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esP-a ooo642 €of. \ UNIVERS1TE D'OTTAWA -- ECOLE DES GRADUES THE XY COMPANY 1798 TO l8o4 BY RUSSELL ANTHONY PENDERGAST THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AS PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY . LIBRARIES ^ ROCHESTER, NEW YORK 1957 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA ~ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UMI Number: DC53623 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53623 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA « ECOLE DES GRADUES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT THIS THESIS WAS PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF DR. LUCIEN BRAULT, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, AND THE PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF CANADA. IN THE COURSE OF THE RESEARCH DR. GEORGE BUXTON, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, BY HIS ENCOURAGEMENT AND ADVICE AIDED THE AUTHOR. TO THE ABB£ ARTHUR MAHEUX OF LAVAL UNIVERSITY THERE IS A SPECIAL DEBT OF GRATITUDE. THROUGH HIS KIND COOPERATION THE SEARCH OF y THE ARCHIVES DU GRAND SEMINAIRE DE QUEBEC WAS MADE POSSIBLE, THIS SEARCH RESULTED IN THE DISCOVERY OF THE MATERIAL CON­ CERNING THE XY COMPANY. TO THESE SCHOLARS THE AUTHOR EX­ PRESSES HIS SINCERE GRATITUDE. THE CONSTANT AND HELPFUL COURTESY EXTENDED BY THE LIBRARIANS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, THE PUBLIC ARCHIVES OF CANADA, THE ARCHIVES DU GRAND SEMINAIRE DE QUEBEC, THE UNIVERSITIES OF TORONTO, MONTREAL, MCGILL AND ROCHESTER IS GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGED. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA -- ECOLE DES GRADUES CURRICULUM STUDIORUM RUSSELL ANTHONY PENDERGAST WAS BORN IN TORONTO, ONTARIO, ON SEPTEMBER 2*+TH, 1921. IN 19^7 HE COMPLETED THE HONOURS COURSE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND ECONOMICS, AND WAS GRADUATED FROM ST. MICHAEL'S COLLEGE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO WITH A BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE. HE WAS ORDAINED TO THE PRIESTHOOD AS A BASILIAN FATHER ON JUNE 29TH, 195°• |N 1951 HE RECEIVED A MASTER OF ARTS DEGREE FROM THE UNI­ VERSITY OF TORONTO IN ECONOMICS. SINCE SEPTEMBER, 1951* HE HAS BEEN TEACHING AS A MEMBER OF THE FACULTY OF ST. JOHN FISHER COLLEGE IN ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION vi I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 THE WRITINGS OF THE FUR TRADERS REVIEW OF CRITICAL SOURCE MATERIALS PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ON THE NORTH WEST FUR TRADE II. THE NAMES, DATES, AND OWNERS OF THE XY COMPANY 29 III. THE COMPETITION BETWEEN THE XY AND THE NORTH WEST COMPANIES 70 THE WATCHING OF RIVAL TRADERS THE INCREASED USE OF LIQUOR IN THE TRADE THE MORE FREQUENT OUTBREAKS OF VIOLENCE IV. FURTHER DISCUSSION OF THE PROBLEMS OF COMPETITION 105 THE DIFFICULTY OF OBTAINING ADEQUATE MAN POWER THE ROLE OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY V. RESULTS OF THE COMPETITION - UNION 137 THE TESTIMONY OF FUR TRADERS THE EVIDENCE FROM INVENTORIES THE PRIC I NG POL I CY THE FACTORS LEADING TO UNION THE NOTION OF REMOVING COMPETITION BY CONTRACT VI. THE RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE XY COMPANY l86 THE NOTION OF INVESTMENT THE PRIMITIVE ACCOUNTING DEVICES THE END OF COMPETITION SUMMARY 228 BIBLIOGRAPHY 232 APPENDIX I 252 LETTER FROM THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE PES GRADUES LIST OF TABLES TABLES PAGE I. EXPENDITURES OF RUM AND SPIRITS OF ALL KINDS WITH THE INDIANS AND SERVANTS EMPLOYED IN THE NORTH WEST COMPANY TRADE 1793 TO 1808 89 II. CLOSING INVENTORIES HELO BY THE XY COMPANY IN THE NORTH WEST 1799 T0 1804 ! 146 Ml. COST AND SELLING PRICES OF TRADE GOODS USED BY THE XY COMPANY IN l804 1b2 IV. TARIFF OF THE NORTH WEST COMPANY 10TH JULY 180U l6U V. VARIANCE IN COST PRICES OF TRADE GOODS SOLD BY THE XY COMPANY FROM 1799 T0 l80l+ 168 VI. WAGES AND EQUIPMENTS IN THE NORTH WEST COMPANY AFTER THE UNION OF l804 lo4 VII. THE OUTFIT OF 1799 IN THE XY COMPANY 190 VIM. THE OUTFIT OF l800 IN THE XY COMPANY 191 IX. THE OUTFIT OF l801 IN THE XY COMPANY 192 X. THE OUTFIT OF l802 IN THE XY COMPANY 193 XI. THE OUTFIT OF 1803 IN THE XY COMPANY 194 XII. THE OUTFIT OF l804 IN THE XY COMPANY 195 XMI. THE INVESTMENT OF THE XY COMPANY IN THE OUTFITS OF 1799 TO l804 197 XIV- PURCHASES FROM AND RETURNS TO, PHYN, INGLIS AND COMPANY, MADE BY THE XY COMPANY 1799 TO l804 204 XV. THE INCREASE IN INVESTMENT IN THE XY COMPANY FROM 1799 TO l804 221 UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION THE PRESENT WORK IS CONCERNED WITH THE HISTORY OF THE XY COMPANY. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS COMPANY IS BASED ON ITS OPERATIONS IN THE FUR TRADE OF THE CANADIAN NORTH WEST FROM 179$ TO l804. UP TO THE PRESENT THERE HAS BEEN NO DETAILED STUDY OF THIS COMPANY AND ITS ROLE IN THE ECO­ NOMIC HISTORY OF CANADA. 1 2 BOTH G. C. DAVIDSON AND H. A. INNIS HAVE DE­ SCRIBED THE NORTH WEST COMPANY WHICH WAS CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH THE XY COMPANY. THESE AUTHORS HAVE TREATED THEIR SUB­ JECT FROM A VARIETY OF EXCELLENT SOURCE MATERIALS, YET NEITHER OF THEM HAD ACCESS TO THE BOOKS OF ACCOUNT OF THE NORTH WEST COMPANY. THE SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION OF THIS STUDY OF THE XY COMPANY HINGES ON THE FACT THAT THE AUTHOR WAS ABLE TO FIND AND USE THE BOOKS OF ACCOUNT OF THE XY COMPANY. FROM THESE PRIMARY MATERIALS THE COMPANY CAN BE SKETCHED IN BOLDER OUT­ LINE BASED ON THE WRITINGS OF THE FUR TRADERS, AND THE MORE OBJECTIVE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE FIRM'S BOOKS OF ACCOUNT. THIS STUDY WILL BE RESTRICTED TO THE CONSIDERATIONS WHICH FOLLOW. THE SEVERAL NAMES UNDER WHICH THE COMPANY 1. G. C. DAVIDSON, THE NORTH WEST COMPANY, BERKELY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 1918. 2. H. A. INNIS, "THE NORTH WEST COMPANY", CANA- DIAN HISTORICAL REVIEW, VOL. 8, NO. 4, DEC. 1927,PP. 3°8-21. UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES INTRODUCTION VII OPERATED WILL BE ESTABLISHED, THE VARIOUS OWNERS OR CO­ PARTNERS WILL BE RECORDED, AND THE PERIOD OF OPERATIONS WILL BE DEFINED. THE SALIENT FACT CONCERNING THE OPERA­ TIONS OF THE COMPANY WAS THE COMPETITION WITH THE NORTH WEST COMPANY. THIS VIGOROUS COMPETITION IS DESCRIBED, AS IS ITS RESOLUTION IN THE UNION OF THE XY AND NORTH WEST COMPANIES IN l804. THE FINANCIAL STRUCTURE AND THE SCALE OF OPERATIONS OF THE XY COMPANY ARE ANALYZED IN THE PRIMITIVE ECONOMIC SETTING OF CANADA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH WILL BE TO MAKE USE OF THE IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE BOOKS OF ACCOUNT OF THE XY COMPANY, AND THUS TO PRESENT FROM THIS EVIDENCE A DETAILED STUDY OF A SIGNIFICANT COM­ PANY IN THE NORTH WEST FUR TRADE. I i UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE PES GRADUES CHAPTER I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE XY COMPANY SUMMARY THE FUR TRADERS OF THE CANADIAN NORTH WEST LEFT RECORDS OF THEIR OPERATIONS, IN THE FORM OF CORRESPONDENCE, JOURNALS, AND BOOKS OF ACCOUNT. A REVIEW OF THE CRITICAL HIS­ TORICAL WRITINGS ON THE XY COMPANY, ITS TIMES, AND THE NORTH WEST FUR TRADE IS PRE­ SENTED. THE PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE PRES­ ENT WORK IS OUTLINED, AND SOME PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ARE PRESENTED REGARDING THE NORTH WEST FUR TRADE AND TRADERS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A SETTING FOR THE RESEARCH WHICH FOLLOWS. FOR THE STUDENT OF THE HISTORY OF CANADA, THE FUR TRADE OF THE NORTH WEST PRESENTS A FERTILE AREA FOR RE­ SEARCH AND RECONSTRUCTION. THERE EXISTS A LARGE CORPUS OF DOCUMENTATION, MORE OR LESS ORGANIZED, PERTAINING TO THIS EARLY CANADIAN STAPLE INDUSTRY. THIS LEGACY OF CANADIANA HAD BEEN GENERATED IN THE FIRST INSTANCE FOR COMMERCIAL REASONS. AS IS OFTEN THE CASE, CONTEMPORARY WRITERS WERE NOT AWARE OF THE VAST DOCUMENTATION LEFT BY THE FUR TRADERS . UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA - SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITE D'OTTAWA - ECOLE DES GRADUES GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 2 THE REAL TRANSACTIONS OF THESE COMPANIES £FUR TRADERSJLS LOCKED UP IN THE BREASTS OF THEMSELVES AND THE IR SERVANTS . ' SOME INDICATION OF THE EXTENT OF THIS DOCUMENTATION CAN BE DISCOVERED IN THE MATERIALS PRESERVED IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. IT WAS A RULE OF THE COMPANY THAT THESE SERVANTS SHOULD KEEP DIARIES OR JOURNALS. THESE JOURNALS HAVE BEEN PRESERVED IN AN ALMOST UNBROKEN SERIES FROM I766 FOR MANY YEARS AFTERWARDS, AND THEY AFFORD A REMARKABLY FULL PICTURE OF WHAT WAS TAK­ ING PLACE IN THE WEST AFTER THE BRITISH CONQUEST OF CANADA.2 THESE RECORDS OF THE FUR TRADERS HAVE BECOME FOR THE STU­ DENT OF HISTORY THE SOURCE OF EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY, RE­ CORDED IN NOTES, JOURNALS, WHOSE PURPOSE WAS TO RECORD THE EVENTS, THE NATURE OF THE COUNTRY, AND THE PROBLEMS OF THE FUR TRADE. SUCH DOCUMENTS WERE SIMPLY A NECESSITY OF DOING BUSINESS IN AN UNORGANIZED HINTERLAND, COUPLED WITH THE PROBLEM OF SUPERVISION AND CONTROL FROM LONDON IN ENGLAND.
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  • North Lake Superior Métis

    North Lake Superior Métis

    The Historical Roots of Métis Communities North of Lake Superior Gwynneth C. D. Jones Vancouver, B. C. 31 March 2015. Prepared for the Métis Nation of Ontario Table of Contents Introduction 3 Section I: The Early Fur Trade and Populations to 1821 The Fur Trade on Lakes Superior and Nipigon, 1600 – 1763 8 Post-Conquest Organization of the Fur Trade, 1761 – 1784 14 Nipigon, Michipicoten, Grand Portage, and Mixed-Ancestry Fur Trade Employees, 1789 - 1804 21 Grand Portage, Kaministiquia, and North West Company families, 1799 – 1805 29 Posts and Settlements, 1807 – 1817 33 Long Lake, 1815 – 1818 40 Michipicoten, 1817 – 1821 44 Fort William/Point Meuron, 1817 – 1821 49 The HBC, NWC and Mixed-Ancestry Populations to 1821 57 Fur Trade Culture to 1821 60 Section II: From the Merger to the Treaty: 1821 - 1850 After the Merger: Restructuring the Fur Trade and Associated Populations, 1821 - 1826 67 Fort William, 1823 - 1836 73 Nipigon, Pic, Long Lake and Michipicoten, 1823 - 1836 79 Families in the Lake Superior District, 1825 - 1835 81 Fur Trade People and Work, 1825 - 1841 85 "Half-breed Indians", 1823 - 1849 92 Fur Trade Culture, 1821 - 1850 95 Section III: The Robinson Treaties, 1850 Preparations for Treaty, 1845 - 1850 111 The Robinson Treaty and the Métis, 1850 - 1856 117 Fur Trade Culture on Lake Superior in the 1850s 128 After the Treaty, 1856 - 1859 138 2 Section IV: Persistence of Fur Trade Families on Lakes Superior and Nipigon, 1855 - 1901 Infrastructure Changes in the Lake Superior District, 1863 - 1921 158 Investigations into Robinson-Superior Treaty paylists, 1879 - 1899 160 The Dominion Census of 1901 169 Section V: The Twentieth Century Lake Nipigon Fisheries, 1884 - 1973 172 Métis Organizations in Lake Nipigon and Lake Superior, 1971 - 1973 180 Appendix: Maps and Illustrations Watercolour, “Miss Le Ronde, Hudson Bay Post, Lake Nipigon”, 1867?/1901 Map of Lake Nipigon in T.
  • Grand Portage National Monument Historic Documents Study

    Grand Portage National Monument Historic Documents Study

    Grand Portage National Monument Historic Documents Study A June 1797 inventory of Grand Portage, from the Toronto Public Library, includes cattle, horses, and sheep and tools for the blacksmith’s shop. Bruce M. White Turnstone Historical Research August 2004 Grand Portage—1 Contents Introduction Sources for Studying the Role of Merchandise at Grand Portage Archival Collections Relating to Grand Portage Minnesota Historical Society National Archives of Canada McGill University Libraries, Rare Books and Special Collections Provincial Archives of Manitoba, Hudson’s Bay Company Archives University of Montreal, Baby Collection Northeast Minnesota Historical Center, University of Minnesota-Duluth Archives of Ontario, Toronto Toronto Public Library National Archives of Quebec at Montreal References Appendix 1. Versions of Roderick McKenzie’s Reminiscences Relating to Grand Portage Appendix 2. Letter from Grand Portage by a North West Company Partner Appendix 3. Fur-Trade Employees Associated with Grand Portage Appendix 4. Inventory at Grand Portage, June 1797 Grand Portage—2 Introduction As a portage, company headquarters, transshipment point, and trading post, Grand Portage has had a rich and important history. A great deal of this history has been the subject of research over the years in a variety of reports, books, and articles. Archives, libraries, and other repositories have been combed for new information that would reveal aspects of the history of the place. It is the purpose of this report to identify and provide detailed descriptions of many of the archival collections in North America that contain material relating to Grand Portage and to take stock of the rich variety available on the history of Grand Portage.