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Labour Relations Among Bourgeois, Clerks and Voyageurs in the Montréal Fur Trade, 1780-1821
Unfair Masters and Rascally Servants? Labour Relations Among Bourgeois, Clerks and Voyageurs in the Montréal Fur Trade, 1780-1821 Carolyn Pod men ny THE HISTORY OF WORKING PEOPLES in the fur trade has recently become a subject of concentrated interest.1 The publication of Edith Burley's Servants of the Hon ourable Country, which explores the master and servant relationship between Orkney workers and Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) officers stands as an important development in focussing attention squarely on the workers themselves, and demonstrates the extent of their power through insubordination and resistance. A Some broader studies of labour and capital in early Canadian history briefly mention fur trade workers, Such as H. Clare Pentland, Labour and Capital in Canada, 1650-1860 (Toronto: James Lorimer & Co. 1981), 30-3; and Bryan D. Palmer, Working-Class Experi ence: Rethinking the History of Canadian Labour, 1800-1991 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart 1992), 35-6. European labourers first received significant examination by Jennifer S.H. Brown, Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Families in Indian Country (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press 1980). Native labourers have been subject to some examination by Carol M. Judd, "Native Labour and Social Stratification in the Hudson's Bay Company's Northern Department, 1770-1870," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 17, 4 (November 1980) 305-14. Edith I. Burley, Servants of the Honourable Company: Work, Discipline, and Conflict in the Hudson's Bay Company, 1770-1879 (Toronto, New York and Oxford: Oxford Univer sity Press 1997); Philip Goldring first began to compile information on labourers in Papers on the Labour System of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1821-1900, Volume I, Manuscript Report Series, no. -
Grand Portage. This Meeting Formed the Final Session =Of the Tenth State Historical Convention
GRAND PORTAGE 1 I have not words to tell you how deeply I appreciate the honor you have conferred upon me in asking me to speak to you on this historic occasion. I am sure I express the feelings of every Canadian here today when I say that we deem it a privilege to be permitted to join with you in commemorating the two-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Grand Por tage and of all that grew out of that discovery. For it must not be forgotten that when La Verendrye landed on these shores two centuries ago and sent his nephew and his son forward to Rainy Lake, he set in motion forces, that have profoundly in fluenced these two neighboring countries. In the years that followed he and his gallant sons made their way into the West, to the Lake of the Woods, Lake Winnipeg, Red River, the Assiniboine, the Missouri, and the Saskatchewan, blazing a path to those vast interior plains of North America that today help so materially to feed the nations of the world. Inciden tally it is an odd fact that the first attempt by white men to raise grain west of the Great Lakes was made nearly two hundred years ago; the farmer was La Verendrye, and the place that curiously isolated bit of Minnesota on the west side of the Lake of the Woods. But I am to talk to you about Grand Portage, and if I hesitate to embark upon that subject, and if you find what I have to say to you this afternoon neither informative nor di verting, please bear in mind that Dr. -
Historical Profile of the Great Slave Lake Area's Mixed European-Indian Ancestry Community
Historical Profile of the Great Slave Lake Area’s Mixed European-Indian Ancestry Community by Gwynneth Jones Research and & Aboriginal Law and Statistics Division Strategic Policy Group The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Justice Canada. i Table of Contents Abstract ii Author’s Biography iii I. Executive Summary iv II. Methodology/Introduction vi III. Narrative A. First Contact at Great Slave Lake, 1715 - 1800 1 B. Mixed-Ancestry Families in the Great Slave Lake Region to 1800 12 C. Fur Trade Post Life at 1800 19 D. Development of the Fur Trade and the First Mixed-Ancestry Generation, 1800 - 1820 25 E. Merger of the Fur Trade Companies and Changes in the Great Slave Lake Population, 1820 - 1830 37 F. Fur Trade Monopoly and the Arrival of the Missionaries, 1830 - 1890 62 G. Treaty, Traders and Gold, 1890 - 1900 88 H. Increased Presence and Regulations by Persons not of Indian/ Inuit/Mixed-Ancestry Descent, 1905 - 1950 102 IV. Discussion/Summary 119 V. Suggestions for Future Research 129 VI. References VII. Appendices Appendix A: Extracts of Selected Entries in Oblate Birth, Marriage and Death Registers Appendix B: Métis Scrip -- ArchiviaNet (Summaries of Genealogical Information on Métis Scrip Applications) VIII. Key Documents and Document Index (bound separately) Abstract With the Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Powley [2003] 2 S.C.R., Métis were recognized as having an Aboriginal right to hunt for food as recognized under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. -
B 46 - Commission of Inquiry Into the Red River Disturbances
B 46 - Commission of inquiry into the Red River Disturbances. Lower Canada RG4-B46 Finding aid no MSS0568 vols. 620 to 621 R14518 Instrument de recherche no MSS0568 Pages Access Mikan no Media Title Label no code Scope and content Extent Names Language Place of creation Vol. Ecopy Dates No Mikan Support Titre Étiquette No de Code Portée et contenu Étendue Noms Langue Lieu de création pages d'accès B 46 - Commission of inquiry into the Red River Disturbances. Lower Canada File consists of correspondence and documents related to the resistance to the settlement of Red River; the territories of Cree and Saulteaux and Sioux communities; the impact of the Red River settlement on the fur trade; carrying places (portage routes) between Bathurst, Henry Bathurst, Earl, 1762-1834 ; Montréal, Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Lake Drummond, Gordon, Sir, 1772-1854 of the Woods, and Red River. File also (Correspondent) ; Harvey, John, Sir, 1778- consists of statements by the servants of 1 folder of 1 -- 1852(Correspondent) ; Loring, Robert Roberts, ca. 5103234 Textual Correspondence 620 RG4 A 1 Open the Hudson's Bay Company and statements textual e011310123 English Manitoba 1815 137 by the agents of the North West Company records. 1789-1848(Correspondent) ; McGillivray, William, related to the founding of the colony at 1764?-1825(Correspondent) ; McNab, John, 1755- Red River. Correspondents in file include ca. 1820(Correspondent) ; Selkirk, Thomas Lord Bathurst; Lord Selkirk; Joseph Douglas, Earl of, 1771-1820(Correspondent) Berens; J. Harvey; William McGillivray; Alexander McDonell; Miles McDonell; Duncan Cameron; Sir Gordon Drummond; John McNab; Major Loring; John McLeod; William Robinsnon, and the firm of Maitland, Garden & Auldjo. -
North Lake Superior Métis
The Historical Roots of Métis Communities North of Lake Superior Gwynneth C. D. Jones Vancouver, B. C. 31 March 2015. Prepared for the Métis Nation of Ontario Table of Contents Introduction 3 Section I: The Early Fur Trade and Populations to 1821 The Fur Trade on Lakes Superior and Nipigon, 1600 – 1763 8 Post-Conquest Organization of the Fur Trade, 1761 – 1784 14 Nipigon, Michipicoten, Grand Portage, and Mixed-Ancestry Fur Trade Employees, 1789 - 1804 21 Grand Portage, Kaministiquia, and North West Company families, 1799 – 1805 29 Posts and Settlements, 1807 – 1817 33 Long Lake, 1815 – 1818 40 Michipicoten, 1817 – 1821 44 Fort William/Point Meuron, 1817 – 1821 49 The HBC, NWC and Mixed-Ancestry Populations to 1821 57 Fur Trade Culture to 1821 60 Section II: From the Merger to the Treaty: 1821 - 1850 After the Merger: Restructuring the Fur Trade and Associated Populations, 1821 - 1826 67 Fort William, 1823 - 1836 73 Nipigon, Pic, Long Lake and Michipicoten, 1823 - 1836 79 Families in the Lake Superior District, 1825 - 1835 81 Fur Trade People and Work, 1825 - 1841 85 "Half-breed Indians", 1823 - 1849 92 Fur Trade Culture, 1821 - 1850 95 Section III: The Robinson Treaties, 1850 Preparations for Treaty, 1845 - 1850 111 The Robinson Treaty and the Métis, 1850 - 1856 117 Fur Trade Culture on Lake Superior in the 1850s 128 After the Treaty, 1856 - 1859 138 2 Section IV: Persistence of Fur Trade Families on Lakes Superior and Nipigon, 1855 - 1901 Infrastructure Changes in the Lake Superior District, 1863 - 1921 158 Investigations into Robinson-Superior Treaty paylists, 1879 - 1899 160 The Dominion Census of 1901 169 Section V: The Twentieth Century Lake Nipigon Fisheries, 1884 - 1973 172 Métis Organizations in Lake Nipigon and Lake Superior, 1971 - 1973 180 Appendix: Maps and Illustrations Watercolour, “Miss Le Ronde, Hudson Bay Post, Lake Nipigon”, 1867?/1901 Map of Lake Nipigon in T. -
Rocky Mountain House National Historic Site
Activity Guide and Maps Stay awhile 1 How To Reach Us Welcome Rocky Mountain House The forts are gone but the stories live on. Stories of trade, National Historic Site exploration and competition, but above all, stories of people. In 1799 the North West and Hudson’s Bay companies set up rival posts here on the North Saskatchewan River. During the 76-year history of trade at the site, nine different Indigenous groups visited the area. Explorer, fur trader and renowned mapmaker, David Thompson and his wife Charlotte Small 392077 Range Road 7-5 used this post as a base for discovering a pass through the Rocky Mountain House, Rocky Mountains. Alberta, CANADA T4T 2A4 Today, Parks Canada tells the stories of the many different (see map, page 9) people who have spent time on the banks of this historic river highway, and protects the archaeological remains of the four Tel: 403.845.2412 trading posts. We are honoured to engage with community Fax: 403.845.5320 partners and Indigenous peoples who share their stories of Email: [email protected] today, and breathe new life into the history of this land. Visit Our Website Stay awhile. Let your story become part of this place, too. www.pc.gc.ca/rockymountainhouse Follow the Confluence Heritage Society @chs_rmh @confluenceheritagesociety youtube.com/ confluenceheritagesociety Hours of Operation May 10 to Labour Day Daily 10:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. September Thursday to Sunday 10:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. Closed Oct 1 – May 9 See website for off-season events. -
Resources Pertaining to First Nations, Inuit, and Metis. Fifth Edition. INSTITUTION Manitoba Dept
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 400 143 RC 020 735 AUTHOR Bagworth, Ruth, Comp. TITLE Native Peoples: Resources Pertaining to First Nations, Inuit, and Metis. Fifth Edition. INSTITUTION Manitoba Dept. of Education and Training, Winnipeg. REPORT NO ISBN-0-7711-1305-6 PUB DATE 95 NOTE 261p.; Supersedes fourth edition, ED 350 116. PUB TYPE Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC11 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS American Indian Culture; American Indian Education; American Indian History; American Indian Languages; American Indian Literature; American Indian Studies; Annotated Bibliographies; Audiovisual Aids; *Canada Natives; Elementary Secondary Education; *Eskimos; Foreign Countries; Instructional Material Evaluation; *Instructional Materials; *Library Collections; *Metis (People); *Resource Materials; Tribes IDENTIFIERS *Canada; Native Americans ABSTRACT This bibliography lists materials on Native peoples available through the library at the Manitoba Department of Education and Training (Canada). All materials are loanable except the periodicals collection, which is available for in-house use only. Materials are categorized under the headings of First Nations, Inuit, and Metis and include both print and audiovisual resources. Print materials include books, research studies, essays, theses, bibliographies, and journals; audiovisual materials include kits, pictures, jackdaws, phonodiscs, phonotapes, compact discs, videorecordings, and films. The approximately 2,000 listings include author, title, publisher, a brief description, library -
Sakitawak Bi-Centennial
Soem Grises de Montreal D..".., Q All.":..t LO 1-1 Prepared by Robert Longpre Published by the ile-a-la-Crosse Bi-Centennial Committee lie-a-la-Crosse Local Community Authority January, 1977 Copyright held by the lie-a-la-Crosse Local Community Authority. All rights reserved , including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form other than brief excerpts for the purpose of reviews. (I) CREDITS .A. book of this type has many cooks. Than ks must be rendered to all who assisted in the material, the content, and the publication of this book. Thank You! Interviewer Janet Caisse , for interviews and translations to English of the recollections of Tom Natomagan, Claudia Lariviere, and Fred Darbyshire; Interviewer Bernice Johnson for interviews and translations to English of the recollections and stories of Marie Rose McCallum, Marie Ann Kyplain and Nap Johnson; Typist and proof-reader, Maureen Longpre, for the hours upon hours of work, typing and re -typing; Consultant and aide, Brian Cousins, for the direction and publication assistance; Photo collectors, Max Morin , Geordie Favel , Janet Caisse and T. J. Roy , for th e collection of photographs gathered, some of which appear on these pages ; lie-a-la-Crosse Mission, for the collection of photographs, the interviews, the access to books and the good will ; The Community of lie-a-la-Crosse , for helping to make this book come into print. Again Thank You! Robert Longpre November, 1976 Preparation of this publication has been a Bi-Centennial Project of lie-a-la-Crosse. It is our hope that this booklet will provide recognition and appreciation of our forefathers. -
The Conquest of the Great Northwest Piled Criss-Cross Below Higher Than
The Conquest of the Great Northwest festooned by a mist-like moss that hung from tree to tree in loops, with the windfall of untold centuries piled criss-cross below higher than a house. The men grumbled.They had not bargained on this kind of voyaging. Once down on the west side of the Great Divide, there were the Forks.MacKenzie's instincts told him the northbranch looked the better way, but the old guide had said only the south branch would lead to the Great River beyond the mountains, and they turned up Parsnip River through a marsh of beaver meadows, which MacKenzie noted for future trade. It was now the 3rd of June.MacKenzie ascended a. mountain to look along the forward path. When he came down with McKay and the Indian Cancre, no canoe was to be found.MacKenzie sent broken branches drifting down stream as a signal and fired gunshot after gunshot, but no answer!Had the men deserted with boat and provisions?Genuinely alarmed, MacKenzie ordered McKay and Cancre back down the Parsnip, while he went on up stream. Whichever found the canoe was to fire a gun.For a day without food and in drenching rains, the three tore through the underbrush shouting, seeking, despairing till strength vas ethausted and moccasins worn to tattersBarefoot and soaked, MacKenzie was just lying down for the night when a crashing 64 "The Coming of the Pedlars" echo told him McKay had found the deserters. They had waited till he had disappeared up the mountain, then headed the canoe north and drifted down stream. -
WB Coltman Report Transcription
W. B. Coltman Report Transcription September 30, 2016 Image Number Image Text Notes Tags Image Link 1 [Cover] *23 2/F [[?]] http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-001-v8.jpg [inside cover] inside cover; 1939; october, 18; abilities, Oct 18 1939 furlio 2 Furlio Abilities http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-002-v8.jpg A General Statement and Report relative to the Disturbances in the Indian Territories of W. B. Coltman; Special http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-003-v8.jpg British North America by the undersigned Special Commissioner Commissioner For inquiring into the Offences committed in the said Indian Territories and the circumstances attending the same. 3 W. B. Coltman 4 Blank page Blank page http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-004-v8.jpg 1 Hudson's Bay Company; http://data2.archives.ca/e/e447/e011163878-005-v8.jpg North West Company; Statement according to the order of time of the principal occurrences relative to the recent official statements; Earl of disputes between the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies which appear to me the Selkirk; Hudson's Bay undersigned special Commissioner to have been substantiated by the Evidence taken before Company statements me, or to have been admitted by the parties in the respective Official Statements transmitted February 18; North West me by the legal Agents of the Earl of Selkirk of the 18th February, and by the Agents of the Company statements North West Company of the 14th March last, or in their generally acknowledged Publications March 14; Selkirk share of under the titles of "Statement respecting the Earl of Selkirk's Settlement" and "Narrative of Hudson's Bay Company; occurrences in the Indian Countries," and which appear to be material to the elucidation of the causes and circumstances of the late disturbances in the Indian Territories. -
Isaac Todd Ireland to Canada and Back Again
ISAAC TODD IRELAND TO CANADA AND BACK AGAIN trading. Todd was elected to the club in 1795, alongside Sir Alexander Mackenzie—who had recently become the first European to travel overland from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast of Canada—and William McGillivray, chief partner in the North West Company. The Canada Club During the winter months, Isaac Todd, like many fur traders, would return to London to sell the pelts that had been collected during the summer months. It was during one of these trips back to London, in 1810, that Isaac Todd, along with six other fur traders gathered for the first meeting of The Canada Club. Over two hundred years later, the legacy From Ulster to Montreal The story of Isaac Todd would have its start in Ulster, take him to the Canada’s remote wilderness, then into the elite and powerful world of business in Montreal, before returning to Donegal as a man made good. Born into a wealthy merchant’s family in Coleraine, Todd’s roots were originally Scottish, with his presence in Ireland beginning when his family became settlers during the plantation of Ulster in the early 1600s. But Isaac Todd would not stay in Coleraine for long. By 1764, at just 22 years of age, he was in Montreal where he had entered Canada’s lucrative fur trade, a booming industry in the second half of the 18th Century. By 1776 he’d joined forces with fellow fur trader, James of The Canada Club lives on as the oldest Canadian McGill, a Scottish merchant whose name would give institution in the United Kingdom. -
Grand Portage As a Trading Post: Patterns of Trade at "The Great Carrying Place"
Grand Portage as a Trading Post: Patterns of Trade at “the Great Carrying Place” By Bruce M. White Turnstone Historical Research St. Paul, Minnesota Grand Portage National Monument National Park Service Grand Marais, Minnesota September 2005 On the cover: a page from an agreement signed between the North West Company and the Grand Portage area Ojibwe band leaders in 1798. This agreement is the first known documentary source in which multiple Grand Portage band leaders are identified. It is the earliest known documentation that they agreed to anything with a non-Native entity. Contents List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ii List of Illustrations ............................................................................................................. ii Preface ............................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 Trade Patterns .....................................................................................................................5 The Invention of the Great Lakes Fur Trade ....................................................................13 Ceremonies of Trade, Trade of Ceremonies .....................................................................19 The Wintering Trade .........................................................................................................27