DOCSLIB.ORG

Fact Number 13: the Métis Veterans of the War of 1812 Didn’T Get What They Deserved

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fact Number 13: the Métis Veterans of the War of 1812 Didn’T Get What They Deserved 1 Thirty and a half useful facts worth knowing about the Great Lakes Métis By Micheline Marchand You can’t judge a book by its cover, or a soldier by his uniform, or lack of Fact number 13: The Métis veterans of the War of 1812 didn’t get what they deserved Ever since there have been armed conflicts, states at war have never hesitated to recruit civilians to fight their enemies. Once the peace is made, the decommissioned soldiers often feel like they’ve been forgotten, even neglected. The Métis who join the militia to defend their country during the War of 1812 are no exception. It should be remembered that this conflict takes place during the turbulent times of the Napoleonic wars. The British army, occupied in its struggle against the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte in Europe, drastically reduces its military personnel in North America. Madison, the American president at the time, is of an expansionist mind, and wagers that he’ll be able to crush the small English army still remaining on the continent. From the outset, the British know that to push the invaders back they will require the support of the people living on the land to be defended: the Métis, the First Nations and the French-Canadians. All these groups fear an annexation of their country by the Americans. Some of these people join the militia, the temporary regiments formed by the British government to protect its territorial interests. It’s the case for many Great Lakes Métis who enlist in the Michigan Fencibles unit and are notably part of the forces that take Mackinac and Prairie du Chien. So what do these Métis Fencibles look like? They wear a blue capot (wool coat), a colourful sash, buckskin leggings and a pouch with beadwork. With a pipe in their mouth, a ration of pork and bread planted at the end of their bayonet, they line-up for the military inspection while continuing to talk, laugh and complain about their rations. Is this our image of a soldier? Maybe not, but it is how Grace Lee Nute describes the voyageurs and Métis militia in The voyageurs. These men who make a mockery of military conventions can’t be forced into and orderly mould. Despite appearances, the British are able to rely on these reliable people, used to hard work, and determined to defend their homeland at all costs. The Fencibles are decommissioned in 1816, but many of the volunteers who were part of the militia are expecting some form of compensation which they don’t receive. In 1825, William McKay, the former lieutenant-colonel of the Michigan Fencibles, writes several letters in the name of the soldiers he once commanded, including a sizeable contingent of Métis. He asks Sir Peregrine Maitland, the lieutenant governor of Upper Canada Province, to acknowledge the military service of the militia men during the War of 1812 so that they may receive compensation for their time in the army. He states that many of the former militia men have never received any pay. He admits that he should have made this request sooner, but explains that he fully expected that in due course the government would naturally compensate those who defended the country. Faced with the difficulty of obtaining official documents, MacKay, in his last letter to the government, adds a list of the members of the Michigan Fencibles corps at the time of its decommissioning at Michilimackinac in July of 1815. This list, prepared by James Pullman, a former lieutenant with the Michigan Fencibles, does not include the names of all the Métis who took part in the war, for instance those who helped to take Mackinac, but it does list the names of 65 militia men, including many Métis. Some of these veterans will receive small land grants of infertile lots on the west side of Penetanguishene Bay. Even then, they will still have to continue petitioning the government to obtain the full recognition of their military service. You would think that a government that was so quick in granting 2 lands to settlers arriving from far away countries could have easily shown more generosity towards the Métis. Alas no. Surveyor General Office Map of June 8th 1830 Penetanguishene Source: Library and Archives Canada /RG 5, Civil Secretary’s Correspondence. Upper Canada Sundries/ A1, Vol. 100, no. 2/C-6870 When the War of 1812 broke out, the British were quick to ask for and accept help from the Métis. It’s unfortunate that they weren’t as quick to recognize the value of this group’s contribution in defending Canada. These militia men, perhaps somewhat haggard looking and more concerned about remaining free than fitting properly into the military mould, were nevertheless true to the cause of those soldiers who fought with all their heart for their country at a time when the British were more worried about defending England on the other side of the ocean than Canada. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reconstituting Tbc Fur Trade Community of the Assiniboine Basin
    Reconstituting tbc Fur Trade Community of the Assiniboine Basin, 1793 to 1812. by Margaret L. Clarke a thesis presented to The University of Winnipeg / The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Winnipeg, Manitoba MARCH 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seMces bibliographiques 395 WdtïSûeet 395, nn, Wellingtwi WONK1AW WONK1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Ll'brary of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, disbi'bute or sefl reproduire, prêter, disbiiuer ou copies of this thesis iu microfo~a, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fomiats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format eectronicpe. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur consewe la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA COPYRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE A TksW/Pnicticw ribmitteà to the Faculty of Gruluate Studies of The University of Manitoba in parail fntfülment of the reqaifements of the degrce of brgarct 1. Clarke 1997 (a Permission hm been grantd to the Library of Tbe Univenity of Manitoba to lend or sen copies of this thcsis/practicam, to the National Librory of Canada to micronlm tbb thesis and to lend or seU copies of the mm, and to Dissertritions Abstmcts Intemationai to publish an abtract of this thcsidpracticam.
    [Show full text]
  • Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-8-2020 "The Men Were Sick of the Place" : Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812 Joseph R. Miller University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Joseph R., ""The Men Were Sick of the Place" : Soldier Illness and Environment in the War of 1812" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3208. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3208 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “THE MEN WERE SICK OF THE PLACE”: SOLDIER ILLNESS AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE WAR OF 1812 By Joseph R. Miller B.A. North Georgia University, 2003 M.A. University of Maine, 2012 A DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine May 2020 Advisory Committee: Scott W. See, Professor Emeritus of History, Co-advisor Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History, Co-advisor Liam Riordan, Professor of History Kathryn Shively, Associate Professor of History, Virginia Commonwealth University James Campbell, Professor of Joint, Air War College, Brigadier General (ret) Michael Robbins, Associate Research Professor of Psychology Copyright 2020 Joseph R.
    [Show full text]
  • One Hundred Years in the Zorra Church by W. D. Mcintosh
    ONE HUNDRED YEARS IN THE ZORRA CHURCH [KNOX UNITED, EMBRO] By W. D. McINTOSH THE UNITED CHURCH PUBLISHING HOUSE TORONTO - - CANADA _________ _______ ___ COPYRIGHT. CANADA. 1930. BY THE RYERSON PRESS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Our chief source of information has been the Minute- Books of the Church. Knox Congregation minutes have been wonderfully well recorded. We have all the records of Session meetings from the beginning until the present, and any one reading them must surely be impressed with the attention and care given by session clerks, in order that records might be neatly and correctly kept. We have all the Minute-Books recording the meetings of Trustee Board (Managers) and Congregation since the year 1861. We also have the Minute-Book of joint meetings of Session and Managers from the time that these began to be recorded separately. For the Meth­ odist Congregation we are not so fortunate. Most of the books have been lost. None prior to 1854 remains, and the records we have of meetings during some periods since then are very incomplete, making it quite impossible for one to get any clear view of the deliberations of each meeting. In addition to the Church records we have received information chiefly from Dr. W. A. McKay’s Pioneer Life in Zorra and Zorra Boys at Home and Abroad; from Mr. W. A. Ross' History of Zorra and Embro; a printed sermon preached by Rev. Dr. A. C. MacKenzie, in 1909; and old newspaper clippings and files. W. D. M. ILLUSTRATIONS Page Pioneer’s House ------- 5 Interior of Pioneer’s House 8 Old Log Church ------- 13 The Session -------- 24 Sunday School, Teachers and Officers 33 The Choir - ------- 64 Log Church Cemetery ----- 72 Frame Church (“Auld Kirk”) and Memorial Park -------- 74 Knox Church - -- -- -- 77 The Manse -------- 80 The Board of Trustees (Managers) - - - 85 Zorra’s Tug-of-War Team - - - - - 103 The Methodist Church (Frame) - 148 The Methodist Church (Brick) - - - 148 Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • North Lake Superior Métis
    The Historical Roots of Métis Communities North of Lake Superior Gwynneth C. D. Jones Vancouver, B. C. 31 March 2015. Prepared for the Métis Nation of Ontario Table of Contents Introduction 3 Section I: The Early Fur Trade and Populations to 1821 The Fur Trade on Lakes Superior and Nipigon, 1600 – 1763 8 Post-Conquest Organization of the Fur Trade, 1761 – 1784 14 Nipigon, Michipicoten, Grand Portage, and Mixed-Ancestry Fur Trade Employees, 1789 - 1804 21 Grand Portage, Kaministiquia, and North West Company families, 1799 – 1805 29 Posts and Settlements, 1807 – 1817 33 Long Lake, 1815 – 1818 40 Michipicoten, 1817 – 1821 44 Fort William/Point Meuron, 1817 – 1821 49 The HBC, NWC and Mixed-Ancestry Populations to 1821 57 Fur Trade Culture to 1821 60 Section II: From the Merger to the Treaty: 1821 - 1850 After the Merger: Restructuring the Fur Trade and Associated Populations, 1821 - 1826 67 Fort William, 1823 - 1836 73 Nipigon, Pic, Long Lake and Michipicoten, 1823 - 1836 79 Families in the Lake Superior District, 1825 - 1835 81 Fur Trade People and Work, 1825 - 1841 85 "Half-breed Indians", 1823 - 1849 92 Fur Trade Culture, 1821 - 1850 95 Section III: The Robinson Treaties, 1850 Preparations for Treaty, 1845 - 1850 111 The Robinson Treaty and the Métis, 1850 - 1856 117 Fur Trade Culture on Lake Superior in the 1850s 128 After the Treaty, 1856 - 1859 138 2 Section IV: Persistence of Fur Trade Families on Lakes Superior and Nipigon, 1855 - 1901 Infrastructure Changes in the Lake Superior District, 1863 - 1921 158 Investigations into Robinson-Superior Treaty paylists, 1879 - 1899 160 The Dominion Census of 1901 169 Section V: The Twentieth Century Lake Nipigon Fisheries, 1884 - 1973 172 Métis Organizations in Lake Nipigon and Lake Superior, 1971 - 1973 180 Appendix: Maps and Illustrations Watercolour, “Miss Le Ronde, Hudson Bay Post, Lake Nipigon”, 1867?/1901 Map of Lake Nipigon in T.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Superior Study Area’S Mixed European-Indian Ancestry Community
    Historical Profile of the Lake Superior Study Area’s Mixed European-Indian Ancestry Community FINAL REPORT PREPARED BY FOR THE OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL INTERLOCUTOR SEPTEMBER 2007 Lake SuperiorMixed Ancestry Final Report Historical Profile of the Lake Superior Study Area’s Mixed European-Indian Ancestry Community TABLE OF CONTENTS Map: The proposed Lake Superior NMCA 3 Executive Summary 4 Methodology/Introduction 5 Comments on Terminology 6 Chapter 1: Study Region from the 17th Century to the 1840s 8 Ojibway Indians residing on the North Shore of Lake Superior 8 Europeans and the Study Area 9 Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec Act of 1774 12 Mention of Mixed-Ancestry people in the Study Region 15 Chapter 2: Aboriginal Pressure for a Treaty Relationship 25 Louis Agassiz and the Study Region, 1848 28 Treaty Exploratory Commission 28 Mica Bay, 1849 33 Vidal and Anderson Report 35 Government Instructions about Treaty Terms 37 Robinson Travels to Sault Ste. Marie 38 Request for Recognition of “Halfbreed” rights 40 Negotiation of the Robinson-Superior Treaty 40 Chapter 3: Post-Treaty Government Activity 44 “Halfbreed” inclusion in Robinson-Superior Treaty Annuity Paylists 44 Postal Service in the Study Region 46 Crown Activity between 1853 and 1867 46 Chapter 4: Settlement, Resource Development, and Government Administration within the Study Region, 1864-1901 51 Policing 53 Post Office and Railroad 55 Census Information and the Study Region 58 1871, 1881, and 1891 Censuses – Nipigon 59 1881 Census – Silver Islet 61 1901 Census – Nipigon Township (including Dorion), Rossport (including Pays Plat), and Schreiber 62 Small townships not included in early Censuses 63 Joan Holmes and Associates, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metis Cultural Brokers and the Western Numbered Treaties, 1869-1877
    The Metis Cultural Brokers and the Western Numbered Treaties, 1869-1877 A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Allyson Stevenson Copyright Allyson Stevenson, August 2004 . 1 rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements of a Graduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection . I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work, or, in his absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done . It is understood that any copying, publication, or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission . It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis . Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to : Head of the Department of History University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5 Abstract i Throughout the history of the North West, Metis people frequently used their knowledge of European, Indian, and Metis culture to mediate Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal social, diplomatic, and economic encounters .
    [Show full text]
  • Call Number Order
    OLD MSS HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY RECORDS The records listed below – with the exception of the first six1 - are Hudson’s Bay Co. and related records that were catalogued under a system used by the BC Archives between the mid-1930s and early 1970s (known as the “Old MSS” system) and are only described in detail in the “Old MSS” card catalogue. The descriptions have mostly been taken from the cards and the list is in call number order. The notation “BOOK” after a call number means that the record is a bound volume; “MS”, loose pages. There may be duplicate numbers, one for a BOOK and one for an MS – these are distinct and different records. While most of the records listed below are from the colonial era (ca. 1849-1871), there are some later records as well. Also, a number of colonial era records (a number of which originally had “old MSS” numbers) are to be found as GR and MS records, and are searchable on our collections database (http://search-bcarchives.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/). Call Number Name Description 74/A/349 Hudson’s Bay Co. Memoranda book; lists & costs of goods, allowances charges, offices etc. 1824- 1827; 1830-1833. 2 vols. 74/A/464 Hudson’s Bay Co. Re: Douglas Street property. ca. 1912-1914. 74/A/608 Hudson’s Bay Co. Minutes of meetings of the Governor and Council of Assiniboia. 1845, 1863-1866. Transcript (handwritten). 74/A/620 Fort Chipewyan Journal of a trip from Fort Chipewyan to Slave Lake, 1829. 74/A/725 Hudson’s Bay Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Sitting Bull and Other Lakota Leaders Took Their Followers North to Canada Iii
    Living With Strangers The Nineteenth-Century Sioux and the Canadian-American Borderlands David G. McCrady B.A., University of Victoria, 1990 M.A., University of Victoria, 1992 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History - - BDavid Grant McCrady, 1998 University of Manitoba Al1 rights reserved. Thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seMces bibliographiques 395 WeüiiStreet 395. nie Wellington OtoiwaON K1AW O~~W~ONKIAW canada canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Libraty of Canada to BMiothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distri%ute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de rnicrofïche/6lm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. FACULT'Y OF GWUAïESTtDIES *+++* COP'LRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE A Thesis/Prncticum sabmlmd to the Facuiw of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in pareid fulfillment of the requirements of the degee of DOCTOB OF PHILOSOPBP David G.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This PDF File
    The Canadian Political Science Review Vol 2(2) June 2008 Transitional Identities: Negotiating Social Transitions in the Pacific NW 1825‐1860s Lisa Philips (University of Alberta)1 Abstract When one studies a specific society, hegemonic practice is so deeply rooted that it is often difficult to study it from outside that system. However, there are periods of dramatic social change when ongoing social practice in a geographic space is disrupted. On such occasions hegemonic forces can be seen, as it were, from outside of assumed practice. The northwest coast of North America provides such an opportunity. From 1818 to 1846, the British and American states shared jurisdiction over the territory with sovereignty under constant negotiation. The Hudson’s Bay Company established a substantial commercial presence in the region from the 1820s to 1850s. During the 1830s and 1840s, massive immigration from the eastern United States shifted the population balance to favour those with ties to the United States. The imposition of the border across the northwest in 1846 marked a significant watershed in the evolution of social control in the region. Introduction1 The hegemon represents a collective consensus of what is assumed to maintain appropriate practice.2 For example, when the members of a society assume the legitimacy of the courts as an authoritative body responsible for dispute resolution, judicial pronouncements assume hegemonic sway. Similarly those granted the assumed authority to speak the truth or to hold entitlement in an area of activity (to invoke precedent, or to recount history), exercise hegemonic authority. If a society shares a broad consensus on appropriate informal and formal methods of order maintenance, then the hegemon is extant and force is not contested when it is invoked to maintain that order.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Fur Trade and the War of 1812 Jean Morrison
    Document generated on 10/01/2021 2:55 a.m. Ontario History To promote the Interest and Security of the North West Company Canada's Fur Trade and the War of 1812 Jean Morrison Special Issue: The War of 1812 Article abstract Volume 104, Number 1, Spring 2012 While the traditionally-known elements of the War of 1812 deserve recognition, they are not the whole story. The British fought to save the URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1065393ar Canadas from conquest by the Americans, but they also strove to save and DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1065393ar expand the territorial base of the fur trade, a vital element in the British North American economy, a goal shared by the North West Company. Since Fort See table of contents William was located in Upper Canada and many NWC actions took place in Upper Canada, the roles of both the Company and the Fort are an integral part of Ontario history. This article examines actions at Sault Ste. Marie, the roles of the schooners Nancy and Perseverance, the development of Yonge Street and Publisher(s) the route from Lake Simcoe to Wasaga, the struggle to maintain the fur trade The Ontario Historical Society canoe route between Fort William and Montreal, NWC involvement in the taking of Prairie du Chien and the decision made to take Astoria from the American Fur Company which led to British rule over the Columbia ISSN Department on the Pacific coast. 0030-2953 (print) 2371-4654 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Morrison, J. (2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Clan Mackay Society War Memorial Volume. Being A
    CLAN MACKAY SOCIETY WAR MEMORIAL VOLUME BEING A LIST OF THOSE BEARING THE NAlVIE OF MACKAY WHO WERE KILLED OR WHO DIED OF WOUNDS IN THE GREAT EUROPEAN WAR 1914—1918 ' AND ALSO A LIST OF THOSE BEAR- ING THE NAME OF MACKAY UPON WHOM HONOURS WERE CONFERRED Published by The CLAN MACKAY SOCIETY. Hon. Secretary; D. N. MACKAY, 144 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. V»IU f tltt'S CINrUMEXTS CLAN MACKAY SOCIETY WAR MEMORIAL VOLUME. BEING A LIST OF THOSE BEARING THE NAME OF MACKAY WHO WERE KILLED OR WHO DIED OF WOUNDS IN THE GREAT EUROPEAN WAR 1914—1918 AND ALSO A LIST OF THOSE BEAR- ING THE NAME OF MACKAY UPON WHOM HONOURS WERE CONFERRED GLASGOW : Printed by THE PILOT PRESS, 10 Thornwood Avenue, Partick. 1924. ~3Ded icatlon, Obis little volume is affectionately dedicated by tbe <Llan Mtackay Society to tbe ^ttemory of tbe gallant men and women of our Clan wh,o gave tbeir lives in tbe ^European War of 1914-1918. Obey generously and courageously answered tbe call to tbe defence of tbe British (Tommonweatlb of stations and of our "Allies. "Inspired by unselfisb ideals, tbey. along witb tb^lr comrades, wbo are still wltb us, endured untold bardsblps an6 privations by sea an6 land. Obey served, suffered and died in tbe firm belief tfyat "peace and 3iappiness would by tbeir bitter agony be secured to mankind, T5beir constancy and self sacrifice will ever inspire tbeir Clansmen to render new services to bumanlty. Obcir names, b^re recorded, will be remembered in love and bonour.
    [Show full text]
  • Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Volume 11: A
    Library of Congress Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Volume 11 COLLECTIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN EDITED AND ANNOTATED BY REUBEN G. THWAITES CORRESPONDING SECRETARY OF THE SOCIETY VOL. XI Published by Authority of Law MADISON, WISCONSIN DEMOCRAT PRINTING COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS 1888 Committee on Printing and Publication. REUBEN G. THWAITES. LYMAN C. DRAPER. JAMES D. BUTLER. DAVID ATWOOD. EX-OFFICIO. ERNST G. TIMME, Secretary of State. HENRY B. HARSHAW, State Treasurer F576 .W81 2d set Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Volume 11 http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbum.7689a Library of Congress LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 452520 JUN 27 1903 SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT. CONTENTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Alexander Mitchell, steel portrait Frontispiece Officers of the Society for 1888 vii Preface xi Jean Nicolet, Interpreter and Voyageur in Canada—1618–1642. Henri Jouan 1 Bibliography of Jean Nicolet. Consul Willshire Butterfield 23 Important Western State Papers 26 Papers: French Domination—Saint Lusson's procès-verbal, June 14, 1671, 26; La Salle's procès-verbal, March 14, 1682, 29; La Salle's procès-verbal, April 9, 1682, 33; Perrot's minute of taking possession, May 8, 1689, 35. English Domination—Preliminary articles of peace, Nov. 3, 1762, 36; Definitive treaty of peace, Feb. 10, 1763, 39; Proclamation of King George, Oct. 7, 1763, 46; Quebec act, 53. American Domination—Provisional articles of peace, Nov. 30, 1782, 60; Definitive treaty of peace, Sept. 3, 1783, 60; Jay's treaty, Nov. 19, 1794, 61; Jefferson's plan for the government of the Western Territory, 1784, 61; Ordinance of 1787, 63.
    [Show full text]