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Religion and Culture in a Rural Quebec Parish, St-Joseph-De-Beauce, 1736-1901

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Religion and Culture in a Rural Quebec Parish, St-Joseph-De-Beauce, 1736-1901 The Body or the Soul? Religion and Culture in a Rural Quebec Parish, St-Joseph-de-Beauce, 1736-1901 by Francis A. Abbott B.A., Saint Mary’s University, 1971 M.A., University of British Columbia, 1981 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Francis A. Abbott 2012 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2012 Approval Name: Francis A. Abbott Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (History) Title of Thesis: The Body or the Soul? Religion and Culture in a Rural Quebec Parish St-Joseph-de-Beauce, 1736-1901 Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. lIya Vinkowetsky Associate Professor of History Dr. J. I. Little Senior Supervisor Professor of History Dr. Nicolas Kenny Supervisor Assistant Professor of History Dr. Willeen Keough Internal Examiner Associate Professor of History Dr. Colin Coates External Examiner Associate Professor, Canadian Studies Programme Glendon College, York University Date Defended: September 28,2012 11 Partial Copyright Licence Abstract During the second half of the nineteenth century, French-speaking Québécois are said to have become increasingly submissive to the hegemony of the Catholic Church. Their transformation, as evidenced by greater numbers of people attending mass and receiving communion at Easter, has been attributed to the defeat of the Rebellions of 1837-38 and resulting assimilationist threats, the rise of ultramontane religiosity, the extension of the Church’s administrative apparatus, and increased religious vocations. By exploring the social history of culture in the rural parish of St-Joseph de Beauce during the period 1736-1901, with emphasis on the post-1850 period, this dissertation reinterprets prevailing arguments about the Church’s purported hegemony over the rural French-Canadian majority. In challenging the view that the Church extended its tutelage over a passive people, I argue that ordinary Catholics exercised more agency inside and outside church than is usually assumed. My examination of the long-term interrelationship between religion and popular customs in one rural parish, suggests that the degree of change has been overstressed, while continuity with the past has been downplayed. In this parish, Catholicism occupied an important place in people’s lives before the 1850s, as it still did by the turn of the twentieth century. But the habitants also demonstrated an independent spirit of and a vigourous popular culture; the resulting tensions underlined the clergy’s sense of its powerlessness to control people’s behaviour. To explore the interrelated factors in the encounter between Catholicism and Québec popular culture, this microhistorical study draws upon the curés’ detailed annual reports to the Archbishop of Québec, St-Joseph’s parish registers, contemporary accounts, government censuses, and other statistical data. It also makes use of the rich but largely unexplored (by historians at least) oral testimony about rural life and culture in Beauce County from the Archives de folklore at Université Laval. Although St-Joseph is only one parish, this close examination of local religion and society in a long-settled, religiously and culturally homogeneous community in the conservative rural Beauce region contributes to our understanding of the place of Catholicism in Quebec culture. Keywords: Quebec (Province), Beauce region, 19th Century; Catholic Church; religion and culture; social life and customs iii Dedication To Richard Dennis iv Acknowledgements Researching and writing this dissertation has been a rewarding experience thanks to many people to whom I owe a great number of intellectual and personal debts. Ever since my first visit to Québec in 1966, I have experienced countless acts of kindness from people there. In particular, my good friend Nelson Champagne of St-Georges de Beauce inspired me to visit St-Joseph, and opened his home to me on my research trips. Over the past thirty years, the Vancouver Folk Music Festival has given me countless insights into the affirmative power of popular culture. I will never forget the late Ian Dyck of the Simon Fraser’s Department of History. I am proud to acknowledge the support and encouragement of my colleagues in the Department of History at Kwantlen Polytechnic University, and of Christiane Richards of Departement of Modern Languages at Kwantlen. Grateful thanks are also due to the patient staff of the Kwantlen Interlibrary Loans Department always cheerfully sought out all of my most arcane requests. At the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec in Québec City, staff members courteously guided me through their vast collection and its intimidating search engine. The helpfulness and unfailing professionalism of the Abbé Armand Gagné and Pierre Lafontaine, combined with their vast knowledge, always made it a pleasure to visit the Archives de l’Archidiocèse de Québec. At the Archives de la Société du patrimoine des Beaucerons in St-Joseph de Beauce, Daniel Carrier and Yvan Carette, and their colleagues unstintingly shared with me their vast knowledge of the history and people of the Beauce, of whom they are justly proud. If it had not been for Jack Little’s formidable qualities of patience, encouragement, and high standards that have made him the ideal dissertation supervisor, this work would not have deserved to see the light of day. The supportive comments of my Defence Committee – Dr. Ilya Vinkowetsky, Dr. Nicolas Kenny, Dr. Willeen Keough, and Dr. Colin Coates – made the final stages of defence and revision an intellectual pleasure. Finally, but not least, to my partner in life, Richard Dennis, who has been my rock for the past forty years, I dedicate this work in gratitude and love. v Table of Contents Approval ............................................................................................................................. ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi Maps ................................................................................................................................... ix Figures................................................................................................................................ ix Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix Illustrations ......................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... xi Preface............................................................................................................................... xii Introduction Habitants and Religion in Nineteenth-Century Québec ..........................1 Encadrement clérical or société religieuse ......................................................................... 7 Clerical Hegemony: Challenges or Exceptions?............................................................... 13 Religion and the Affirmative Power of Popular Culture .................................................. 18 Sources: “Les lunettes des contrôleurs” ........................................................................... 27 Chapter 1 Development and Transformation: St-Joseph de Beauce, 1736-1901 ...............................................................34 The Early Development of St-Joseph, 1736-1851 ............................................................ 37 Transportation and Communication ................................................................................. 42 St-Joseph: Chef Lieu of Beauce County ........................................................................... 48 The Arrival of the Railway, 1875-1881 ............................................................................ 49 Agriculture in St-Joseph ................................................................................................... 54 Socioeconomic Differentiation ......................................................................................... 66 Conclusion: Change and Continuity ................................................................................. 75 Chapter 2 Rendering Unto God: Buildings and Belief ............................................78 The Earlier Parish Churches ............................................................................................. 80 The New Parish Church of 1867 ....................................................................................... 85 The Church: Interior Embellishment ................................................................................ 90 The Convent ...................................................................................................................... 95 The Campaign for a New Presbytery ................................................................................ 97 The Educational Infrastructure ......................................................................................
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