVII, hal : 286) dan Upasunda Terjemahannya : 3.1 Satyam .....yang dikorbankan daging mereka berdua, Di dalam estetika Hindu, satyam dipotong-potongnya sekerat demi sekerat diartikan sebagai kebenaran.Unsursatyam disajikan kepada Sanghyang Agni.Mereka berdiri pada sebuah kaki, yang ditpakkan juga termasuk kepada nilai-nilai kejujuran, ibu jari kaki kirinya. Mereka selalu memuja ketulusan, dan kesungguhan yang sesuai kepada Sanghyang Āditya dengan cara dengan ajaran agama Hindu. selalu berpanasan (pada terik matahari). Di dalam cerita Sunda dan Upasunda, Mereka bertapa sampai lama..... (Zoetmulder, adapun yang mengandung nilai satyam, 2006:286). yaitu. Dari kutipan di atas mengungkapkan .....lumāmpah ta ya magawe paripūjā kebenaran dalam hal pertapaan untuk ri puncak ing Windhyācala, majaṭā meminta sesuatu harus dilaksanakan mawalkala, tan pamangan tan panginum dengan cara yang bersungguh-sungguh wway tan paturū..... dan niat yang tulus. Sunda dan Upasunda (Ādiparwa XVII, hal : 285-286)
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